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Dr. Siti Zuliana Salleh
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan

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0 Mechanical Properties
0 Morphology
0 Thermal Analysis
0 Rubber composites
0 rubber blends

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Review
Published: 24 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Utilizing various wastes in ceramic production has been growing worldwide. This work provides an extensive literature review on the utilization of food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents (PFAs) in porous ceramic production. The literature conducted since 2010 indicates that waste-based porous ceramics has versatile properties with excellent performances. Determination of waste material and clay properties as well as processing conditions such as material composition, sintering temperature, and compaction pressure, which influence pore formation in ceramics, has been comprehensively provided. These factors significantly influence the properties of the resulting porous ceramics, including physical, mechanical, and toxicity properties. Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes for increased energy saving and green ceramic production can be realized as an economical and practical approach to sustainable waste management, which align well with achieving sustainability in a circular economy and the UNESCO’s Sustainability Development Goals (SDG). Achieving zero food, agricultural, and industrial wastes can eliminate environmental burdens and pave the way for closed-loop production. In overall, the waste-based porous ceramics can pave the way for sustainable environments, expanding the economic sector, particularly alternative building materials.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Afiqah Awang Kechik; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Maryana Mohamad Nor; Mardawani Mohamad; Tse Guan Tan; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Jia Geng Boon; Faisal Budiman; Pao Ter Teo. Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents for sustainable porous ceramic production: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 306, 127264 .

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Afiqah Awang Kechik, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Maryana Mohamad Nor, Mardawani Mohamad, Tse Guan Tan, Arlina Ali, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Jia Geng Boon, Faisal Budiman, Pao Ter Teo. Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents for sustainable porous ceramic production: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 306 ():127264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Afiqah Awang Kechik; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Maryana Mohamad Nor; Mardawani Mohamad; Tse Guan Tan; Arlina Ali; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Jia Geng Boon; Faisal Budiman; Pao Ter Teo. 2021. "Recycling food, agricultural, and industrial wastes as pore-forming agents for sustainable porous ceramic production: A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 306, no. : 127264.

Review
Published: 14 April 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Significant investigative research has been focusing on the development of corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metal alloys. One of the most extensive investigations is the development of green corrosion inhibitors (GCIs). The GCIs from plant extract, which are the most widely investigated due to inexpensive, renewable, biodegradable and foremost aspect, are safe towards both the environment and human being. The performance of GCIs is evaluated by gravimetric analysis, electrochemical tests as well as theory and computational-based studies. A compilation of the inhibition performance calculated from these methods in various conditions is well reported. Plant extracts proved to be a good corrosion inhibitor where the result of inhibition efficiency is over 80%. This high efficiency is related to the high concentration of active constituent known as phytochemicals. In addition, the performance of GCIs also can be elucidated by the determination of inhibitor type and inhibition mechanism. This review broadly summarised the preparation, performance and inhibition mechanism determination of plant extracts as GCIs for ferrous metal alloys. This review concluded that plant extracts as GCIs were of high potential for corrosion protection of ferrous metal alloy; thus, further improvement action are still necessary to achieve the highest inhibition efficiency of approximately 100%.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Mardawani Mohamad; Sarizam Mamat; Sharizal Ahmad Sobri; Arlina Ali; Pao Ter Teo. Plant extracts as green corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metal alloys: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 304, 127030 .

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Anasyida Abu Seman, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Mardawani Mohamad, Sarizam Mamat, Sharizal Ahmad Sobri, Arlina Ali, Pao Ter Teo. Plant extracts as green corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metal alloys: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 304 ():127030.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Anasyida Abu Seman; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Mardawani Mohamad; Sarizam Mamat; Sharizal Ahmad Sobri; Arlina Ali; Pao Ter Teo. 2021. "Plant extracts as green corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metal alloys: A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 304, no. : 127030.

