La imagen negativa de la adolescencia presente en el mundo occidental a lo largo de las últimas décadas ha propiciado un modelo de atención a la salud adolescente centrado en el déficit y en los factores de riesgo. Sin embargo, durante los últimos años este modelo ha empezado a ser cuestionado por enfoques que enfatizan la competencia y el desarrollo positivo de jóvenes y adolescentes. En este estudio se utilizaron dos técnicas de consenso, como son el grupo nominal y la técnica delphi, para construir, a partir de la opinión de un amplio grupo de expertos, un modelo que recogiese las competencias que pueden servir para definir un desarrollo adolescente saludable y positivo. Las competencias específicas propuestas se agruparon en cinco bloques o áreas: emocional, social, cognitiva, moral y de desarrollo personal. El modelo construido representa un punto de partida que sugiere algunas líneas de investigación e intervención de cara a la promoción de la salud y el desarrollo positivo adolescente.The negative social representation of adolescence that has existed in Western countries throughout the last decades has fuelled a deficit and risk model of adolescents' health and development. Recently, this model has been questioned by new approaches that emphasise competence and positive youth development. In this study, two consensus techniques—such as the delphi method and nominal group—were used to build a model of positive and healthy youth development from the ideas of a panel of experts. The competences included in the model were grouped into five areas: emotional, social, cognitive, moral, and personal development. The proposed model represents a starting point that suggests new lines of research and intervention in order to promote health and positive adolescent development.Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucí

Interactive relationships in online learning communities can influence the process and quality of knowledge building. The aim of this study is to empirically investigate the relationships between network structures and social knowledge building in an asynchronous writing environment through discussion forums in a learning management system. The quality of the knowledge construction process is evaluated through content analysis, and the network structures are analyzed using a social network analysis of the response relations among participants during online discussions. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze relations between network structures and knowledge construction. Working on data extracted from a 6-week distance-learning experiment, we analyzed how 10 groups developed collaborative learning social networks when participants worked together on case resolution. The results show a positive correlation between cohesion and centralization, and the positive influence of the cohesion index and the centralization index on social presence and cognitive presence in knowledge building. However, this must be understood within the context of social networks in which messages sent to all group members occupy the center. This underlines the need for reinforcing participations that are directed to the group as a whole, and the importance of the fact the network contains both central and intermediate members. By contrast, we propose that the combination of analysis techniques used is a good option for this type of study while recognizing that it is necessary to continue validating the instruments in terms of their own theoretical suppositions.

ResumenEn este estudio se analizan las diferencias de género que se observan en la adolescencia con respecto a diferentes aspectos de los estilos de vida relacionados con la práctica de actividades físicas y deportivas, implicación en actividades extraescolares, utilización de las TIC, tiempo destinado a estar con los amigos y a estudiar, consumo de sustancias y rutinas relacionadas con el sueño. Para ello se han estudiado las diferencias por curso y sexo, en una muestra de 2400 adolescentes, 55.5% de chicas y 44.5% de chicos, con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 17 años (media de 14.73 y deviación típica de 1.24) pertenecientes a 20 centros educativos de Andalucía. Los resultados obtenidos, mediante la realización de análisis de correlaciones, ANOVA y prueba de Tukey, confirman que existen correlaciones significativas entre la mayoría de las variables que conforman los estilos de vida, casi todas de tipo positivo a excepción de las relacionadas con consumo de sustancias en donde la mayoría fueron negativas. También se encontraron grandes diferencias de género en los estilos de vida ya que de las 15 variables analizadas 10 de ellas presentan diferencias significativas con respecto al género y una disminución significativa, con el aumento de la edad, en una serie de variables que conforman los estilos de vida saludables: práctica de la actividad física y deportiva, participación en actividades extraescolares y horas de sueño.AbstractThis research analyzes gender differences observed in different aspects of adolescent lifestyles, such as physical activities and sports, involvement in extracurricular activities, use of ICT's, time spent with friends and time spent studying, substance use, and sleep-related routines. Bearing this in mind, we analyzed differences by year and gender in a sample of 2400 adolescents, 55.5 percent girls and 44.5 percent of boys, aged between 12 and 17 (mean age=14.73 and SD=1.24) in 20 schools from Andalusia. The results from correlation analysis, ANOVA, and Tukey test confirm significant correlations between most variables making up lifestyle, most of them positive except those related to substance use (most correlations were negative). We also found significant gender differences in lifestyles: 10 out of the 15 variables analyzed have significant gender differences. A significant negative correlation with age was found in a number of variables making up healthy lifestyles, such as the practice of sport and physical activity, participation in extracurricular activities and sleep

In most of the European Union (EU) countries, including Spain, there has been an increase in the number of inhabitants aged 55 years or older. As of 2014, in the EU (27) more than 65% of the population uses the internet daily. However, among the elderly, the percentage is drastically lower. This type of occurrence is found in technologically advanced societies, and turns the older citizens into a forgotten collective. With the digital divide (defined as physical access to the internet) surmounted in these countries, a new divide is becoming apparent in terms of personal use and societal participation. In this article, through the use of multivariate analysis techniques, we identify a new divide in Andalusia, Spain, with respect to the frequency of access to new media and the use citizens make of them. We will discuss the influence of the elderly's immediate environment as a source of opportunity for the Information and Communication Technologies to improve our quality of life and as a medium for more active social participation.