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Prof. Halina Ekiert
Head of Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Krakow, Poland

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0 Natural Products
0 medicinal plants
0 Ethnopharmacology
0 Pharmaceutical Botany

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Journal article
Published: 31 July 2021 in Molecules
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The study demonstrated the effects of precursor feeding on the production of glucosinolates (GSLs), flavonoids, polyphenols, saccharides, and photosynthetic pigments in Nasturtium officinale microshoot cultures grown in Plantform bioreactors. It also evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of extracts. L-phenylalanine (Phe) and L-tryptophan (Trp) as precursors were tested at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mM. They were added at the beginning (day 0) or on day 10 of the culture. Microshoots were harvested after 20 days. Microshoots treated with 3.0 mM Phe (day 0) had the highest total GSL content (269.20 mg/100 g DW). The qualitative and quantitative profiles of the GSLs (UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS) were influenced by precursor feeding. Phe at 3.0 mM stimulated the best production of 4-methoxyglucobrassicin (149.99 mg/100 g DW) and gluconasturtiin (36.17 mg/100 g DW). Total flavonoids increased to a maximum of 1364.38 mg/100 g DW with 3.0 mM Phe (day 0), and polyphenols to a maximum of 1062.76 mg/100 g DW with 3.0 mM Trp (day 0). The precursors also increased the amounts of p-coumaric and ferulic acids, and rutoside, and generally increased the production of active photosynthetic pigments. Antioxidant potential increased the most with 0.1 mM Phe (day 0) (CUPRAC, FRAP), and with 0.5 mM Trp (day 10) (DPPH). The extracts of microshoots treated with 3.0 mM Phe (day 0) showed the most promising bacteriostatic activity against microaerobic Gram-positive acne strains (MIC 250–500 µg/mL, 20–21 mm inhibition zones). No extract was cytotoxic to normal human fibroblasts over the tested concentration range (up to 250 μg/mL).

ACS Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Michał Dziurka; Ivica Blažević; Azra Đulović; Małgorzata Miazga-Karska; Katarzyna Klimek; Halina Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa. Precursor-Boosted Production of Metabolites in Nasturtium officinale Microshoots Grown in Plantform Bioreactors, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Biomass Extracts. Molecules 2021, 26, 4660 .

AMA Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Michał Dziurka, Ivica Blažević, Azra Đulović, Małgorzata Miazga-Karska, Katarzyna Klimek, Halina Ekiert, Agnieszka Szopa. Precursor-Boosted Production of Metabolites in Nasturtium officinale Microshoots Grown in Plantform Bioreactors, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Biomass Extracts. Molecules. 2021; 26 (15):4660.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Michał Dziurka; Ivica Blažević; Azra Đulović; Małgorzata Miazga-Karska; Katarzyna Klimek; Halina Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "Precursor-Boosted Production of Metabolites in Nasturtium officinale Microshoots Grown in Plantform Bioreactors, and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Biomass Extracts." Molecules 26, no. 15: 4660.

Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021 in Journal of Fungi
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Button mushrooms have a very short shelf life after harvesting and are sensitive to mechanical damage and browning. This can be a severe problem in enlarging the market and the long-distance exportation of this product. In this respect, edible coatings could be an alternative treatment to extend the shelf life of button mushrooms, maintaining their quality during long-term storage. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gum, agar, sodium alginate, egg white protein, and lecithin on the postharvest weight loss, color, browning, respiration rate, ethylene production, and storage life of button mushrooms. The results showed that the above-mentioned edible coatings are a promising way to extend the life and maintain the quality of button mushrooms. Significant differences (p< 0.05) were observed between the control and edible coating-treated samples in all parameters. Sodium alginate and gum were more effective in preventing weight loss, coloring, and browning than other edible coatings. On the other hand, the respiration rate and ethylene production were more suppressed by the agar and lecithin coatings compared to the others. In conclusion, it can be recommended that the above-mentioned edible coatings could be used as novel coatings in commercial treatments for maintaining the quality of button mushrooms during a long-term storage period.

ACS Style

Seyda Cavusoglu; Yusuf Uzun; Nurettin Yilmaz; Sezai Ercisli; Erkan Eren; Halina Ekiert; Hosam Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa. Maintaining the Quality and Storage Life of Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with Gum, Agar, Sodium Alginate, Egg White Protein, and Lecithin Coating. Journal of Fungi 2021, 7, 614 .

AMA Style

Seyda Cavusoglu, Yusuf Uzun, Nurettin Yilmaz, Sezai Ercisli, Erkan Eren, Halina Ekiert, Hosam Elansary, Agnieszka Szopa. Maintaining the Quality and Storage Life of Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with Gum, Agar, Sodium Alginate, Egg White Protein, and Lecithin Coating. Journal of Fungi. 2021; 7 (8):614.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seyda Cavusoglu; Yusuf Uzun; Nurettin Yilmaz; Sezai Ercisli; Erkan Eren; Halina Ekiert; Hosam Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "Maintaining the Quality and Storage Life of Button Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) with Gum, Agar, Sodium Alginate, Egg White Protein, and Lecithin Coating." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8: 614.

