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G.C. Shurson
Department of Animal Science College of Food Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA

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Review
Published: 25 June 2021 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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Prions and certain endoparasites, bacteria, and viruses are internationally recognized as types of disease-causing biological agents that can be transmitted from contaminated feed to animals. Historically, foodborne biological hazards such as prions (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy), endoparasites (Trichinella spiralis, Toxoplasma gondii), and pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157, Clostridium spp., and Campylobacter spp.) were major food safety concerns from feeding uncooked or improperly heated animal-derived food waste and by-products. However, implementation of validated thermal processing conditions along with verifiable quality control procedures has been effective in enabling safe use of these feed materials in animal diets. More recently, the occurrence of global Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and African Swine Fever Virus epidemics, dependence on international feed ingredient supply chains, and the discovery that these viruses can survive in some feed ingredient matrices under environmental conditions of trans-oceanic shipments has created an urgent need to develop and implement rigorous biosecurity protocols that prevent and control animal viruses in feed ingredients. Implementation of verifiable risk-based preventive controls, traceability systems from origin to destination, and effective mitigation procedures is essential to minimize these food security, safety, and sustainability threats. Creating a new biosafety and biosecurity framework will enable convergence of the diverging One Health components involving low environmental impact and functional feed ingredients that are perceived as having elevated biosafety risks when used in animal feeds.

ACS Style

Gerald C. Shurson; Pedro E. Urriola; Jennifer L. G. van de Ligt. Can we effectively manage parasites, prions, and pathogens in the global feed industry to achieve One Health? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Gerald C. Shurson, Pedro E. Urriola, Jennifer L. G. van de Ligt. Can we effectively manage parasites, prions, and pathogens in the global feed industry to achieve One Health? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerald C. Shurson; Pedro E. Urriola; Jennifer L. G. van de Ligt. 2021. "Can we effectively manage parasites, prions, and pathogens in the global feed industry to achieve One Health?" Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 02 June 2021 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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There are no published reports indicating that African swine fever virus (ASFV) has been detected in feed ingredients or complete feed. This is primarily because there are only a few laboratories in the world that have the biosecurity and analytical capabilities of detecting ASFV in feed. Several in vitro studies have been conducted to evaluate ASFV concentration, viability, and inactivation when ASFV was added to various feed ingredients and complete feed. These inoculation studies have shown that some feed matrices support virus survival longer than others and the reasons for this are unknown. Current analytical methodologies have significant limitations in sensitivity, repeatability, ability to detect viable virus particles and association with infectivity. As a result, interpretation of findings using various measures may lead to misleading conclusions. Because of analytical and technical challenges, as well as lack of ASFV contamination data in feed supply chains, quantitative risk assessments have not been conducted. A few qualitative risk assessments have been conducted, but they have not considered differences in potential scenarios for ASFV contamination between various types of feed ingredient supply chains. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a more holistic understanding of the relative potential risks of ASFV contamination in various global feed ingredient supply chains and provide recommendations for addressing the challenges identified. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Gerald C. Shurson; Amanda Palowski; Jennifer L. G. van de Ligt; Declan C. Schroeder; Cecilia Balestreri; Pedro E. Urriola; Fernando Sampedro. New perspectives for evaluating relative risks of African swine fever virus contamination in global feed ingredient supply chains. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Gerald C. Shurson, Amanda Palowski, Jennifer L. G. van de Ligt, Declan C. Schroeder, Cecilia Balestreri, Pedro E. Urriola, Fernando Sampedro. New perspectives for evaluating relative risks of African swine fever virus contamination in global feed ingredient supply chains. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerald C. Shurson; Amanda Palowski; Jennifer L. G. van de Ligt; Declan C. Schroeder; Cecilia Balestreri; Pedro E. Urriola; Fernando Sampedro. 2021. "New perspectives for evaluating relative risks of African swine fever virus contamination in global feed ingredient supply chains." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 27 April 2021 in Animals
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Many types of feed ingredients are used to provide energy and nutrients to meet the nutritional requirements of swine. However, the analytical methods and measures used to determine the true nutritional and physiological (“nutri-physiological”) value of feed ingredients affect the accuracy of predicting and achieving desired animal responses. Some chemical characteristics of feed ingredients are detrimental to pig health and performance, while functional components in other ingredients provide beneficial health effects beyond their nutritional value when included in complete swine diets. Traditional analytical procedures and measures are useful for determining energy and nutrient digestibility of feed ingredients, but do not adequately assess their true physiological or biological value. Prediction equations, along with ex vivo and in vitro methods, provide some benefits for assessing the nutri-physiological value of feed ingredients compared with in vivo determinations, but they also have some limitations. Determining the digestion kinetics of the different chemical components of feed ingredients, understanding how circadian rhythms affect feeding behavior and the gastrointestinal microbiome of pigs, and accounting for the functional properties of many feed ingredients in diet formulation are the emerging innovations that will facilitate improvements in precision swine nutrition and environmental sustainability in global pork-production systems.

ACS Style

Gerald Shurson; Yuan-Tai Hung; Jae Jang; Pedro Urriola. Measures Matter—Determining the True Nutri-Physiological Value of Feed Ingredients for Swine. Animals 2021, 11, 1259 .

AMA Style

Gerald Shurson, Yuan-Tai Hung, Jae Jang, Pedro Urriola. Measures Matter—Determining the True Nutri-Physiological Value of Feed Ingredients for Swine. Animals. 2021; 11 (5):1259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerald Shurson; Yuan-Tai Hung; Jae Jang; Pedro Urriola. 2021. "Measures Matter—Determining the True Nutri-Physiological Value of Feed Ingredients for Swine." Animals 11, no. 5: 1259.

