Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have recently become very attractive for the scientific community due to their broad spectrum of applications in the biomedical field. The main advantages of AgNPs include a simple method of synthesis, a simple way to change their morphology and high surface area to volume ratio. Much research has been carried out over the years to evaluate their possible effectivity against microbial organisms. The most important factors which influence the effectivity of AgNPs against microorganisms are the method of their preparation and the type of application. When incorporated into fabric wound dressings and other textiles, AgNPs have shown significant antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and inhibited biofilm formation. In this review, the different routes of synthesizing AgNPs with controlled size and geometry including chemical, green, irradiation and thermal synthesis, as well as the different types of application of AgNPs for wound dressings such as membrane immobilization, topical application, preparation of nanofibers and hydrogels, and the mechanism behind their antimicrobial activity, have been discussed elaborately.

Advent of additive manufacturing in biomedical field has nurtured fabrication of complex, customizable and reproducible orthopaedic implants. Layer-by-layer deposition of biodegradable polymer employed in development of porous orthopaedic screws promises gradual dissolution and complete metabolic resorption thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional metallic screws. In the present study, screws with different pore sizes (916 × 918 μm to 254 × 146 μm) were 3D printed at 200 μm layer height by varying printing parameters such as print speed, fill density and travel speed to augment the bone ingrowth. Micro-CT analysis and scanning electron micrographs of screws with 45% fill density confirmed porous interconnections (40.1%) and optimal pore size (259 × 207 × 200 μm) without compromising the mechanical strength (24.58 ± 1.36 MPa). Due to the open pore structure, the 3D printed screws showed increased weight gain due to the deposition of calcium when incubated in simulated body fluid. Osteoblast-like cells attached on screw and infiltrated into the pores over 14 days of in vitro culture. Further, the screws also supported greater human mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, proliferation and mineralized matrix synthesis over a period of 21 days in vitro culture as compared to non-porous screws. These porous screws showed significantly increased vascularization in a rat subcutaneous implantation as compared to control screws. Porous screws produced by additive manufacturing may promote better osteointegration due to enhanced mineralization and vascularization.

Over the last couple of decades, the development of paediatric drugs has experienced unprecedented revolution, turning into a professionally oriented and scientifically challenging business. In the past, children were commonly called therapeutic orphans because most drugs were created and trialed on adults. Physicians in practice typically adjusted doses between adult and paediatric patients based on little evidence of safety, efficacy, or the right dose when treating paediatric patients. This was rather dangerous, since children are not just miniature adults; they are physiologically, metabolically, and biologically different. developmentally Paediatric drug development has made significant strides between 1995 and 2020 due to the advancement of scientific research, tougher regulatory standards and increased awareness on the ethical aspect of the necessity of child specific therapies. These advances prompted the development of more effective and safer, age-specific drug delivery systems suited to paediatric patients. However, there are still considerable obstacles, most of them connected with the biological diversity of the paediatric population itself. Infants, children, toddlers, and adolescents have unique physiological properties, such as differences in the maturation of the organs, enzyme activity, body composition, and immune functions. These variations affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs, and therefore the standard dosing methods are not suitable. To illustrate, infant liver and kidney immaturity may have considerable impact on drug metabolism and excretion, and variations in gastric pH and body water composition may impact on infant absorption and distribution. It is due to these developmental differences that age specific pharmacokinetic and Authors K Priya Dharshini Pharmaceutical Technology, Lab School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. p.dharshi14@gmail.com Akshayaa Sankar Pharmaceutical Technology, Lab School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Vedha Hari B Narayanan Pharmaceutical Technology, Lab School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed-to-be-University Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. Ramya Devi D Pharmaceutical Technology Lab School of Chemical & Biotechnology SASTRA Deemed University Thanjavur, Tamil, Nadu, India. pharmacodynamic studies are required. But there are ethics and practice issues in clinical studies on paediatrics, such as the feasibility of blood sampling volumes and exposing children to experimental treatment. It follows that paediatric drug development must be supported by well-designed studies that are scientifically rigorous and ethically responsible. Knowledge of these issues and of the innovations that have been.