Reference work
Published: 28 July 2021 in Plant Antioxidants and Health
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The search for a new natural source of antioxidants has been, for more than a decade, one of the most dynamically developing directions of scientific research conducted by various research centers around the world. Numerous species of medicinal plants that are a rich source of natural antioxidants have not been fully explored yet. Cultures of such plant species in vitro can also be a potential rich source of antioxidants. The largest group of plant-based antioxidants is compounds with the structure of polyphenols. They are metabolites frequently found in numerous medicinal plants. The aim of this chapter is to present the most interesting results of our biotechnological research that have proven the very high biosynthetic potential of cells of medicinal plants grown in vitro, obtained in the production of selected subgroups of polyphenols – phenolic acids, flavonoids specific to the genus Scutellaria, phenylpropanoid glycosides, catechins, and the dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans (Schisandra-type lignans). As part of the presented research, the conditions for cultivating cultures in vitro were optimized (testing of basal media, quality and quantity of PGRs, feeding with biosynthetic precursors, elicitation, light conditions, and different types of in vitro cultures). The optimization was conducted for in vitro cultures of Aronia spp., Cistus × incanus, Hypericum perforatum (cvs. Elixir, Helos, and Topas), Scutellaria spp., Verbena officinalis, and Schisandra spp. The results of this optimization work are of an application value. Selected types of in vitro cultures of the plant species tested by us are a very rich source of various subgroups of polyphenols, including depsides, selected Scutellaria specific flavonoids (incl. baicalin and wogonoside), selected phenylpropanoid glycosides (incl. verbascoside and isoverbascoside), selected catechins (incl. catechin and epicatechin gallate), and selected Schisandra-type lignans (incl. gomisin A and schisantherin B). The obtained amounts of these compounds are very often, from a few to a several times, higher than in the extracts of plant material from plants growing in vivo (in open air) analyzed for comparison. Extracts from the biomass grown in vitro of some plant species analyzed for antioxidant potential have high antioxidant activity as determined by various methods (DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC, QUENCHER-CUPRAC, Fe2+ chelating activity, and reducing power assay).

ACS Style

Halina Ekiert; Paweł Kubica; Inga Kwiecień; Karolina Jafernik; Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Agnieszka Szopa. Cultures of Medicinal Plants In Vitro as a Potential Rich Source of Antioxidants. Plant Antioxidants and Health 2021, 1 -44.

AMA Style

Halina Ekiert, Paweł Kubica, Inga Kwiecień, Karolina Jafernik, Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Agnieszka Szopa. Cultures of Medicinal Plants In Vitro as a Potential Rich Source of Antioxidants. Plant Antioxidants and Health. 2021; ():1-44.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Ekiert; Paweł Kubica; Inga Kwiecień; Karolina Jafernik; Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "Cultures of Medicinal Plants In Vitro as a Potential Rich Source of Antioxidants." Plant Antioxidants and Health , no. : 1-44.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2021 in Sustainability
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The Rosa is one of the most diverse genera in the plant kingdom and, in particular, its fruits have been used for multiple purposes in different parts of the world for centuries. Within the genus, Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis are, economically, the most important species and dominate Rosa fruit production. In this study, some important fruit and shrub traits of ten Rosa canina and ten Rosa dumalis ecotypes collected from rural areas of Kars province, located in the east Anatolia region of Turkey were investigated. We found significant differences among ecotypes in most of the morphological and biochemical traits. The ecotypes were found between 1446–2210 m altitude. Fruit weight and fruit flesh ratio ranged from 2.95 g to 4.72 g and 62.55% to 74.42%, respectively. SSC (Soluble Solid Content), Vitamin C, total phenolic, total flavonoid, total carotenoid, and total anthocyanin content of the ecotypes ranged from 16.9–22.7%, 430–690 mg per 100 g FW (fresh weight), 390–532 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g FW, 0.88–2.04 mg per g FW, 6.83–15.17 mg per g FW and 3.62–7.81 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent per kg, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined to be between 19.7–34.7 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per g fresh weight. Rosa ecotypes contained chlorogenic acid and rutin the most as phenolic compound. Our results indicated great diversity within both R. canina and R. dumalis fruits.

ACS Style

Mehmet Bozhuyuk; Sezai Ercisli; Neva Karatas; Halina Ekiert; Hosam Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa. Morphological and Biochemical Diversity in Fruits of Unsprayed Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis Ecotypes Found in Different Agroecological Conditions. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8060 .

AMA Style

Mehmet Bozhuyuk, Sezai Ercisli, Neva Karatas, Halina Ekiert, Hosam Elansary, Agnieszka Szopa. Morphological and Biochemical Diversity in Fruits of Unsprayed Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis Ecotypes Found in Different Agroecological Conditions. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):8060.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mehmet Bozhuyuk; Sezai Ercisli; Neva Karatas; Halina Ekiert; Hosam Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "Morphological and Biochemical Diversity in Fruits of Unsprayed Rosa canina and Rosa dumalis Ecotypes Found in Different Agroecological Conditions." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 8060.

Review
Published: 25 April 2021 in Molecules
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Artemisia abrotanum L. (southern wormwood) is a plant species with an important position in the history of European and Asian medicine. It is a species famous as a medicinal plant in Central Asia, Asia Minor, and in South-East and Central Europe. The raw materials obtained from this species are Abrotani herba and Abrotani folium. In the traditional European medicine, they have been used successfully most of all in liver and biliary tract diseases, in parasitic diseases in children and as antipyretic medication. In the official European medicine, this plant species is recommended by the French Pharmacopoeia for use in homeopathy. In many European countries, it is used traditionally in allopathy. The latest studies on the biological activity of extracts from the aboveground parts of the plant and/or the leaves, and/or the essential oil have provided evidence of other possible applications related to their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiallergic properties. The latest studies have also focused on the repellent activity of the essential oil of this species and the possibility to use it in the prevention of diseases in which insects are the vectors. The main substances obtained from the plant that are responsible for this activity are: the essential oil, coumarins, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. Some of the latest investigations emphasize the large differences in the composition of the essential oil, determined by the geographical (climatic) origin of the plant. A. abrotanum is recommended by the European Cosmetic Ingredients Database (CosIng) as a source of valuable cosmetic ingredients. Additionally, the leaves of this species possess a well-established position in the food industry. This plant species is also the object of biotechnological studies.