Review
Published: 30 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Food waste has been a major barrier to achieving global food security and environmental sustainability for many decades. Unfortunately, food waste has become an even bigger problem in many countries because of supply chain disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic and African Swine Fever epidemic. Although Japan and South Korea have been leaders in recycling food waste into animal feed, countries that produce much greater amounts of food waste, such as the United States and the European Union, have lagged far behind. Concerns about the risk of transmission of bacteria, prions, parasites, and viruses have been the main obstacles limiting the recycling of food waste streams containing animal-derived tissues into animal feed and have led to government regulations restricting this practice in the U.S. and EU. However, adequate thermal processing is effective for inactivating all biological agents of concern, perhaps except for prions from infected ruminant tissues. The tremendous opportunity for nitrogen and phosphorus resource recovery along with several other environmental benefits from recycling food waste streams and rendered animal by-products into animal feed have not been fully appreciated for their substantial contribution toward solving our climate crisis. It is time to revisit our global approach to improving economic and environmental sustainability by more efficiently utilizing the abundant supply of food waste and animal tissues to a greater extent in animal feed while protecting human and animal health in food animal production systems.

ACS Style

Gerald Shurson. “What a Waste”—Can We Improve Sustainability of Food Animal Production Systems by Recycling Food Waste Streams into Animal Feed in an Era of Health, Climate, and Economic Crises? Sustainability 2020, 12, 7071 .

AMA Style

Gerald Shurson. “What a Waste”—Can We Improve Sustainability of Food Animal Production Systems by Recycling Food Waste Streams into Animal Feed in an Era of Health, Climate, and Economic Crises? Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7071.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerald Shurson. 2020. "“What a Waste”—Can We Improve Sustainability of Food Animal Production Systems by Recycling Food Waste Streams into Animal Feed in an Era of Health, Climate, and Economic Crises?" Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7071.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2020 in Antibiotics
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Antibiotics and pharmacological zinc supplementation were commonly used as growth promoters for several decades in the swine industry before being limited because of public health and environmental concerns. Further, the physiological and metabolic responses associated with their growth promotion effects are unclear. To characterize these responses induced by pharmacological zinc supplementation (2500 mg/kg) and carbadox (55 mg/kg), 192 post-weaning pigs were fed basal and test diets for 43 days. Compared with basal, pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently improved growth performance. Pharmacological zinc increased gastric mucosa thickness compared with basal zinc, while carbadox increased intestinal villus:crypt ratio compared with non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc and carbadox independently reduced interleukin (IL)-1β concentration compared with basal zinc and non-carbadox. Pharmacological zinc increased IL-1RA:IL-1 ratio by 42% compared with basal zinc, while carbadox tended to increase the IL-10 and IL10:IL-12 ratio compared with non-carbadox. Carbadox increased fecal concentrations of histidine and lysine compared with non-carbadox. The independent effect of pharmacological zinc and carbadox on morphology and nutrient metabolism, and their shared effect on immunity may contribute to the additive effect on growth promotion. These results further confirmed the concept that growth promotion is multifactorial intervention. Therefore, elucidating growth-promoting effects and searching for alternatives should include wide-spectrum evaluation.

ACS Style

Yuan-Tai Hung; Qiong Hu; Richard J. Faris; Juanjuan Guo; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson; Chi Chen; Milena Saqui-Salces. Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 463 .

AMA Style

Yuan-Tai Hung, Qiong Hu, Richard J. Faris, Juanjuan Guo, Pedro E. Urriola, Gerald C. Shurson, Chi Chen, Milena Saqui-Salces. Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (8):463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan-Tai Hung; Qiong Hu; Richard J. Faris; Juanjuan Guo; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson; Chi Chen; Milena Saqui-Salces. 2020. "Analysis of Gastrointestinal Responses Revealed Both Shared and Specific Targets of Zinc Oxide and Carbadox in Weaned Pigs." Antibiotics 9, no. 8: 463.

Journal article
Published: 13 December 2019 in Food and Bioproducts Processing
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The current knowledge of virginiamycin (VM) degradation kinetics at processing conditions observed in commercial ethanol production facilities is very limited. This knowledge is critical for assessing the feed and animal-derived food safety risk of the presence of VM residues in dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). A bioassay method was optimized to quantify the VM residues in a matrix sample obtained from distillation at an ethanol production facility. There were no significant differences on the VM degradation kinetics among the pH values of the distillation matrix sample used in the DDGS production (P = 0.98). Increasing the distillation temperature enhanced the reduction of VM (P < 0.01) reaching 70% degradation at 95 °C. The log-linear model was able to characterize the VM degradation kinetics with D-values ranging from 19.4 to 43.3 min at 70–95 °C. The M1 subunit was less heat-resistant with D-values ranging from 10.4 to 23.6 min. Distillation temperature conditions commonly used during the DDGS production process significantly degrades VM providing vital information for ethanol and food animal producers on the potential risk of the presence of antimicrobial residues in the final DDGS product.