Review
Published: 09 October 2020 in Metals
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Steel slag is one of the most common waste products from the steelmaking industry. Conventional methods of slag disposal can cause negative impacts on humans and the environment. In this paper, the process of steel and steel slag production, physical and chemical properties, and potential options of slag recycling were reviewed. Since steel is mainly produced through an electric arc furnace (EAF) in Malaysia, most of the recycling options reviewed in this paper focused on EAF slag and the strengths and weaknesses of each recycle option were outlined. Based on the reports from previous studies, it was found that only a portion of EAF slag is recycled into more straightforward, but lower added value applications such as aggregates for the construction industry and filter/absorber for wastewater treatments. On the other hand, higher added value recycling options for EAF slag that are more complicated such as incorporated as raw material for Portland cement and ceramic building materials remain at the laboratory testing stage. The main hurdle preventing EAF slag from being incorporated as a raw material for higher added value industrial applications is its inconsistent chemical composition. The chemical composition of EAF slag can vary based on the scrap metal used for steel production. For this, mineral separation techniques can be introduced to classify the EAF slag base on its physical and chemical compositions. We concluded that future research on recycling EAF slag should focus on separation techniques that diversify the recycling options for EAF slag, thereby increasing the waste product’s recycling rate.

ACS Style

Pao Ter Teo; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Sarizam Mamat. Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review. Metals 2020, 10, 1347 .

AMA Style

Pao Ter Teo, Siti Koriah Zakaria, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib, Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif, Anasyida Abu Seman, Julie Juliewatty Mohamed, Mahani Yusoff, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff, Mardawani Mohamad, Mohamad Najmi Masri, Sarizam Mamat. Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review. Metals. 2020; 10 (10):1347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pao Ter Teo; Siti Koriah Zakaria; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Mustaffa Ali Azhar Taib; Nurulakmal Mohd Sharif; Anasyida Abu Seman; Julie Juliewatty Mohamed; Mahani Yusoff; Abdul Hafidz Yusoff; Mardawani Mohamad; Mohamad Najmi Masri; Sarizam Mamat. 2020. "Assessment of Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Steel Slag Waste’s Recycling Options into Value Added Green Products: A Review." Metals 10, no. 10: 1347.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Green Materials
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In the present study, chloroprene rubber waste was used in an attempt to extend its use and create a value-added material based on natural rubber (NR) and chloroprene rubber waste (CRw) blends. Conventional fillers including carbon black (CB), silica (SS) and calcium carbonate (CC) were used individually to optimize their performance. The properties were evaluated through the curing characteristics, physical and dynamic properties and thermal stability. From the results obtained, it is clear that the type and amount of filler plays a crucial role in promoting the performance of the blend. Faster curing rate was observed for the blends containing CB and CC, while SS filled NR/CRw blends showed the opposite trend. SS filled NR/CRw blends exhibited tremendously improved tensile properties over the CB and CC filled blends. This is because there are two types of competing interactions/reactions taken place: the dipole-dipole interaction of SS and CRw and the siliane coupling reactions. The tensile properties are also in good agreement to the dynamic properties observed. Higher storage modulus and lower damping factor were found in the blends containing CB and SS, indicating more restricted molecular mobility caused by the rubbers-filler interactions.

ACS Style

Nabil Hayeemasae; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail. Using chloroprene rubber waste in rubber blends: optimizing performance by adding fillers. Green Materials 2019, 7, 156 -167.

AMA Style

Nabil Hayeemasae, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Hanafi Ismail. Using chloroprene rubber waste in rubber blends: optimizing performance by adding fillers. Green Materials. 2019; 7 (4):156-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nabil Hayeemasae; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail. 2019. "Using chloroprene rubber waste in rubber blends: optimizing performance by adding fillers." Green Materials 7, no. 4: 156-167.

Original paper
Published: 22 June 2019 in Journal of Polymers and the Environment
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Recycling of rubber waste and finding the effective methods to extend its use are one of major challenges nowadays. The potential approach to reduce rubber waste is to blend it with virgin rubber, perhaps with synergistic advantages. In this study, chloroprene rubber waste (CRw) is used as blend component in binary blends with natural rubber (NR), epoxidized natural rubber with 50 mol% epoxidation level (ENR50), and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). The effects of blend ratio [95/5, 85/15, 75/25, 65/35 and 50/50 (phr/phr)] on the properties were studied. The results indicate that CRw prolongs scorch and curing times, due to the differences in unsaturation contents and cure incompatibility. The maximum torque (MH), minimum torque (ML), and torque difference (MH–ML) in all cases increased with CRw content in the blend. Because CRw has a crosslink precursor, crosslink density also increased with CRw content. This is clearly confirmed by the combination of swelling resistance, crosslink density and dynamic mechanical properties observed. SEM micrographs showed mostly rough surface and tearing areas for low CRw contents in the blends. The blends also showed less crack paths with increasing CRw content over 50 phr. Further increase in CRw content obviously enhanced the thermal stability of the blends, with elevated decomposition temperatures in TGA results.