ACS Style

Halina Ekiert; Ewa Knut; Joanna Świątkowska; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Michał Tomczyk; Agnieszka Szopa. Artemisia abrotanum L. (Southern Wormwood)—History, Current Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity, Traditional Use and Possible New Pharmaceutical and Cosmetological Applications. Molecules 2021, 26, 2503 .

AMA Style

Halina Ekiert, Ewa Knut, Joanna Świątkowska, Paweł Klin, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Michał Tomczyk, Agnieszka Szopa. Artemisia abrotanum L. (Southern Wormwood)—History, Current Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity, Traditional Use and Possible New Pharmaceutical and Cosmetological Applications. Molecules. 2021; 26 (9):2503.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Ekiert; Ewa Knut; Joanna Świątkowska; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Michał Tomczyk; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "Artemisia abrotanum L. (Southern Wormwood)—History, Current Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity, Traditional Use and Possible New Pharmaceutical and Cosmetological Applications." Molecules 26, no. 9: 2503.

Review
Published: 13 April 2021 in Frontiers in Pharmacology
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Artemisia dracunculus L. (tarragon), Asteraceae, is a species that has long been used in traditional Asian medicine, mainly in Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan and India. It is known as a spice species in Asia, Europe and the Americas. The raw materials obtained from this species are herb and leaf. The presence of essential oil with a highly variable composition, as well as flavonoids, phenolic acids, coumarins and alkamides, determines the medicinal and/or spice properties of the plant. In traditional Asian medicine, this species is used, for example, in the treatment of digestive system diseases, as an analgesic, hypnotic, antiepileptic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic agent, and as an effective remedy in the treatment of helminthiasis. Nowadays, A. dracunculus is the subject of professional phytochemical and pharmacological researches. Pharmacological studies have confirmed its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects known from traditional uses; they have also proved very important new findings regarding its biological activity, such as antioxidant, immunomodulating and anti-tumour activities, as well as hepatoprotective and hypoglycaemic effects. A. dracunculus has long-held an established position in the food industry as a spice. And its use is growing in the cosmetics industry. Moreover, it is the subject of biotechnological research focused mainly on the development of micro-propagation protocols.

ACS Style

Halina Ekiert; Joanna Świątkowska; Ewa Knut; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Michał Tomczyk; Agnieszka Szopa. Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021, 12, 1 .

AMA Style

Halina Ekiert, Joanna Świątkowska, Ewa Knut, Paweł Klin, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Michał Tomczyk, Agnieszka Szopa. Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021; 12 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Ekiert; Joanna Świątkowska; Ewa Knut; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Michał Tomczyk; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon): A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology." Frontiers in Pharmacology 12, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 27 February 2021 in Plants
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Comparative estimations of the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from biomasses of different types of in vitro cultures of Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and S. baicalensis and also from plant raw materials were performed. The antioxidant measurements were based on the modern assays—cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and quick, easy, new, cheap, and reproducible CUPRAC (QUENCHER-CUPRAC). The total extractable antioxidants (CUPRAC assay) ranged from 10.4 to 49.7 mmol (100 g)−1 of dry weight (DW) expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the global antioxidant response (QUENCHER-CUPRAC assay) ranged from 16.0 to 79.1 mmol (100 g)−1 DW for in vitro cultures, whereas for plant raw materials the total extractable antioxidants ranged from 20.9 to 69.5 mmol (100 g)−1 DW, and the global antioxidant response ranged from 67.2 to 97.8 mmol (100 g)−1 DW. Finally, the in vitro cultures could be regarded as an antioxidant-rich alternative resource for the pharmaceutical, health food and cosmetics industries.

ACS Style

Michał Dziurka; Paweł Kubica; Inga Kwiecień; Jolanta Biesaga-Kościelniak; Halina Ekiert; Shaimaa Abdelmohsen; Fatemah Al-Harbi; Diaa El-Ansary; Hosam Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa. In Vitro Cultures of Some Medicinal Plant Species (Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and Scutellaria baicalensis) as a Rich Potential Source of Antioxidants—Evaluation by CUPRAC and QUENCHER-CUPRAC Assays. Plants 2021, 10, 454 .

AMA Style

Michał Dziurka, Paweł Kubica, Inga Kwiecień, Jolanta Biesaga-Kościelniak, Halina Ekiert, Shaimaa Abdelmohsen, Fatemah Al-Harbi, Diaa El-Ansary, Hosam Elansary, Agnieszka Szopa. In Vitro Cultures of Some Medicinal Plant Species (Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and Scutellaria baicalensis) as a Rich Potential Source of Antioxidants—Evaluation by CUPRAC and QUENCHER-CUPRAC Assays. Plants. 2021; 10 (3):454.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michał Dziurka; Paweł Kubica; Inga Kwiecień; Jolanta Biesaga-Kościelniak; Halina Ekiert; Shaimaa Abdelmohsen; Fatemah Al-Harbi; Diaa El-Ansary; Hosam Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "In Vitro Cultures of Some Medicinal Plant Species (Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and Scutellaria baicalensis) as a Rich Potential Source of Antioxidants—Evaluation by CUPRAC and QUENCHER-CUPRAC Assays." Plants 10, no. 3: 454.