ACS Style

Audrey L. Walter; Yiwei Ma; Chi Chen; Fernando Sampedro; Dennis Bayrock; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson. Virginiamycin Thermal Degradation Kinetics in a Model Matrix Simulating Distillation Conditions within a Commercial Fuel Ethanol Production Facility. Food and Bioproducts Processing 2019, 120, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Audrey L. Walter, Yiwei Ma, Chi Chen, Fernando Sampedro, Dennis Bayrock, Pedro E. Urriola, Gerald C. Shurson. Virginiamycin Thermal Degradation Kinetics in a Model Matrix Simulating Distillation Conditions within a Commercial Fuel Ethanol Production Facility. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 2019; 120 ():1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Audrey L. Walter; Yiwei Ma; Chi Chen; Fernando Sampedro; Dennis Bayrock; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson. 2019. "Virginiamycin Thermal Degradation Kinetics in a Model Matrix Simulating Distillation Conditions within a Commercial Fuel Ethanol Production Facility." Food and Bioproducts Processing 120, no. : 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 09 October 2019 in Animals
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An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of inoculum volume (IV), substrate quantity, and the use of a manual or automated gas production (GP) recording system for in vitro determinations of fermentation of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and soybean hulls (SBH). A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used and included the factors of (1) ingredients (cDDGS or SBH), (2) inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV30 = 0.2 g substrate + 30 mL inoculum or IV75 = 0.5 g substrate + 75 mL inoculum), and (3) GP recording system (MRS = manual recording system or ARS = automated recording system). Feed ingredient samples were pre-treated with pepsin and pancreatin, and the hydrolyzed residues were subsequently incubated with fresh pig feces in a buffered mineral solution. The GP recording was monitored for 72 h, and the kinetics were estimated by fitting data using an exponential model. Compared with SBH, cDDGS yielded less (p < 0.01) maximal gas production (Gf), required more time (p < 0.02) to achieve half gas accumulation (T/2), and had less (p < 0.01) fractional rate of degradation (µ) and in vitro fermentability of dry matter (IVDMF). Using the ARS resulted in less IVDMF (p < 0.01) compared with MRS (79.0% vs. 81.2%, respectively). Interactions were observed between GP recording system and inoculum volume and substrate quantity for Gf (p < 0.04), µ (p < 0.01), and T/2 (p < 0.04) which implies that increasing inoculum volume and substrate quantity resulted in decreased Gf (332 mL/g from IV30 vs. 256 mL/g from IV75), µ (0.05 from IV30 vs. 0.04 from IV75), and T/2 (34 h for IV30 vs. 25 h for IV75) when recorded with ARS but not MRS. However, the recorded cumulative GP at 72 h was not influenced by the inoculum volume nor recording system. The precision of Gf (as measured by the coefficient of variation of Gf) tended to increase for IV30 compared with IV75 (p < 0.10), indicating that using larger inoculum volume and substrate quantity (IV75) reduced within batch variation in GP kinetics. Consequently, both systems showed comparable results in GP kinetics, but considering convenience and achievement of consistency, 75 mL of inoculum volume with 0.5 g substrate is recommended for ARS.

ACS Style

Jae-Cheol Jang; Zhikai Zeng; Gerald C. Shurson; Pedro E. Urriola. Effects of Gas Production Recording System and Pig Fecal Inoculum Volume on Kinetics and Variation of In Vitro Fermentation using Corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles and Soybean Hulls. Animals 2019, 9, 773 .

AMA Style

Jae-Cheol Jang, Zhikai Zeng, Gerald C. Shurson, Pedro E. Urriola. Effects of Gas Production Recording System and Pig Fecal Inoculum Volume on Kinetics and Variation of In Vitro Fermentation using Corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles and Soybean Hulls. Animals. 2019; 9 (10):773.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jae-Cheol Jang; Zhikai Zeng; Gerald C. Shurson; Pedro E. Urriola. 2019. "Effects of Gas Production Recording System and Pig Fecal Inoculum Volume on Kinetics and Variation of In Vitro Fermentation using Corn Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles and Soybean Hulls." Animals 9, no. 10: 773.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2019 in Nutrients
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Scenedesmus is a common green algae genus with high biomass productivity, and has been widely used in biofuel production and waste water management. However, the suitability and metabolic consequences of using Scenedesmus as an animal feed ingredient have not been examined in detail. In this study, the influences of consuming Scenedesmus on the metabolic status of young mice were investigated through growth performance, blood chemistry, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics. Compared to the control diet, feeding a diet containing 5% Scenedesmus improved growth performance while the diet containing 20% Scenedesmus suppressed it. Among common macronutrients-derived blood biochemicals, serum triacylglycerols and cholesterol levels were dramatically decreased by feeding the 20% Scenedesmus diet. Metabolomic analysis of liver, serum, feces, and urine samples indicated that Scenedesmus feeding greatly affected the metabolites associated with amino acid, lipid, purine, microbial metabolism, and the endogenous antioxidant system. The growth promotion effect of feeding the 5% Scenedesmus diet was associated with elevated concentrations of antioxidants, an expanded purine nucleotide cycle, and modified microbial metabolism, while the growth suppression effect of feeding the 20% Scenedesmus diet was correlated to oxidative stress, disrupted urea cycle, upregulated fatty acid oxidation, and an imbalanced lipidome. These correlations among Scenedesmus dietary inclusion rate, individual metabolite markers, and growth performance suggest the need to define the dietary inclusion rate threshold for using Scenedesmus and other microalgae supplements as feed ingredients, and also warrant further mechanistic investigations on the biological processes connecting specific constituents of Scenedesmus with the metabolic effects observed in this study.

ACS Style

Yiwei Ma; Wenguang Zhou; Chen; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson; Roger Ruan; Ma; Zhou; Ruan; Paul Chen; Chi Chen. Metabolomic Evaluation of Scenedesmus sp. as a Feed Ingredient Revealed Dose-Dependent Effects on Redox Balance, Intermediary and Microbial Metabolism in a Mouse Model. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1971 .

