Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows:Australia,Chaetopsina eucalyptionEucalyptusleaf litter,Colletotrichum cobbittiensefromCordyline stricta×C. australishybrid,Cyanodermella banksiaeonBanksia ericifoliasubsp.macrantha, Discosia macrozamiaeonMacrozamia miquelii, Elsinoë banksiigenaonBanksia marginata, Elsinoë elaeocarpionElaeocarpussp.,Elsinoë leucopogonisonLeucopogonsp.,Helminthosporium livistonaeonLivistona australis,Idriellomyces eucalypti(incl.Idriellomycesgen. nov.) onEucalyptus obliqua,Lareunionomyces eucalyptionEucalyptussp.,Myrotheciomyces corymbiae(incl.Myrotheciomycesgen. nov.,Myrotheciomycetaceaefam. nov.),Neolauriomyces eucalypti(incl.Neolauriomycesgen. nov.,Neolauriomycetaceaefam. nov.) onEucalyptussp.,Nullicamyces eucalypti(incl.Nullicamycesgen. nov.) onEucalyptusleaf litter,Oidiodendron eucalyptionEucalyptus maidenii,Paracladophialophora cyperacearum(incl.Paracladophialophoraceaefam. nov.) andPericonia cyperacearumon leaves ofCyperaceae,Porodiplodia livistonae(incl.Porodiplodiagen. nov.,Porodiplodiaceaefam. nov.) onLivistona australis,Sporidesmium melaleucae(incl.Sporidesmialesord. nov.) onMelaleucasp.,Teratosphaeria sieberionEucalyptus sieberi,Thecaphora australiensisin capsules of a variant ofOxalis exilis.Brazil,Aspergillus serratalhadensisfrom soil,Diaporthe pseudoinconspicuafromPoincianella pyramidalis,Fomitiporella pertenuison dead wood,Geastrum magnosporumon soil,Marquesius aquaticus(incl.Marquesiusgen. nov.) from submerged decaying twig and leaves of unidentified plant,Mastigosporella pigmentatafrom leaves ofQualea parviflorae,Mucor souzaefrom soil,Mycocalia aquaphilaon decaying wood from tidal detritus,Preussia citrullinaas endophyte from leaves ofCitrullus lanatus,Queiroziella brasiliensis(incl.Queiroziellagen. nov.) as epiphytic yeast on leaves ofPortea leptantha,Quixadomyces cearensis(incl.Quixadomycesgen. nov.) on decaying bark,Xylophallus clavatuson rotten wood.Canada,Didymella carionCarum carviandCoriandrum sativum.Chile,Araucasphaeria foliorum(incl.Araucasphaeriagen. nov.) onAraucaria araucana,Aspergillus tumidusfrom soil,Lomentospora valparaisensisfrom soil.Colombia,Corynespora pseudocassiicolaonByrsonimasp.,Eucalyptostroma eucalyptorumonEucalyptus pellita,Neometulocladosporiella eucalypti(incl.Neometulocladosporiellagen. nov.) onEucalyptus grandis×urophylla,Tracylla eucalypti(incl.Tracyllaceaefam. nov.,Tracyllalalesord. nov.) onEucalyptus urophylla.Cyprus,Gyromitra anthracobia(incl.Gyromitrasubg.Pseudoverpa) on burned soil.Czech Republic,Lecanicillium restrictumfrom the surface of the wooden barrel,Lecanicillium testudineumfromscales ofTrachemys scripta elegans.Ecuador,Entoloma yanacolorandSaproamanita quitensison soil.France,Lentithecium carbonneanumfrom submerged decorticatedPopulusbranch.Hungary,Pleuromyces hungaricus(incl.Pleuromycesgen. nov.) from a largeFagus sylvaticalog.Iran,Zymoseptoria crescentaonAegilops triuncialis.Malaysia,Ochroconis musicolaonMusasp.Mexico,Cladosporium michoacanensefrom soil.New Zealand, Acrodontium metrosiderionMetrosideros excelsa, Polynema podocarpionPodocarpus totara, Pseudoarthrographis phlogis(incl.Pseudoarthrographisgen. nov.) onPhlox subulata.Nigeria,Coprinopsis afrocinereaon soil.Pakistan,Russula mansehraensison soil underPinus roxburghii.Russia,Baorangia alexandrion