Reviews
Published: 22 January 2021 in Planta Medica
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Artemisia annua (annual mugwort) is a species that has long been used in traditional Asian medicine, mainly Chinese and Hindu. The species is widespread and known as a medicinal plant not only in Asia but also in Europe, in both Americas, and Australia. The species has become a subject of particular interest due to the 2015 Nobel Prize awarded for detecting the sesquiterpene lactone artemisinin in it and proving its antimalarial activities. The raw materials obtained from this species are Artemisiae annuae folium and Artemisiae annuae herba. The leaves are a raw material in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia. Both raw materials are in the International Pharmacopoeia published by the WHO. The main components of these raw materials are mainly specific sesquiterpene lactones, essential oil, flavonoids, coumarins, and phenolic acids. In traditional Asian medicine, the species is used, for example, in the treatment of jaundice and bacterial dysentery, as an antipyretic agent in malaria and tuberculosis, in the treatment of wounds and haemorrhoids, and in viral, bacterial, and autoimmune diseases. Professional pharmacological studies conducted today have confirmed its known traditional applications and explain previously unknown mechanisms of its biological action and have also found evidence of new directions of biological activity, including, among others, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antitumour, and nephroprotective activities. The species is of growing importance in the cosmetics industry.

ACS Style

Halina Ekiert; Joanna Świątkowska; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Agnieszka Szopa. Artemisia annua – Importance in Traditional Medicine and Current State of Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity and Possible Applications. Planta Medica 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Halina Ekiert, Joanna Świątkowska, Paweł Klin, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Agnieszka Szopa. Artemisia annua – Importance in Traditional Medicine and Current State of Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity and Possible Applications. Planta Medica. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Ekiert; Joanna Świątkowska; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Agnieszka Szopa. 2021. "Artemisia annua – Importance in Traditional Medicine and Current State of Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity and Possible Applications." Planta Medica , no. : 1.

Editorial
Published: 07 December 2020 in Molecules
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Natural products and their biological activities are currently a subject of great interest in the pharmaceutical, health food, and cosmetics industries, and numbers of scientific studies in this field are increasing rapidly

ACS Style

Halina Maria Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa. Biological Activities of Natural Products. Molecules 2020, 25, 5769 .

AMA Style

Halina Maria Ekiert, Agnieszka Szopa. Biological Activities of Natural Products. Molecules. 2020; 25 (23):5769.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Maria Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa. 2020. "Biological Activities of Natural Products." Molecules 25, no. 23: 5769.

Book chapter
Published: 04 December 2020 in Reference Series in Phytochemistry
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The search for sources of natural antioxidants has invariably been an attractive scientific and research problem for over a dozen years. One of the subgroups of plant antioxidants includes phenolic acids – derivatives of cinnamic acid and benzoic acid and depsides. These compounds have numerous other valuable directions of biological activity. The aim of the presented research was broad optimization of the conditions of growing in vitro cultures of three aronias (three chokeberry species), Aronia melanocarpa, A. arbutifolia, and A. × prunifolia, aimed at proposing the conditions most conducive to the production of these compounds. The optimization included testing of basal media, concentrations of plant growth regulators, feeding with biosynthetic precursors of phenolic acids, light conditions (monochromatic and multispectral lights), and different types of shoot cultures – solid and agitated – and also cultures maintained in commercially available bioreactors (RITA and PlantForm). The use of this strategy, well known in plant biotechnology, allowed us to obtain results potentially of an application nature. The cultures of the three aronias have proved to be a particularly rich source of depsides – chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and rosmarinic acid.

ACS Style

Halina Maria Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica. High Production of Depsides and Other Phenolic Acids in Different Types of Shoot Cultures of Three Aronias: Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia × prunifolia. Reference Series in Phytochemistry 2020, 337 -364.

AMA Style

Halina Maria Ekiert, Agnieszka Szopa, Paweł Kubica. High Production of Depsides and Other Phenolic Acids in Different Types of Shoot Cultures of Three Aronias: Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia × prunifolia. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. 2020; ():337-364.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Maria Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica. 2020. "High Production of Depsides and Other Phenolic Acids in Different Types of Shoot Cultures of Three Aronias: Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia × prunifolia." Reference Series in Phytochemistry , no. : 337-364.

Journal article
Published: 28 November 2020 in Molecules
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Callus, suspension and bioreactor cultures of Verbena officinalis were established, and optimized for biomass growth and production of phenylpropanoid glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids and iridoids. All types of cultures were maintained on/in the Murashige and Skoog (MS) media with 1 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L NAA. The inoculum sizes were optimized in callus and suspension cultures. Moreover, the growth of the culture in two different types of bioreactors—a balloon bioreactor (BB) and a stirred-tank bioreactor (STB) was tested. In methanolic extracts from biomass of all types of in vitro cultures the presence of the same metabolites—verbascoside, isoverbascoside, and six phenolic acids: protocatechuic, chlorogenic, vanillic, caffeic, ferulic and rosmarinic acids was confirmed and quantified by the HPLC-DAD method. In the extracts from lyophilized culture media, no metabolites were found. The main metabolites in biomass extracts were verbascoside and isoverbascoside. Their maximum amounts in g/100 g DW (dry weight) in the tested types of cultures were as follow: 7.25 and 0.61 (callus), 7.06 and 0.48 (suspension), 7.69 and 0.31 (BB), 9.18 and 0.34 (STB). The amounts of phenolic acids were many times lower, max. total content reached of 26.90, 50.72, 19.88, and 36.78 mg/100 g DW, respectively. The highest content of verbascoside and also a high content of isoverbascoside obtained in STB (stirred-tank bioreactor) were 5.3 and 7.8 times higher than in extracts from overground parts of the parent plant. In the extracts from parent plant two iridoids—verbenalin and hastatoside, were also abundant. All investigated biomass extracts and the extracts from parent plant showed the antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The strongest activities were documented for the cultures maintained in STB. We propose extracts from in vitro cultured biomass of vervain, especially from STB, as a rich source of bioactive metabolites with antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