AMA Style

Yiwei Ma, Wenguang Zhou, Chen, Pedro E. Urriola, Gerald C. Shurson, Roger Ruan, Ma, Zhou, Ruan, Paul Chen, Chi Chen. Metabolomic Evaluation of Scenedesmus sp. as a Feed Ingredient Revealed Dose-Dependent Effects on Redox Balance, Intermediary and Microbial Metabolism in a Mouse Model. Nutrients. 2019; 11 (9):1971.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yiwei Ma; Wenguang Zhou; Chen; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson; Roger Ruan; Ma; Zhou; Ruan; Paul Chen; Chi Chen. 2019. "Metabolomic Evaluation of Scenedesmus sp. as a Feed Ingredient Revealed Dose-Dependent Effects on Redox Balance, Intermediary and Microbial Metabolism in a Mouse Model." Nutrients 11, no. 9: 1971.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2019 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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Maize oil is abundantly used in foods and feeds and is highly susceptible to oxidation. Consequently, commercially available antioxidants should be evaluated for effectiveness against lipid oxidation in swine diets. Our study was conducted to evaluate growth performance of nursery pigs fed oxidized maize oil and to determine effects of using antioxidants on oxidative status in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Two hundred eight weaned pigs were blocked by initial BW into 13 blocks, resulting in 4 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included 6% unoxidized or oxidized maize oil, and 0 or 60 mg/kg of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), which was added after lipid oxidation. Data for growth performance were collected from 5 time periods of a two-phase feeding program (Phase 1 = d 0 to 12 and Phase 2 = d 13 to 34). Serum and liver samples were collected from one pig per pen, which had initial BW closest to average BW to determine oxidative status on d 34. Oxidized maize oil was heated for 12 h at 185 °C with 12 L/min of air, yielding a peroxide value (PV) of 5.98 mEq O2/kg and TBARS of 0.11 mg MDA eq/g. Addition of TBHQ to diets containing oxidized maize oil decreased PV by 37% and increased the oil stability index by 69%. Final BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F of pigs were not different among the four dietary treatments. However, pigs fed oxidized maize oil tended (P < 0.08) to increase hepatosomatic index by 5% compared with those fed unoxidized oil, and this was not affected by adding TBHQ. The serum vitamin E concentration of pigs fed oxidized maize oil was less (P < 0.03) than pigs fed unoxidized oil, but this reduction was not reversed by adding TBHQ. Finally, the serum and liver selenium concentration were not different among the treatments. The addition of TBHQ did not affect growth performance and vitamin E status in pigs fed moderately oxidized maize oil, but TBHQ reduced lipid oxidation, enhanced the oil stability, and appeared to reduce oxidative stress.

ACS Style

Yuan T. Hung; Andrea R. Hanson; Pedro E. Urriola; Lee J. Johnston; Brian J. Kerr; Gerald C. Shurson. Addition of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) to maize oil reduces lipid oxidation but does not prevent reductions in serum vitamin E in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019, 10, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Yuan T. Hung, Andrea R. Hanson, Pedro E. Urriola, Lee J. Johnston, Brian J. Kerr, Gerald C. Shurson. Addition of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) to maize oil reduces lipid oxidation but does not prevent reductions in serum vitamin E in nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2019; 10 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuan T. Hung; Andrea R. Hanson; Pedro E. Urriola; Lee J. Johnston; Brian J. Kerr; Gerald C. Shurson. 2019. "Addition of tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) to maize oil reduces lipid oxidation but does not prevent reductions in serum vitamin E in nursery pigs." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 10, no. 1: 1-11.

Original paper
Published: 02 April 2019 in World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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It is widely assumed that bacterial resistance will be acquired when bacteria are exposed to long-term sublethal concentrations of antibiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of two bacterial strains [Lactobacillus plantarum (18A) and Lactobacillus paracasei (18C)] isolated from the fuel ethanol industry to acquire bacterial resistance during long-term (≥ 14 days) exposure to sublethal concentrations of penicillin G and virginiamycin. Neither strain acquired resistance to virginiamycin after 69 days of exposure, but both strains did acquire resistance to penicillin G after 18 days. Strain 18A appeared to acquire resistance to a penicillin G and virginiamycin mixture after 7 days of exposure, but the incubation period was not long enough to verify. These results indicate that antibiotic resistance in two common Lactobacillus strains does not develop from sublethal exposure to virginiamycin after 69 days of exposure, but resistance can be developed with sublethal exposure to penicillin G.

ACS Style

Audrey L. Walter; Danmei Yang; Zhikai Zeng; Dennis Bayrock; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson. Assessment of antibiotic resistance from long-term bacterial exposure to antibiotics commonly used in fuel ethanol production. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 2019, 35, 66 .

AMA Style

Audrey L. Walter, Danmei Yang, Zhikai Zeng, Dennis Bayrock, Pedro E. Urriola, Gerald C. Shurson. Assessment of antibiotic resistance from long-term bacterial exposure to antibiotics commonly used in fuel ethanol production. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2019; 35 (4):66.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Audrey L. Walter; Danmei Yang; Zhikai Zeng; Dennis Bayrock; Pedro E. Urriola; Gerald C. Shurson. 2019. "Assessment of antibiotic resistance from long-term bacterial exposure to antibiotics commonly used in fuel ethanol production." World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 35, no. 4: 66.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2018 in Animal Nutrition
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Corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a co-product of the fuel ethanol industry that is an excellent source of energy, digestible amino acids, and digestible phosphorus. However, the antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of DDGS and how it is influenced by production parameters is unknown. Therefore, 16 DDGS samples obtained from different ethanol production plants in the U.S. were characterized for antioxidant capacity, vitamin E, xanthophylls, and ferulic acid content and compared with corn. The antioxidant capacity of DDGS samples, measured using the 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, varied almost 2 folds among samples, but in all cases was more than 3 times that of corn. All DDGS samples had a considerably greater concentration of tocopherols and tocotrienols (lipid-soluble antioxidants) than corn. However, the relative concentrations among the tocopherols and tocotrienols tended to be similar to corn. The xanthophyll lutein was present in all DDGS samples and in all cases exceeded the content in corn. Zeaxanthin was detected in most samples. The total ferulic acid content of the DDGS samples was almost 3-fold greater than corn, but, as in corn, almost all was present in a bound form. However, the concentration of unbound (free) ferulic acid was more than 3 times the concentration found in the corn sample. Thus, DDGS is a rich source of phytochemical compounds and may provide antioxidant and health benefits beyond its macronutrient composition. However, differences in processing can greatly influence the phytochemical content and quality of DDGS. In particular, thermal abuse due to excessive heat used in drying may lead to lipid oxidation products that may have deleterious effects when incorporated into feeds.