ACS Style

Nabil Hayeemasae; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail. Sustainable Use of Chloroprene Rubber Waste as Blend Component with Natural Rubber, Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Styrene Butadiene Rubber. Journal of Polymers and the Environment 2019, 27, 2119 -2130.

AMA Style

Nabil Hayeemasae, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Hanafi Ismail. Sustainable Use of Chloroprene Rubber Waste as Blend Component with Natural Rubber, Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Styrene Butadiene Rubber. Journal of Polymers and the Environment. 2019; 27 (10):2119-2130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nabil Hayeemasae; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail. 2019. "Sustainable Use of Chloroprene Rubber Waste as Blend Component with Natural Rubber, Epoxidized Natural Rubber and Styrene Butadiene Rubber." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27, no. 10: 2119-2130.

Original article
Published: 15 April 2019 in Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management
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Recently, reutilization of rubber waste and finding an alternative way to extend its use are a keen interest. This has come to an idea to blend it with virgin rubber to gain synergistic properties from its own advantages. In this study, natural rubber (NR) and recycled chloroprene rubber (R-CR) were blended as a way to combine the mechanical properties and solvent resistance given by NR and R-CR, respectively. Detailed investigations on the role of metal oxide contents in NR/R-CR blends were thoroughly focused. This was mainly to improve the final properties of the blends. Three main functions of metal oxides were promoted, namely activator, curing agent and reinforcing filler. The vulcanization process was found to be accelerated where the mechanical properties and thermal properties are obviously enhanced. Higher amount of metal oxides resulted in excessive crosslink networks and agglomeration formation which detrimental the properties of NR/R-CR blend. Based on the obtained result, the amount of metal oxides required for optimal properties was 4 phr of MgO and 10 phr of ZnO. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the blends can be increased with increasing the amount of metal oxide due to the presence of molecular restriction arising from its cross-link density.

ACS Style

Nabil Hayeemasae; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail. Utilization of chloroprene rubber waste as blending component with natural rubber: aspect on metal oxide contents. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2019, 21, 1095 -1105.

AMA Style

Nabil Hayeemasae, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Hanafi Ismail. Utilization of chloroprene rubber waste as blending component with natural rubber: aspect on metal oxide contents. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2019; 21 (5):1095-1105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nabil Hayeemasae; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail. 2019. "Utilization of chloroprene rubber waste as blending component with natural rubber: aspect on metal oxide contents." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 21, no. 5: 1095-1105.

Conference paper
Published: 01 January 2017 in PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies
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The reutilize of rubber waste in the virgin rubber blends is arise as a solution for disposal problem. However, the disadvantage of the rubber waste addition is deteriorates the properties of the rubber blends. In this work, the effect of electron beam irradiation on different states of the natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends; uncured and cured states were investigated. Various rubber blends ratios were prepared using two-roll mill and then constant irradiated doses was used at 20kGy. From the result obtained, the tensile strength of the pre-cured rubber blends was higher than that post-cured. Similar observation can be obtained in the elongation at break and swelling percentage. The tensile modulus and crosslink density in post-cured blends are higher. The crosslink density calculation from swelling measurement supports the observations in the mechanical properties.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. The effect of pre- and post-electron beam irradiation on the properties of NR/rCR blends. PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Hanafi Ismail, Zulkifli Ahmad. The effect of pre- and post-electron beam irradiation on the properties of NR/rCR blends. PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2017. "The effect of pre- and post-electron beam irradiation on the properties of NR/rCR blends." PROCEEDING OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF GLOBAL NETWORK FOR INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY 2016 (3RD IGNITE-2016): Advanced Materials for Innovative Technologies , no. : 1.

