Nowadays the appearances of water extremes are frequently observed mainly because of anthropogenic and climate change influences. These extremes cause various impacts on the environment. With respect to river systems, floods are such events that are characterized with increasingly untypical high water levels that overflow river beds. In many cases, they cause extremely harmful impacts to human societies, accompanied with serious environmental damages and modifications. This paper focus on the problems connected to flood appearances and some of their possible related impacts on river systems. To better understand these, phenomenon main specifics with regard to its occurrence, behavior and possible consequences are summarized. Most commonly used methods for flood assessments are presented. Some real case floods and their impacts on the river hydraulics from the Balkans are briefly presented. To better explain floods and the reason-outcome-mitigation nexus related recent required and adopted EC, Bulgarian and Greece policies and practices in the area are outlined concisely with regard to prevention measures in the form of early warning systems, river restoration etc. The presented information address the experts in regards to knowledge, practices dissemination and enhancement, and the connection between experts and responsible decision makers that deal with flood mitigation and prevention.

A computer programhas been developed for design of surface drip irrigation system. It could be applied for calculation of small scale fields with an area up to 10 ha. The program includes two main parts: crop water requirements and hydraulic calculations of the system. It has been developed in Graphical User Interface in MATLAB and gives opportunity for selecting some parameters from tables such as: agro- physical soil properties, characteristics of the corresponding crop, climatic data. It allows the user of the program to assume and set a definite value, for example the emitter discharge, plot parameters and etc. Eight cases of system layout according to the water source layout and the number of plots of the system operation are laid into hydraulic section of the program. It includes the design of lateral, manifold, main line and pump calculations. The program has been compiled to work in Windows.

Natural floods are unusual extreme events resulting from significant or prolonged rainfall, which sometimes turn into disasters. Trends indicate that these phenomena may become more frequent in the future. Therefore, many solutions are being implemented in practice to deal with the problem. In the European Union, enhanced measures have been taken, including the assessment and mapping of flood risks, triggered by the adopted legislation. Despite these solutions, flood disasters continue to occur, even in areas included in Flood Risk Management Plans but outside the territories designated as vulnerable. To investigate the reason, a study was conducted accounting for flood genesis and the role of flood debris and anthropogenic waste as a factor that can worsen the harmful impact of these events. It was considered whether there is a gap in the application of current methods and legislation. A brief review was performed concerning the physical description of the phenomenon and the evaluation methods used, accounting for the role that debris and anthropogenic waste play in them. Some main practices and applicable tools were also discussed in brief. As an illustration of the impact, a case study of a recent significant flood in Bulgaria was also presented. This flood affected an area that is not identified as at risk under the Flood Risk Management Plans developed in accordance with the European and Bulgarian legislation and requirements. The information presented here confirms the significant role that debris and anthropogenic waste play in the process of turning a flood into a disaster and highlights the need for additional work concerning their proper incorporation in both the regulation and assessment processes.

Urban territories are specific territories with a significant anthropogenic influence on the natural environment. As a result most of the existing natural conditions have been modified. Parts of them cover the natural forms of river beds and floodplains. Concerning to the humans safety, comfort and needs, while keeping ecosystems healthy function, different artificial structures also have been created. The process is connected to the well understanding and good quality data obtaining about the existing conditions and river flow behaviour, that are interconnected and relevant to the river discharge determination and its variations description – key issue for the entire river structures project, water extremes mitigation and maintaining a healthy state of the ecosystems. For the purpose various contact measurements and monitoring procedures are implemented. To clarify the process this material aims to present some specifics connected to the urban territories river discharge determination and the possibility for related monitoring networks creation. It is focused on the most used methods, their specifics and possible challenges for practical application. Main specifics connected to the related decision support systems creation and implementations are also presented. Main purpose is such state of the art dissemination, in help of decision makers and professionals in the area.