ACS Style

Eui-Cheol Shin; Gerald C. Shurson; Daniel D. Gallaher. Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Animal Nutrition 2018, 4, 435 -441.

AMA Style

Eui-Cheol Shin, Gerald C. Shurson, Daniel D. Gallaher. Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). Animal Nutrition. 2018; 4 (4):435-441.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eui-Cheol Shin; Gerald C. Shurson; Daniel D. Gallaher. 2018. "Antioxidant capacity and phytochemical content of 16 sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)." Animal Nutrition 4, no. 4: 435-441.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Meat Science
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Effects of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding strategies (a corn-soybean meal (CS) fed continously; CS+40% DDGS fed continously; CS+40, 30, 20, or 10% DDGS in 4 phases, respectively; or CS+40% DDGS in phases 1 to 3 and CS in phase 4 before slaughter) on belly and pork fat quality of immunologically castrated (n=192) pigs were evaluated. All pigs received the first Improvest dose at 11week of age, and the second dose at 9, 7, or 5week before slaughter at 24week of age. Increasing the time interval of the second Improvest dose before slaughter reduced IV in all fat depots and increased belly thickness. Gradually decreasing dietary DDGS and DDGS withdrawal feeding strategies reduced IV in all fat depots. Calculated IV were greater using the Meadus et al. (2010) equation compared with using the AOCS (1998) equation because it includes more long-chain unsaturated fatty acids.

ACS Style

E.K. Harris; M.A. Mellencamp; L.J. Johnston; R.B. Cox; G.C. Shurson. Effectiveness of different corn dried distillers grains with solubles feeding strategies and increasing the time intervals between the second Improvest dose and slaughter of immunologically castrated pigs on belly and pork fat quality. Meat Science 2018, 135, 62 -73.

AMA Style

E.K. Harris, M.A. Mellencamp, L.J. Johnston, R.B. Cox, G.C. Shurson. Effectiveness of different corn dried distillers grains with solubles feeding strategies and increasing the time intervals between the second Improvest dose and slaughter of immunologically castrated pigs on belly and pork fat quality. Meat Science. 2018; 135 ():62-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E.K. Harris; M.A. Mellencamp; L.J. Johnston; R.B. Cox; G.C. Shurson. 2018. "Effectiveness of different corn dried distillers grains with solubles feeding strategies and increasing the time intervals between the second Improvest dose and slaughter of immunologically castrated pigs on belly and pork fat quality." Meat Science 135, no. : 62-73.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2017 in Porcine Health Management
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Infection with Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) causes vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration in young pigs. The virus made its first appearance in the U.S. in 2013, where it caused substantial neonatal mortality and economic losses in the U.S. pork industry. Based on outbreak investigations, it is hypothesized that the virus could be transmitted through contaminated feed or contaminated feed surfaces. This potential risk created a demand for research on the inactivation kinetics of PEDV in different environments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the survival of PEDV in 9 different feed ingredients when exposed to 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C, as well as the survival on four different surfaces (galvanized steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and plastic). Overall, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in virus survival among the different feed matrices studied when thermally processed at 60 to 90 °C for 5, 10, 15, or 30 min. However, the time necessary to achieve a one log reduction in virus concentration was less (P < 0.05) when ingredients were exposed to temperatures from 70 °C (3.7 min), 80 °C (2.4 min), and 90 °C (2.3 min) compared with 60 °C (4.4 min). The maximum inactivation level (3.9 log) was achieved when heating all ingredients at 90 °C for 30 min. There were no differences in the amount of time necessary to cause a one log reduction in PEDV concentration among the different surfaces. The results of this study showed that PEDV survival among the 9 feed ingredients evaluated was not different when exposed to thermal treatments for up to 30 min. However, different combinations of temperature and time resulted in achieving a 3 to 4 log reduction of PEDV in all feed ingredients evaluated. Finally, PEDV survival was similar on galvanized steel, stainless steel, aluminum and plastic.

ACS Style

Michaela P. Trudeau; Harsha Verma; Pedro E. Urriola; Fernando Sampedro; Gerald C. Shurson; Sagar M. Goyal. Survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in thermally treated feed ingredients and on surfaces. Porcine Health Management 2017, 3, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Michaela P. Trudeau, Harsha Verma, Pedro E. Urriola, Fernando Sampedro, Gerald C. Shurson, Sagar M. Goyal. Survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in thermally treated feed ingredients and on surfaces. Porcine Health Management. 2017; 3 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michaela P. Trudeau; Harsha Verma; Pedro E. Urriola; Fernando Sampedro; Gerald C. Shurson; Sagar M. Goyal. 2017. "Survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in thermally treated feed ingredients and on surfaces." Porcine Health Management 3, no. 1: 1-7.

Review
Published: 08 February 2017 in Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
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One of the grand challenges facing our society today is finding solutions for feeding the world sustainably. The food-versus-fuel debate is a controversy embedded in this challenge, involving the trade-offs of using grains and oilseeds for biofuels production versus animal feed and human food. However, only 6% of total global grain produced is used to produce ethanol. Furthermore, biofuels coproducts contribute to sustainability of food production because only 1% to 2.5% of the overall energy efficiency is lost from converting crops into biofuels and animal feed, and approximately one-third of the corn used to produce ethanol is recovered as feed coproducts. Extensive research has been conducted over the past 15 years on biofuels coproducts to (a) optimize their use for improving caloric and nutritional efficiency in animal feeds, (b) identify benefits and limitations of use in various animal diets, (c) characterize their unique nutraceutical properties, and (d) evaluate their environmental impacts.

ACS Style

Gerald C. Shurson. The Role of Biofuels Coproducts in Feeding the World Sustainably. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 2017, 5, 229 -254.