ACS Style

Paweł Kubica; Agnieszka Szopa; Adam Kokotkiewicz; Natalizia Miceli; Maria Fernanda Taviano; Alessandro Maugeri; Santa Cirmi; Alicja Synowiec; Małgorzata Gniewosz; Hosam O. Elansary; Eman A. Mahmoud; Diaa O. El-Ansary; Omaima Nasif; Maria Luczkiewicz; Halina Ekiert. Production of Verbascoside, Isoverbascoside and Phenolic Acids in Callus, Suspension, and Bioreactor Cultures of Verbena officinalis and Biological Properties of Biomass Extracts. Molecules 2020, 25, 5609 .

AMA Style

Paweł Kubica, Agnieszka Szopa, Adam Kokotkiewicz, Natalizia Miceli, Maria Fernanda Taviano, Alessandro Maugeri, Santa Cirmi, Alicja Synowiec, Małgorzata Gniewosz, Hosam O. Elansary, Eman A. Mahmoud, Diaa O. El-Ansary, Omaima Nasif, Maria Luczkiewicz, Halina Ekiert. Production of Verbascoside, Isoverbascoside and Phenolic Acids in Callus, Suspension, and Bioreactor Cultures of Verbena officinalis and Biological Properties of Biomass Extracts. Molecules. 2020; 25 (23):5609.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Kubica; Agnieszka Szopa; Adam Kokotkiewicz; Natalizia Miceli; Maria Fernanda Taviano; Alessandro Maugeri; Santa Cirmi; Alicja Synowiec; Małgorzata Gniewosz; Hosam O. Elansary; Eman A. Mahmoud; Diaa O. El-Ansary; Omaima Nasif; Maria Luczkiewicz; Halina Ekiert. 2020. "Production of Verbascoside, Isoverbascoside and Phenolic Acids in Callus, Suspension, and Bioreactor Cultures of Verbena officinalis and Biological Properties of Biomass Extracts." Molecules 25, no. 23: 5609.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2020 in Molecules
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The main compounds in both extracts were gluconasturtiin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin and rutoside, the amounts of which were, respectively, determined as 182.93, 58.86 and 23.24 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) in biomass extracts and 640.94, 23.47 and 7.20 mg/100 g DW in plant herb extracts. The antioxidant potential of all the studied extracts evaluated using CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Activity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assays was comparable. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was tested based on the inhibition of 15-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and phospholipase A2. The results demonstrate significantly higher inhibition of COX-2 for in vitro cultured biomass compared with the herb extracts (75.4 and 41.1%, respectively). Moreover, all the studied extracts showed almost similar antibacterial and antifungal potential. Based on these findings, and due to the fact that the growth of in vitro microshoots is independent of environmental conditions and unaffected by environmental pollution, we propose that biomass that can be rapidly grown in RITA® bioreactors can serve as an alternative source of bioactive compounds with valuable biological properties.

ACS Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Michał Dziurka; Ivica Blažević; Azra Đulović; Sebastian Granica; Izabela Korona-Glowniak; Halina Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa. Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies on Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) Microshoot Cultures Grown in RITA® Temporary Immersion Systems. Molecules 2020, 25, 5257 .

AMA Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Michał Dziurka, Ivica Blažević, Azra Đulović, Sebastian Granica, Izabela Korona-Glowniak, Halina Ekiert, Agnieszka Szopa. Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies on Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) Microshoot Cultures Grown in RITA® Temporary Immersion Systems. Molecules. 2020; 25 (22):5257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Michał Dziurka; Ivica Blažević; Azra Đulović; Sebastian Granica; Izabela Korona-Glowniak; Halina Ekiert; Agnieszka Szopa. 2020. "Phytochemical and Biological Activity Studies on Nasturtium officinale (Watercress) Microshoot Cultures Grown in RITA® Temporary Immersion Systems." Molecules 25, no. 22: 5257.

Review
Published: 25 September 2020 in Molecules
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Artemisia vulgaris L. (common mugwort) is a species with great importance in the history of medicine and was called the “mother of herbs” in the Middle Ages. It is a common herbaceous plant that exhibits high morphological and phytochemical variability depending on the location where it occurs. This species is well known almost all over the world. Its herb—Artemisiae vulgaris herba—is used as a raw material due to the presence of essential oil, flavonoids, and sesquiterpenoids lactones and their associated biological activities. The European Pharmacopoeia has listed this species as a potential homeopathic raw material. Moreover, this species has been used in traditional Chinese, Hindu, and European medicine to regulate the functioning of the gastrointestinal system and treat various gynecological diseases. The general aim of this review was to analyze the progress of phytochemical and pharmacological as well as professional scientific studies focusing on A. vulgaris. Thus far, numerous authors have confirmed the beneficial properties of A. vulgaris herb extracts, including their antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antispasmolytic, antinociceptive, estrogenic, cytotoxic, antibacterial, and antifungal effects. In addition, several works have reviewed the use of this species in the production of cosmetics and its role as a valuable spice in the food industry. Furthermore, biotechnological micropropagation of A. vulgaris has been analyzed.

