As an international benchmark, the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 evaluates the educational performance of 15-year-old students across various countries. It has been observed that the average mathematics score globally declined in 2022. Understanding the responses of mathematics teachers, as practitioners, to the PISA 2022 results is crucial for evaluating the reasons behind this decline in mathematics scores. This research aims to explore and understand the perspectives of Indonesian mathematics teachers on the factors contributing to the low PISA 2022 mathematics scores. This study employs a qualitative approach, with participants being randomly selected and includes interviews with 36 mathematics teachers in Indonesia. According to the statements provided by teachers, the decline in mathematics scores in the 2022 PISA, relative to the years 2018 and 2015, can be attributed to six primary factors: pandemic-related issues, curriculum, individual factors, resource limitations, student factors, and parental involvement. Subsequently, mathematics teachers provided several recommendations for the government, schools, and parents that might enhance student mathematics achievement. These recommendations include conducting more training, improving ICT facilities in schools, and strengthening parental knowledge about the importance of parental support. The findings of this study offer various recommendations that could be implemented by the government, schools, and mathematics teachers to improve student mathematical achievement and potentially increase PISA scores in 2025.

Now, the whole world is facing the coronavirus pandemic. In the meantime, students in China are required to do social distancing and not go to school. This coronavirus pandemic resulted in the use of online learning to teach students. In this research, we will get to know the students’ learning attitude towards online learning during the coronavirus pandemic. The sample population for this research are students in West Java, Indonesia. The data will be collected by using questionnaires and there was a total of 16 questionnaires that is collected for this research. The result of this research shows that online learning during this coronavirus pandemic is not very effective. Also, the students’ learning interest towards online learning is also very low. Based on the interview done on students and teachers, most of them stated that there are various factors that can affect online learning in China such as learning environment, internet and etc. The suggestion that is given in this research is that aside from online classes, teachers can also use video learning media that are used by developed countries so that it can solve the bad internet problem. The result of this research hopefully, can become a reference to improving a more effective learning media that can be used during the coronavirus pandemic in Indonesia.

One of the strengths of the RADEC learning model is that learning focuses on teaching and problem-solving skills, so in other words, RADEC is a learning model that can develop students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). Learning steps of RADEC consisted of 5 steps which were very easy to remember because they were in accordance with the name of the learning model itself, namely: (1) Read; (2) Answer (A); (3) Discuss (D); (4) Explane (Explain) and (5) Creat (C). At each step of learning RADEC, it can develop HOTS. Students must be able to explore and engage in the learning process so that students’ higher-order thinking skills can be honed. In RADEC learning, each stage can develop high-level student skills including the step of Read. HOTS can be learned in this step by giving the widest opportunity for students to explore and find information from various sources both print and internet. The step of Answer, HOTS can be taught by asking students to look for various alternative answers and solutions. In the Discuss Stage, HOTS can be taught by not limiting students in submitting guesses, ideas, or opinions. The Explane Stage, HOTS can be taught by presenting and communicating the results of the agreement group answers honestly and responsibly, and the other groups will respond to it. While the last stage was Creat, in this step, HOTS can be taught by asking students to provide solutions with their creativity. The results showed that there was an increase in students’ HOTS from an average of 41 to 84.6 after learning with the RADEC learning model.

The rapid development of technology has led to the change of textbooks from printed to digital forms accessible by students irrespective of their location, thereby improving their overall academic performance. This change is appropriate to the sustainable learning program, where digital textbooks support online learning and students can access material from anywhere and at any time. This research aims to analyze the factors affecting the intention of elementary school teachers to use digital textbooks. Quantitative data were collected and measured from 493 elementary school teachers in Riau, Indonesia, and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results showed that performance expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI), Perceived learning opportunities (PLO), Self-efficacy (SE), and Facilitating Condition (FC) positively affected teachers’ intention to use digital textbooks. SI was found to be the factor with the greatest effect on BI. However, attitude, affective need (AN), ICT usage habits, gender, age, and education level did not affect teachers’ intention to use digital textbooks. This research provides important information for the government, decision-makers, and schools on using digital textbooks at the elementary level in the future.

This study aims to develop an appropriate and practical math textbook in the unit of the Least Common Multiple (LCM) and the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) using Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) in order to increase elementary students’ learning motivation. This is a Research and Development (RnD) type of study with the Plomp model. A mathematician and a teacher assessed the validity of the textbook. The practicality of the textbook was assessed by two teachers and 15 students using questionnaires. The students' motivation was assessed by the students using questionnaires as well. The results showed that the textbook was appropriate with an average of 83.32%, the respondent results from the students’ views were practical with an average of 82.33% and very practical with an average of 87.6 from the teachers’ view. This study also found that the textbook increased the students’ learning motivation by 6.45%.