AMA Style

Gerald C. Shurson. The Role of Biofuels Coproducts in Feeding the World Sustainably. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 2017; 5 (1):229-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerald C. Shurson. 2017. "The Role of Biofuels Coproducts in Feeding the World Sustainably." Annual Review of Animal Biosciences 5, no. 1: 229-254.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2017 in Porcine Health Management
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Feed contaminated with feces from infected pigs is believed to be a potential route of transmission of porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of commercial feed additives (e.i., acids, salt and sugar) to swine feed can be an effective strategy to inactive PDCoV. Six commercial feed acids (UltraAcid P, Activate DA, KEMGEST, Acid Booster, Luprosil, and Amasil), salt, and sugar were evaluated. The acids were added at the recommended concentrations to 5 g aliquots of complete feed, which were also inoculated with 1 mL of PDCoV and incubated for 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. In another experiment, double the recommended concentrations of these additives were also added to the feed samples and incubated for 0, 1, 3, 7, and 10 days. All samples were stored at room temperature (~25 °C) followed by removal of aliquots at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. Any surviving virus was eluted in a buffer solution and then titrated in swine testicular cells. Feed samples without any additive were used as controls. Both Weibull and log-linear kinetic models were used to analyze virus survival curves. The presence of a tail in the virus inactivation curves indicated deviations from the linear behavior and hence, the Weibull model was chosen for characterizing the inactivation responses due to the better fit. At recommended concentrations, delta values (days to decrease virus concentration by 1 log) ranged from 0.62–1.72 days, but there were no differences on virus survival among feed samples with or without additives at the manufacturers recommended concentrations. Doubling the concentration of the additives reduced the delta value to ≤ 0.28 days (P < 0.05) for all the additives except for Amasil (delta values of 0.86 vs. 4.95 days). Feed additives that contained phosphoric acid, citric acid, or fumaric acid were the most effective in reducing virus survival, although none of the additives completely inactivated the virus by 10- days post-inoculation. Commercial feed additives (acidifiers and salt) may be utilized as a strategy to decrease risk of PDCoV in feed, specially, commercial feed acidifiers at double the recommended concentrations reduced PDCoV survival in complete feed during storage at room temperature. However, none of these additives completely inactivated the virus.

ACS Style

Katie M. Cottingim; Harsha Verma; Pedro E. Urriola; Fernando Sampedro; Gerald C. Shurson; Sagar M. Goyal. Feed additives decrease survival of delta coronavirus in nursery pig diets. Porcine Health Management 2017, 3, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Katie M. Cottingim, Harsha Verma, Pedro E. Urriola, Fernando Sampedro, Gerald C. Shurson, Sagar M. Goyal. Feed additives decrease survival of delta coronavirus in nursery pig diets. Porcine Health Management. 2017; 3 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katie M. Cottingim; Harsha Verma; Pedro E. Urriola; Fernando Sampedro; Gerald C. Shurson; Sagar M. Goyal. 2017. "Feed additives decrease survival of delta coronavirus in nursery pig diets." Porcine Health Management 3, no. 1: 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Journal of Animal Science
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Growth performance of immunologically castrated (IC) pigs (863 total) was determined at increasing time intervals between the second Improvest (gonadotropin releasing factor analog-diphtheria toxoid conjugate; Zoetis Inc., Florham Park, NJ) dose and slaughter (TD) and with 4 different dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) feeding strategies (FS) in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. The feeding period was divided into 4 separate diet phases. Dietary treatments included 1) corn–soybean meal control diets (PCon), 2) a gradual decrease of dietary DDGS inclusion rate from 40%, 30%, 20%, and 10% in phases 1 to 4 (GD), respectively, 3) feeding 40% DDGS diets in phases 1 to 3 and removal of DDGS from the phase 4 diet (WD), and 4) feeding 40% DDGS diets in all 4 phases (NCon). Pigs received the second Improvest dose at 9 (TD9), 7 (TD7), or 5 (TD5) wk before slaughter. In each group, all pigs were slaughtered on the same day. There were no 3-way interactions among FS, TD, and week of feeding period for any measure of growth performance. Pigs fed PCon and WD had greater (P < 0.05) overall ADFI than pigs fed NCon, especially when slaughtered 9 wk after the second Improvest dose (2.45 and 2.44 vs. 2.31 ± 0.08 kg/d, respectively). This response was partly due to withdrawing DDGS from the diet at 19 wk of age (WD), which led to a tendency (P < 0.10) for increased ADFI from the wk 19 to 21 interval to the wk 21 to 24 interval (3.26 vs. 3.51 ± 0.09 kg/d, respectively). During the same time period, ADFI was unchanged (P > 0.05) in pigs fed PCon, GD, and NCon. Overall G:F was improved (P < 0.05) in TD5 pigs compared with TD9 pigs and tended (P < 0.10) to be improved compared with TD7 pigs. Final BW was similar among pigs fed GD, WD, and PCon (123.1, 122.3, and 125.3 kg, respectively), but pigs fed PCon and GD had greater (P < 0.05) BW than pigs fed NCon (120.0 kg). Throughout the growing-finishing period, BW was similar among TD treatments. The GD FS was more effective than the WD FS in maintaining overall G:F (0.424 and 0.414 ± 0.005, respectively) and ADG (0.94 and 0.93 ± 0.03 kg/d, respectively), which were similar (P > 0.05) to those of pigs fed PCon (0.427 ± 0.005 and 0.96 ± 0.03 kg/d, respectively). Growth performance of pigs fed GD more closely reflected that of pigs fed PCon than that of pigs fed WD. Delaying the second dose of Improvest from 9 to 5 wk before slaughter resulted in improved growth performance. Copyright © 2017. American Society of Animal Science.

ACS Style

E. K. Harris; M. A. Mellencamp; L. J. Johnston; G. C. Shurson. Growth performance of immunologically castrated pigs slaughtered at 5, 7, or 9 weeks after the second Improvest dose and fed diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles. Journal of Animal Science 2017, 95, 806 -819.