ACS Style

Halina Ekiert; Joanna Pajor; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Halina Ślesak; Agnieszka Szopa. Significance of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies. Molecules 2020, 25, 4415 .

AMA Style

Halina Ekiert, Joanna Pajor, Paweł Klin, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Halina Ślesak, Agnieszka Szopa. Significance of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies. Molecules. 2020; 25 (19):4415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Ekiert; Joanna Pajor; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Halina Ślesak; Agnieszka Szopa. 2020. "Significance of Artemisia vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies." Molecules 25, no. 19: 4415.

Review
Published: 16 September 2020 in Planta Medica
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Verbena officinalis (common vervain) is a medicinal plant species widely distributed in the world and commonly used in folk medicine of different countries, including traditional Chinese medicine. Monographs on “Verbenae herba” have been included in the European Pharmacopoeia since 2008, and in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia since 1995. This work presents botanical characteristics of this species. It reviews the current knowledge of its chemical composition, which is a rich source mostly of iridoids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oil. A large part of this article summarizes traditional medicinal uses and professional pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies that prove new important applications, e.g., antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective anticancer, analgesic, or anticonvulsant of verbena herb extracts and individual metabolites. Moreover, emphasis is put on the use of V. officinalis in the food and cosmetics industries, especially due to its antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties, and the presence of essential oil with an attractive fragrance composition. This paper also presents the state of biotechnological studies of this species.

ACS Style

Paweł Kubica; Agnieszka Szopa; Jakub Dominiak; Maria Luczkiewicz; Halina Ekiert. Verbena officinalis (Common Vervain) – A Review on the Investigations of This Medicinally Important Plant Species. Planta Medica 2020, 86, 1241 -1257.

AMA Style

Paweł Kubica, Agnieszka Szopa, Jakub Dominiak, Maria Luczkiewicz, Halina Ekiert. Verbena officinalis (Common Vervain) – A Review on the Investigations of This Medicinally Important Plant Species. Planta Medica. 2020; 86 (17):1241-1257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Paweł Kubica; Agnieszka Szopa; Jakub Dominiak; Maria Luczkiewicz; Halina Ekiert. 2020. "Verbena officinalis (Common Vervain) – A Review on the Investigations of This Medicinally Important Plant Species." Planta Medica 86, no. 17: 1241-1257.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2020 in Postępy Fitoterapii
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In Supplement 9.4 to the European Pharmacopoeia, one of the newest pharmacopoeial documents, there are eight new monographs raw materials of plant origin. They are derived from both East Asian and South American species. The first two parts of the series of articles are devoted to the characteristics of plants, which are a source of saponin raw materials: Bupleurum sp. and Platycodon grandiflorus. The next parts: 3, 4 and 5 describe the East Asian species: Ligusticum huanxiong, Houttuynia cordata and Paeonia x suffruticosa, which provide raw materials rich in volatile oil, flavonoids and terpenoid-phenolic compounds, respectively. Two South American alkaloid-rich species: Paullinia cupana and Ilex paraguariensis are presented in parts 6 and 7. Part 8 characterizes Camellia sinensis, as a source of Camelliae sinensis non fermentata folia. This raw material is a rich source of polyphenols: catechins (e.g. epigallocatechin, gallocatechin and epicatechin gallates), purine alkaloids (mostly caffeine) and a unique non-protein amino acid, theanine. It has been proven that the raw material possesses among others a number of medicinal properties, including antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, hypolipemic, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective and antidiabetic properties. The aim of the present article is to draw attention of pharmaceutical and medical community to the numerous therapeutic, health-promoting and cosmetic values of this raw material proven by professional scientific studies.

ACS Style

Halina Ekiert; Agnieszka Kulig; Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Agnieszka Szopa. Nowe surowce roślinne w Farmakopei Europejskiej. Cz. 8. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Herbata chińska) – źródło surowca katechinowo-alkaloidowego. Postępy Fitoterapii 2020, 21, 1 .

AMA Style

Halina Ekiert, Agnieszka Kulig, Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Agnieszka Szopa. Nowe surowce roślinne w Farmakopei Europejskiej. Cz. 8. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Herbata chińska) – źródło surowca katechinowo-alkaloidowego. Postępy Fitoterapii. 2020; 21 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Halina Ekiert; Agnieszka Kulig; Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Agnieszka Szopa. 2020. "Nowe surowce roślinne w Farmakopei Europejskiej. Cz. 8. Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Herbata chińska) – źródło surowca katechinowo-alkaloidowego." Postępy Fitoterapii 21, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2020 in Plants
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Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala populations growing in Saudi Arabia might be rich sources of natural compounds with important biological activities. A high performance liquid chromatography diode array revealed several polyphenols in the leaf extracts for the first time, including p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, quercitrin, rutoside, quercetin and trifolin in F. alnus; and hydrocaffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and cynaroside in P. harmala. F. alnus and P. harmala showed strong antioxidant effects attributed to the polyphenolic composition of leaves and reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. F. alnus and P. harmala leaf extracts showed cytotoxic effects against Jurkat, MCF-7, HeLa, and HT-29 cancer cells using MTT and flow cytometry assays. These activities were attributed to the polyphenolic composition of leaves including quercitrin, trifolin and cymaroside, as well as the activation of caspase family enzymes 2, 6, 8 and 9 in treated cancer cells compared to control. The current findings of this study include a novel comprehensive investigation on the polyphenol composition and anticancer effects of leaf extracts of F. alnus and P. harmala from natural populations in Saudi Arabia.