Research article
Published: 28 July 2016 in Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
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The effect of natural rubber latex (NRL) on the properties of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (NR/rCR) blends was investigated. The properties of NR/rCR-NRL blends were compared with those of NR/rCR blends without the NRL. The addition of NRL showed an improvement in tensile strength, elongation at break, fatigue life, and swelling resistance with respect to those rubber blends without NRL. However, the gel content and glass transition of NR/rCR blends were not significantly affected by NRL. The scanning electron microscopic images showed better rCR dispersion in NR/rCR-NRL blends, indicating that the interfacial adhesion between NR and rCR blends was enhanced. A single tan δ is observed from the dynamic mechanical analysis supported that NRL can be used as compatibilizer in the NR-rich blend.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; H Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. Properties of natural rubber latex-compatibilized natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 2016, 48, 640 -655.

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, H Ismail, Zulkifli Ahmad. Properties of natural rubber latex-compatibilized natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics. 2016; 48 (7):640-655.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; H Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2016. "Properties of natural rubber latex-compatibilized natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 48, no. 7: 640-655.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Procedia Chemistry
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The present study investigated the effects of two types of natural rubber and different blend ratios on the cure, tensile properties and morphology of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber blends. The blends of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber were prepared by using laboratory two-roll mill. The result showed that the cure time prolonged with the addition of recycled chloroprene rubber (rCR). Comparability, natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (SMR L/rCR) blendcured rapidly than epoxidized natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (ENR 50/rCR) blend. The addition of rCRalso caused a decrement in the tensile strength and elongation at break for both rubber blends. The SMR L/rCR blendsshowed higher tensile strength and elongation at break compared to those of ENR 50/rCR blends at any blend ratios.

ACS Style

S.Z. Salleh; M.Z. Ahmad; H. Ismail. Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber Blend: Effects of Blend Ratio and Matrix. Procedia Chemistry 2016, 19, 346 -350.

AMA Style

S.Z. Salleh, M.Z. Ahmad, H. Ismail. Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber Blend: Effects of Blend Ratio and Matrix. Procedia Chemistry. 2016; 19 ():346-350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S.Z. Salleh; M.Z. Ahmad; H. Ismail. 2016. "Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber Blend: Effects of Blend Ratio and Matrix." Procedia Chemistry 19, no. : 346-350.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2016 in Advanced Materials Research
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The loadings effect of carbon black and silanized-silica filled 75/25 phr/phr of natural rubber/recycled chloroprene rubber (NR/rCR) blends were compared with the unfilled NR/rCR blends. Different filler loading between in the range of 10- 40 phr was used. The rubber blends were prepared by using a laboratory two-roll mill and rheometric characteristics were studied using the Monsanto moving die rheometer (MDR 2000) at 150 °C. The addition of CB and silanized-silica showed different trend in scorch and cure time but showed similar trend in torques. The incorporation of both fillers caused higher tensile strength than that unfilled rubber blends. By comparison, the silanized-silica filled NR/rCR blends showed higher tensile strength than CB filled NR/rCR blends. Morphological characterization as observed from SEM justified these results.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. Influence of Silanized-Silica and Carbon Black on the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends. Advanced Materials Research 2016, 1133, 191 -195.

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Hanafi Ismail, Zulkifli Ahmad. Influence of Silanized-Silica and Carbon Black on the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends. Advanced Materials Research. 2016; 1133 ():191-195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2016. "Influence of Silanized-Silica and Carbon Black on the Cure and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Recycled Chloroprene Rubber (NR/rCR) Blends." Advanced Materials Research 1133, no. : 191-195.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2013 in Journal of Polymer Engineering
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The effects of various ratios of virgin chloroprene rubber (vCR) and recycled chloroprene rubber (rCR) with a constant content of carbon black (CB) on the properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber NR/CR blends were studied. The minimum torque (ML), maximum torque (MH), scorch time, and cure time increased with the addition of both CRs and the effects of rCR were more pronounced than vCR on these properties. The tensile strength and fatigue life of the NR/vCR blends increased with an addition of vCR up to 25 phr and then decreased with a higher vCR. However, NR/rCR blends reflected otherwise for both properties. The elongation at break and swelling percentage of NR/CR blends decreased with the addition of both vCR and rCR.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. Study on the effect of virgin and recycled chloroprene rubber (vCR and rCR) on the properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber (NR/CR) blends. Journal of Polymer Engineering 2013, 33, 803 -811.