AMA Style

E. K. Harris, M. A. Mellencamp, L. J. Johnston, G. C. Shurson. Growth performance of immunologically castrated pigs slaughtered at 5, 7, or 9 weeks after the second Improvest dose and fed diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles. Journal of Animal Science. 2017; 95 (2):806-819.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. K. Harris; M. A. Mellencamp; L. J. Johnston; G. C. Shurson. 2017. "Growth performance of immunologically castrated pigs slaughtered at 5, 7, or 9 weeks after the second Improvest dose and fed diets containing corn dried distillers grains with solubles." Journal of Animal Science 95, no. 2: 806-819.

Journal article
Published: 25 March 2016 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary levels of peroxidized maize oil on growth performance and antioxidant status of nursery pigs. Weanling barrows (n = 128; initial body weight (BW) = 6.3 ± 1.4 kg) were blocked by initial BW and assigned randomly to 1 of 32 pens. Within block, pens were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 90 g/kg unheated maize oil, 60 g/kg unheated maize oil +30 g/kg rapidly peroxidized (RO) maize oil, 30 g/kg unheated maize oil +60 g/kg RO maize oil, or 90 g/kg RO maize oil. Diets were formulated to contain identical levels of total maize oil and standardized ileal digestible Lys to metabolizable energy (ME) ratios. Maize oil was heated for 12 h at 185 °C (air flow rate = 12 L/min) to yield RO (PV = 5.7 meq O2/kg; thiobarbituric acid reactive substances = 26.7 mg malondialdehyde eq/kg) maize oil. A 3-phase feeding program (phase 1 = d 0–4, phase 2 = d 4–14, and phase 3 = d 14–35) was used, and average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed ratio (G:F), and energetic efficiency (g ADG/MJ of ME intake) were determined. Serum was collected on d 0, 14, and 35 from 1 pig per pen that was subsequently harvested to obtain liver and heart tissue. Final BW (19.5 vs 18.5 ± 0.6 kg for 0 vs 90 g/kg RO maize oil; P < 0.15) and ADG (377.5 vs 347.0 ± 13.6 g for 0 vs 90 g/kg RO maize oil; P ≤ 0.10) tended to decline linearly with increasing dietary RO, but ADFI was not affected. Consequently, G:F (P < 0.05) declined linearly by 1.4–4% with increasing dietary concentrations of RO maize oil. The α-tocopherol content of serum declined with increasing dietary concentrations of RO maize oil (linear and cubic; P < 0.01). These data suggest that RO maize oil negatively affects growth performance and the efficiency of energy utilization of nursery pigs linearly and reduces serum α-tocopherol content.

ACS Style

Andrea R. Hanson; Pedro E Urriola; Lei Wang; Lee J. Johnston; Chi Chen; Gerald C. Shurson. Dietary peroxidized maize oil affects the growth performance and antioxidant status of nursery pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2016, 216, 251 -261.

AMA Style

Andrea R. Hanson, Pedro E Urriola, Lei Wang, Lee J. Johnston, Chi Chen, Gerald C. Shurson. Dietary peroxidized maize oil affects the growth performance and antioxidant status of nursery pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2016; 216 ():251-261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea R. Hanson; Pedro E Urriola; Lei Wang; Lee J. Johnston; Chi Chen; Gerald C. Shurson. 2016. "Dietary peroxidized maize oil affects the growth performance and antioxidant status of nursery pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 216, no. : 251-261.

Journal article
Published: 07 March 2016 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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Growing-finishing pigs (n = 432; initial body weight = 22.0 ± 4.3 kg) were utilized to measure growth performance and carcass characteristics when fed 4 sources of maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with predicted net energy (NE) content ranging from 2083 to 2743 kcal/kg. Pigs were blocked by initial body weight, and within blocks, pens were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments (nine pigs/pen, 12 replicates/treatment). Dietary treatments consisted of four maize and soybean meal based diets containing 40% DDGS from (1) source A with low NE (LOW; 2083 kcal/kg), (2) source B with medium-low NE (ML; 2255 kcal/kg), (3) source C with medium-high NE (MH; 2469 kcal/kg), and (4) source D with high NE (HIGH; 2743 kcal/kg), based on NE estimates provided by a commercial service using a proprietary equation-based system. Experimental diets were formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements and contained similar standardized ileal digestible lysine:NE within phases. Overall, ADFI of pigs fed ML was greater (P < 0.05) than for pigs fed MH and HIGH, but not different from LOW, and no differences were observed among LOW, MH, and HIGH. Pigs fed ML had similar ADG with LOW and HIGH, but less (P < 0.05) than that of pigs fed MH, and no differences were observed among LOW, MH, and HIGH. Gain:feed was reduced (P < 0.02) in pigs fed ML compared with other dietary treatments. No treatment differences (P > 0.19) were observed in hot carcass weight, carcass yield, backfat depth, loin muscle area, and percentage of carcass fat-free lean among dietary treatments. The NRC (2012) model was used to estimate NE content of diets by matching the model-predicted G:F with the observed G:F. Using NRC (2012) NE content values for maize and soybean meal, NE content was calculated for DDGS sources LOW, ML, MH, and HIGH to be 2377, 1924, 2612, and 2513 kcal/kg, respectively. Predicted NE values from eight identified equations were calculated and compared with model-determined NE content of the 4 DDGS sources. Gain:feed responses of pigs indicated that the NE content estimates provided by the commercial service were overestimated for sources B and D, and underestimated for the sources A and C. Feeding 40% DDGS with less NE content increased ADFI and reduced ADG and G:F, but carcass traits were not affected when the difference of NE content was less than 700 kcal/kg among DDGS sources or less than 275 kcal/kg among dietary treatments.