ACS Style

Hosam O. Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica; Halina Ekiert; Fahed A. Al-Mana; Ahmed A. El-Shafei. Polyphenols of Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala Leaves and Associated Biological Activities. Plants 2020, 9, 1086 .

AMA Style

Hosam O. Elansary, Agnieszka Szopa, Paweł Kubica, Halina Ekiert, Fahed A. Al-Mana, Ahmed A. El-Shafei. Polyphenols of Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala Leaves and Associated Biological Activities. Plants. 2020; 9 (9):1086.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hosam O. Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica; Halina Ekiert; Fahed A. Al-Mana; Ahmed A. El-Shafei. 2020. "Polyphenols of Frangula alnus and Peganum harmala Leaves and Associated Biological Activities." Plants 9, no. 9: 1086.

Journal article
Published: 21 August 2020 in Biomolecules
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This paper presents an optimization of conditions for microshoot cultures of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress). Variants of the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different plant growth regulators (PGRs): cytokinins—BA (6-benzyladenine), 2iP (6-γ,γ-dimethylallylaminopurine), KIN (kinetin), Zea (zeatin), and auxins—IAA (3-indoleacetic acid), IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), 2,4-d (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), IPA (indole-3-pyruvic acid), NAA (naphthalene-1-acetic acid), total 27 MS variants, were tested in agar and agitated cultures. Growth cycles were tested for 10, 20, or 30 days in the agar cultures, and 10 or 20 days in the agitated cultures. Glucosinolate and phenolic acid production, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential were evaluated. The total amounts of glucosinolates ranged from 100.23 to 194.77 mg/100 g dry weight of biomass (DW) in agar cultures, and from 78.09 to 182.80 mg/100 g DW in agitated cultures. The total phenolic acid content varied from 15.89 to 237.52 mg/100 g DW for the agar cultures, and from 70.80 to 236.74 mg/100 g DW for the agitated cultures. Extracts of the cultured biomass contained higher total amounts of phenolic acids, lower total amounts of glucosinolates, a higher total phenolic content and similar antioxidant potentials compared to plant material. The analyses performed confirmed for the first time the explicit influence on secondary metabolite production and on the antioxidant potential. The significance was statistically estimated in a complex manner.

ACS Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Agnieszka Szopa; Michał Dziurka; Łukasz Komsta; Michał Tomczyk; Halina Ekiert. The Influence of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Agar and Agitated Microshoot Culture Media on Glucosinolate and Phenolic Acid Production, and Antioxidant Activity. Biomolecules 2020, 10, 1216 .

AMA Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz, Agnieszka Szopa, Michał Dziurka, Łukasz Komsta, Michał Tomczyk, Halina Ekiert. The Influence of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Agar and Agitated Microshoot Culture Media on Glucosinolate and Phenolic Acid Production, and Antioxidant Activity. Biomolecules. 2020; 10 (9):1216.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Klimek-Szczykutowicz; Agnieszka Szopa; Michał Dziurka; Łukasz Komsta; Michał Tomczyk; Halina Ekiert. 2020. "The Influence of Nasturtium officinale R. Br. Agar and Agitated Microshoot Culture Media on Glucosinolate and Phenolic Acid Production, and Antioxidant Activity." Biomolecules 10, no. 9: 1216.