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Hanafi Ismail, Zulkifli Ahmad. Study on the effect of virgin and recycled chloroprene rubber (vCR and rCR) on the properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber (NR/CR) blends. Journal of Polymer Engineering. 2013; 33 (9):803-811.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2013. "Study on the effect of virgin and recycled chloroprene rubber (vCR and rCR) on the properties of natural rubber/chloroprene rubber (NR/CR) blends." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 9: 803-811.

Journal article
Published: 29 March 2013 in Materials & Design
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Two different mixing methods, i.e., mechanical and solution mixing were used in preparation of halloysite nanotubes/natural rubber (HNTs/NR) nanocomposites with various loading of HNTs. The result showed that the addition of HNTs caused increment in scorch time, cure time and maximum torque for both mixing methods. However, longer scorch and cure time of nanocomposites prepared via solution mixing method than nanocomposites prepared via mechanical mixing method was observed. Nanocomposites prepared by solution mixing method showed higher tensile strength, tensile modulus, fatigue life and decomposition temperature at lower percentage of weight loss than mechanical mixing method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed better dispersion of HNTs in nanocomposites prepared via solution mixing method than mechanical mixing method.

ACS Style

H. Ismail; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Z. Ahmad. Properties of halloysite nanotubes-filled natural rubber prepared using different mixing methods. Materials & Design 2013, 50, 790 -797.

AMA Style

H. Ismail, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Z. Ahmad. Properties of halloysite nanotubes-filled natural rubber prepared using different mixing methods. Materials & Design. 2013; 50 ():790-797.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Ismail; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Z. Ahmad. 2013. "Properties of halloysite nanotubes-filled natural rubber prepared using different mixing methods." Materials & Design 50, no. : 790-797.

Original articles
Published: 01 March 2013 in International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials
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Various HNTs loading filled SMR L and ENR 50 were prepared. Addition of HNTs caused increments in scorch time, cure time, tensile modulus, and thermal stability of nanocomposites. Optimum tensile strength of nanocomposites was achieved at 20 phr loading. Elongation at break, swelling percentage, and fatigue life decreased with increasing HNTs loading. ENR 50 nanocomposites show shorter scorch time, longer cure time, and lower curing rate index than SMR L nanocomposites. ENR 50 nanocomposites also show higher tensile modulus and thermal stability than SMR L nanocomposites. SEM images show that HNTs can be dispersed more uniformly at lower filler loading.

ACS Style

H. Ismail; S. Z. Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. Properties of Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Filled SMR L and ENR 50 Nanocomposites. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 2013, 62, 314 -322.

AMA Style

H. Ismail, S. Z. Salleh, Zulkifli Ahmad. Properties of Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Filled SMR L and ENR 50 Nanocomposites. International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials. 2013; 62 (6):314-322.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Ismail; S. Z. Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2013. "Properties of Halloysite Nanotube (HNT) Filled SMR L and ENR 50 Nanocomposites." International Journal of Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials 62, no. 6: 314-322.

Review article
Published: 03 October 2012 in Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
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The effect of partial replacement of carbon black (CB) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the properties of natural rubber nanocomposites was investigated. Total hybrid fillers were kept constant at 40 parts per hundred rubber (phr) and were prepared using laboratory two-roll mill. Longer scorch and cure times were observed with the addition of more HNTs. The results also showed a decrement in tensile strength and tensile moduli besides causing an increment in swelling percentage. However, positive results were shown during elongation at break and fatigue life which indicates possible usefulness of HNTs in dynamic application of rubber products. Comparable thermal stability of nanocomposites with variable CB/HNTs ratios was shown in thermogravimetric analysis data.

ACS Style

Hanafi Ismail; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. The effect of partial replacement of carbon black (CB) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the properties of CB/HNT-filled natural rubber nanocomposites. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 2012, 45, 445 -455.

AMA Style

Hanafi Ismail, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Zulkifli Ahmad. The effect of partial replacement of carbon black (CB) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the properties of CB/HNT-filled natural rubber nanocomposites. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics. 2012; 45 (5):445-455.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanafi Ismail; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2012. "The effect of partial replacement of carbon black (CB) with halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) on the properties of CB/HNT-filled natural rubber nanocomposites." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 45, no. 5: 445-455.