ACS Style

F. Wu; L.J. Johnston; P.E. Urriola; A.M. Hilbrands; G.C. Shurson. Evaluation of NE predictions and the impact of feeding maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with variable NE content on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2016, 215, 105 -116.

AMA Style

F. Wu, L.J. Johnston, P.E. Urriola, A.M. Hilbrands, G.C. Shurson. Evaluation of NE predictions and the impact of feeding maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with variable NE content on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2016; 215 ():105-116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Wu; L.J. Johnston; P.E. Urriola; A.M. Hilbrands; G.C. Shurson. 2016. "Evaluation of NE predictions and the impact of feeding maize distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with variable NE content on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 215, no. : 105-116.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2016 in Animal Feed Science and Technology
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A total of 432 pigs (initial BW: 25.8 ± 5.1 kg) were used to evaluate growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality of growing-finishing pigs fed maize–soybean meal diets containing 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with variable ether extract (EE) content, but similar predicted ME concentration (3232 to 3315 kcal/kg predicted by a commercial service). Pigs were blocked by initial BW, and within blocks, pens were allotted randomly to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (9 pigs/pen, 12 replicates/treatment) in a 4-phase feeding program (26–50 kg, 50–75 kg, 75–100 kg, and 100–120 kg BW). Dietary treatments consisted of: (1) maize–soybean meal (CON); (2) 40% low-oil DDGS (59 g/kg EE; LOW); (3) 40% medium-oil DDGS (99 g/kg EE; MED); and (4) 40% high-oil DDGS (142 g/kg EE; HIGH). Diets contained similar concentrations of standardized ileal digestible amino acids and standardized total tract digestible P within each phase. Overall, ADFI of pigs fed CON was greater (P < 0.05) than those fed MED and HIGH, resulting in pigs fed CON having greater (P < 0.05) overall ADG than pigs fed LOW, MED, and HIGH diets. However, ADFI and ADG did not differ among DDGS treatments, but pigs fed LOW had reduced (P < 0.05) G:F compared with the other treatments. Pigs fed CON had greater (P < 0.05) HCW, carcass yield, and LM area than those fed the DDGS diets, but there were no differences among DDGS treatments. No treatment differences were observed for backfat depth and percentage of carcass fat-free lean. Back, belly, and jowl fat iodine value of pigs fed LOW and MED were less (P < 0.01) than in pigs fed HIGH but greater (P < 0.01) than in pigs fed CON. Based on the observed overall G:F responses, dietary ME content of LOW was less than MED, HIGH, and CON diets, indicating a slight overestimation of predicted ME concentration for the low-oil DDGS source using either the commercial service estimates or the Anderson et al. (2012) equations. In conclusion, including 40% DDGS in maize–soybean meal-based diets negatively impacted the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. However, reduced EE content of DDGS sources did not affect ADG, ADFI, and carcass composition, and led to improvements in pork fat quality. These results suggest that current ME predictions need to be refined for more accurate estimation of ME content for low-oil DDGS sources for swine.

ACS Style

F. Wu; L.J. Johnston; Pedro E Urriola; A.M. Hilbrands; G.C. Shurson. Evaluation of ME predictions and the impact of feeding maize distillers dried grains with solubles with variable oil content on growth performance, carcass composition, and pork fat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology 2016, 213, 128 -141.

AMA Style

F. Wu, L.J. Johnston, Pedro E Urriola, A.M. Hilbrands, G.C. Shurson. Evaluation of ME predictions and the impact of feeding maize distillers dried grains with solubles with variable oil content on growth performance, carcass composition, and pork fat quality of growing-finishing pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 2016; 213 ():128-141.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Wu; L.J. Johnston; Pedro E Urriola; A.M. Hilbrands; G.C. Shurson. 2016. "Evaluation of ME predictions and the impact of feeding maize distillers dried grains with solubles with variable oil content on growth performance, carcass composition, and pork fat quality of growing-finishing pigs." Animal Feed Science and Technology 213, no. : 128-141.

Review
Published: 21 March 2015 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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Feed fats and oils provide significant amounts of energy to swine diets, but there is large variation in composition, quality, feeding value, and price among sources. Common measures of lipid quality include moisture, insolubles, and unsaponifiables (MIU), titer, and free fatty acid content, but provide limited information regarding their feeding value. Lipid peroxidation is an important quality factor related to animal growth performance and health, but maximum tolerable limits in various lipids have not been established. Several indicative assays can be used to detect the presence of various peroxidation compounds, but due to the complexity and numerous compounds produced and degraded during peroxidation process, no single method can adequately determine the extent of peroxidation. Until further information is available, using a combination of peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and anisidine value appear to provide a reasonable assessment of the extent of peroxidation in a lipid at a reasonable cost. However, fatty acid composition of the lipid being evaluated should be considered when selecting specific assays. Predictive tests can also be used to estimate the stability or susceptibility of lipids to peroxidation and include active oxygen method, oil stability index, and oxygen bomb method. A review of 16 published studies with pigs has shown an average decrease of 11.4% in growth rate, 8.8% feed intake fed isocaloric diets containing peroxidized lipids compared to diets containing unperoxidized lipids of the same source. Furthermore, serum vitamin E content was generally reduced and serum TBARS content was increased when peroxidized lipids were fed in these studies, suggesting that feeding peroxidized lipids negatively affects metabolic oxidative status of pigs. However, it is unclear if antioxidants are useful additions to lipids to maintain optimal nutritional value, or if their addition to swine diets is beneficial in overcoming a metabolic oxidative challenge.

ACS Style

Gerald C Shurson; Brian J Kerr; Andrea R Hanson. Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2015, 6, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Gerald C Shurson, Brian J Kerr, Andrea R Hanson. Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2015; 6 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gerald C Shurson; Brian J Kerr; Andrea R Hanson. 2015. "Evaluating the quality of feed fats and oils and their effects on pig growth performance." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 6, no. 1: 1-11.