Review
Published: 19 August 2020 in Plants
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Artemisia absinthium—wormwood (Asteraceae)—is a very important species in the history of medicine, formerly described in medieval Europe as “the most important master against all exhaustions”. It is a species known as a medicinal plant in Europe and also in West Asia and North America. The raw material obtained from this species is Absinthii herba and Artemisiae absinthii aetheroleum. The main substances responsible for the biological activity of the herb are: the essential oil, bitter sesquiterpenoid lactones, flavonoids, other bitterness-imparting compounds, azulenes, phenolic acids, tannins and lignans. In the official European medicine, the species is used in both allopathy and homeopathy. In the traditional Asian and European medicine, it has been used as an effective agent in gastrointestinal ailments and also in the treatment of helminthiasis, anaemia, insomnia, bladder diseases, difficult-to-heal wounds, and fever. Today, numerous other directions of biological activity of the components of this species have been demonstrated and confirmed by scientific research, such as antiprotozoal, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, cytotoxic, analgesic, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, procognitive, neurotrophic, and cell membrane stabilizing and antioxidant activities. A. absinthium is also making a successful career as a cosmetic plant. In addition, the importance of this species as a spice plant and valuable additive in the alcohol industry (famous absinthe and vermouth-type wines) has not decreased. The species has also become an object of biotechnological research.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Szopa; Joanna Pajor; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Hosam O. Elansary; Fahed A. Al-Mana; Mohamed A. Mattar; Halina Ekiert. Artemisia absinthium L.—Importance in the History of Medicine, the Latest Advances in Phytochemistry and Therapeutical, Cosmetological and Culinary Uses. Plants 2020, 9, 1063 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Szopa, Joanna Pajor, Paweł Klin, Agnieszka Rzepiela, Hosam O. Elansary, Fahed A. Al-Mana, Mohamed A. Mattar, Halina Ekiert. Artemisia absinthium L.—Importance in the History of Medicine, the Latest Advances in Phytochemistry and Therapeutical, Cosmetological and Culinary Uses. Plants. 2020; 9 (9):1063.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Szopa; Joanna Pajor; Paweł Klin; Agnieszka Rzepiela; Hosam O. Elansary; Fahed A. Al-Mana; Mohamed A. Mattar; Halina Ekiert. 2020. "Artemisia absinthium L.—Importance in the History of Medicine, the Latest Advances in Phytochemistry and Therapeutical, Cosmetological and Culinary Uses." Plants 9, no. 9: 1063.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2020 in Plants
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Acacia saligna and Lawsonia inermis natural populations growing in Northern Saudi Arabia might be a valuable source of polyphenols with potent biological activities. Using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), several polyphenols were detected tentatively in considerable amounts in the methanolic leaf extracts of A. saligna and L. inermis. A. saligna mainly contained rutoside, hyperoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, gallic acid and p-coumaric acid, whereas those of L. inermis contained apigenin 5-glucoside, apigetrin and gallic acid. Strong antioxidant activities were found in the leaf extracts of both species due to the presence of hyperoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, gallic acid, isoquercetin, p-coumaric acid, quercitrin and rutoside. A. saligna and L. inermis leaf extracts as well as hyperoside, apigenin 5-glucoside, and quercetin 3-glucuronide significantly reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation in all investigated cancer cells compared to the control. Methanolic leaf extracts and identified polyphenols showed antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities against cancer cells, which may be attributed to necrotic cell accumulation during apoptotic periods. Antibacterial activities were also found in both species leaf extracts and were twice as high in A. saligna than L. inermis due to the high composition of rutoside and other polyphenols. Finally, strong antifungal activities were detected, which were associated with specific phenols such as rutoside, hyperoside, apigenin 5-glucoside and p-coumaric acid. This is the first study exploring the polyphenolic composition of A. saligna and L. inermis natural populations in northern Saudi Arabia and aiming at the detection of their biological activities.

ACS Style

Hosam O. Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica; Halina Ekiert; Fahed A. Al-Mana; Mohammed A. Al-Yafrsi. Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Acacia saligna and Lawsonia inermis Natural Populations. Plants 2020, 9, 908 .

AMA Style

Hosam O. Elansary, Agnieszka Szopa, Paweł Kubica, Halina Ekiert, Fahed A. Al-Mana, Mohammed A. Al-Yafrsi. Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Acacia saligna and Lawsonia inermis Natural Populations. Plants. 2020; 9 (7):908.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hosam O. Elansary; Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica; Halina Ekiert; Fahed A. Al-Mana; Mohammed A. Al-Yafrsi. 2020. "Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Acacia saligna and Lawsonia inermis Natural Populations." Plants 9, no. 7: 908.

Original article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC)
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Agitated shoot cultures of two aronias, Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott and Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers., were maintained on Murashige & Skoog medium (1 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA), both with and without the addition of various biosynthetic precursors of phenolic acids and depsides (phenylalanine, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and caffeic acid). Each substance was added in 5 concentrations (0.1–10 mmol/l), each concentration at two time points (at the beginning and on the 10th day of cultures). Twenty-four phenolic acids were determined in methanolic extracts of the biomasses collected after 20 days of growth cycles by means of HPLC method with DAD detection. The presence of seven compounds was confirmed in all the extracts—five depsides (neochlorogenic, chlorogenic, cryptochlorogenic, isochlorogenic and rosmarinic acids), and syringic and caffeic acids. The main metabolites in A. melanocarpa shoot extracts were isochlorogenic, chlorogenic and neochlorogenic acids (max. 249.88, 450.35, 192.16 mg/100 g DW). The main metabolites in A. arbutifolia shoot extracts were: chlorogenic, isochlorogenic and cryptochlorogenic acids (max. 361.60, 224.5, 526.2 mg/100 g DW). The largest total amounts of the compounds were confirmed in the cultures of both aronias after the addition of cinnamic acid (989.79 and 661.77 mg/100 g DW, respectively) and caffeic acid (854.99 and 1098.46 mg/100 g DW, respectively) at concentrations of 5 mmol/l on 10th day of growth cycles. These maximum amounts were 3.41, 3.42, 2.95 and 5.67 times higher, respectively, than in the control cultures. This is the first report documenting the high production of depsides in shoot cultures of black and red aronias after feeding with their biosynthetic precursors.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica; Łukasz Komsta; Aleksandra Walkowicz-Bożek; Halina Ekiert. The effect of feeding culture media with biogenetic precursors on high production of depsides in agitated shoot cultures of black and red aronias. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 2020, 142, 379 -399.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Szopa, Paweł Kubica, Łukasz Komsta, Aleksandra Walkowicz-Bożek, Halina Ekiert. The effect of feeding culture media with biogenetic precursors on high production of depsides in agitated shoot cultures of black and red aronias. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC). 2020; 142 (2):379-399.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Szopa; Paweł Kubica; Łukasz Komsta; Aleksandra Walkowicz-Bożek; Halina Ekiert. 2020. "The effect of feeding culture media with biogenetic precursors on high production of depsides in agitated shoot cultures of black and red aronias." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 142, no. 2: 379-399.