Journal article
Published: 19 May 2012 in Journal of Polymer Science
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The effect of various halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) loading on fatigue life, stress–strain behavior, and hysteresis of HNTs/Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) L and HNTs/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) 50 nanocomposites were studied. The addition of HNTs caused decrement in fatigue life for both nanocomposites at any extension ratio. Generally, HNTs/SMR L nanocomposites showed higher fatigue life than ENR 50 nanocomposites. Addition of more HNTs caused decrement of stress for HNTs/SMR L nanocomposites, whereas HNTs/ENR 50 nanocomposites showed vice versa at any strain. This result was supported by the graph of accumulated strain energy against extension ratio. Hysteresis values increased with addition of HNTs in both nanocomposites where of HNTs/ENR 50 nanocomposites exhibited higher hysteresis than HNTs/SMR L nanocomposites at any HNTs loading. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

ACS Style

H. Ismail; S. Z. Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. Fatigue and hysteresis behavior of halloysite nanotubes-filled natural rubber (SMR L and ENR 50) nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science 2012, 127, 3047 -3052.

AMA Style

H. Ismail, S. Z. Salleh, Zulkifli Ahmad. Fatigue and hysteresis behavior of halloysite nanotubes-filled natural rubber (SMR L and ENR 50) nanocomposites. Journal of Polymer Science. 2012; 127 (4):3047-3052.

Chicago/Turabian Style

H. Ismail; S. Z. Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2012. "Fatigue and hysteresis behavior of halloysite nanotubes-filled natural rubber (SMR L and ENR 50) nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Science 127, no. 4: 3047-3052.

Original articles
Published: 15 April 2011 in Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering
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Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs)-filled natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites with various filler loading were prepared by using a two-roll mill. The addition of HNTs increased the scorch time, cure time and maximum torque but reduced curing rate index. The tensile strength increased up to 20 phr of HNTs and then decreased. When HNTs loading increased, the elongations of break, swelling percentage and fatigue life were decreased while modulus at 100% and 300% elongation and thermal properties showed inversely. The dispersion of HNTs inside the NR matrix is shown from SEM images.

ACS Style

Hanafi Ismail; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. Curing Characteristics, Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)-Filled Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 2011, 50, 681 -688.

AMA Style

Hanafi Ismail, Siti Zuliana Salleh, Zulkifli Ahmad. Curing Characteristics, Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)-Filled Natural Rubber Nanocomposites. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering. 2011; 50 (7):681-688.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hanafi Ismail; Siti Zuliana Salleh; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2011. "Curing Characteristics, Mechanical, Thermal, and Morphological Properties of Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)-Filled Natural Rubber Nanocomposites." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 50, no. 7: 681-688.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2011 in Key Engineering Materials
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In this research, natural rubber (NR) with halloysite nanotubes(HNTs)/carbon black (CB) hybrid filler at various filler loading was investigated where the total filler loading used in each compound were 40 phr. The curing characteristics, fatigue life and morphological properties of HNTs/CB/NR nanocomposites were studied. Laboratory two-roll mill was used for mixing process. The results revealed that vulcanizates containing more HNTs in hybrid filler exhibit longer scorch time (ts2) and cure time (t90) for curing characteristics and higher in fatigue life compared to vulcanizates with 40 phr of CB. The images from scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed that replacement of carbon black with halloysite nanotubes improved the fatigue life by showing more tearing surface on vulcanizates.

ACS Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. Curing Characteristics, Fatigue Life and Morphological Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)/Carbon Black (CB) Hybrid Filler. Key Engineering Materials 2011, 471-472, 957 -962.

AMA Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh, Hanafi Ismail, Zulkifli Ahmad. Curing Characteristics, Fatigue Life and Morphological Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)/Carbon Black (CB) Hybrid Filler. Key Engineering Materials. 2011; 471-472 ():957-962.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Zuliana Salleh; Hanafi Ismail; Zulkifli Ahmad. 2011. "Curing Characteristics, Fatigue Life and Morphological Properties of Natural Rubber Nanocomposites with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNTs)/Carbon Black (CB) Hybrid Filler." Key Engineering Materials 471-472, no. : 957-962.