soil in deciduous forests withQuercus mongolica.South Africa,Didymocyrtis brachylaenaeonBrachylaena discolor.Spain,Alfaria dactylisfrom fruit ofPhoenix dactylifera, Dothiora infuscansfrom a blackened wall,Exophiala nidicolafrom the nest of an unidentified bird,Matsushimaea monilioidesfrom soil,Terfezia morenoion soil.United Arab Emirates,Tirmania honrubiaeon soil.USA,Arxotrichum wyomingense(incl.Arxotrichumgen. nov.) from soil,Hongkongmyces snookiorumfrom submerged detritus from a fresh water fen,Leratiomyces tesquorumfrom soil,Talaromyces tabacinusonleaves ofNicotiana tabacum.Vietnam,Afroboletus vietnamensison soil in an evergreen tropical forest,Colletotrichum condaoensefromIpomoea pes-caprae.Morphological and culture characteristics along with DNA barcodes are provided.

Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: Australia, Chaetomella pseudocircinoseta and Coniella pseudodiospyri on Eucalyptus microcorys leaves, Cladophialophora eucalypti, Teratosphaeria dunnii and Vermiculariopsiella dunnii on Eucalyptus dunnii leaves, Cylindrium grande and Hypsotheca eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus grandis leaves, Elsinoe salignae on Eucalyptus saligna leaves, Marasmius lebeliae on litter of regenerating subtropical rainforest, Phialoseptomonium eucalypti (incl. Phialoseptomonium gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus grandis × camaldulensis leaves, Phlogicylindrium pawpawense on Eucalyptus tereticornis leaves, Phyllosticta longicauda as an endophyte from healthy Eustrephus latifolius leaves, Pseudosydowia eucalyptorum on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Saitozyma wallum on Banksia aemula leaves, Teratosphaeria henryi on Corymbia henryi leaves. Brazil, Aspergillus bezerrae, Backusella azygospora, Mariannaea terricola and Talaromyces pernambucoensis from soil, Calonectria matogrossensis on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves, Calvatia brasiliensis on soil, Carcinomyces nordestinensis on Bromelia antiacantha leaves, Dendryphiella stromaticola on small branches of an unidentified plant, Nigrospora brasiliensis on Nopalea cochenillifera leaves, Penicillium alagoense as a leaf endophyte on a Miconia sp., Podosordaria nigrobrunnea on dung, Spegazzinia bromeliacearum as a leaf endophyte on Tilandsia catimbauensis, Xylobolus brasiliensis on decaying wood. Bulgaria, Kazachstania molopis from the gut of the beetle Molops piceus. Croatia, Mollisia endocrystallina from a fallen decorticated Picea abies tree trunk. Ecuador, Hygrocybe rodomaculata on soil. Hungary, Alfoldia vorosii (incl.Alfoldia gen. nov.) from Juniperus communis roots, Kiskunsagia ubrizsyi (incl. Kiskunsagia gen. nov.) from Fumana procumbens roots. India, Aureobasidium tremulum as laboratory contaminant, Leucosporidium himalayensis and Naganishia indica from windblown dust on glaciers. Italy, Neodevriesia cycadicola on Cycas sp. leaves, Pseudocercospora pseudomyrticola on Myrtus communis leaves, Ramularia pistaciae on Pistacia lentiscus leaves, Neognomoniopsis quercina (incl. Neognomoniopsis gen. nov.) on Quercus ilex leaves. Japan, Diaporthe fructicola on Passiflora edulis × P. edulis f. flavicarpa fruit, Entoloma nipponicum on leaf litter in a mixed Cryptomeria japonica and Acer spp. forest. Macedonia, Astraeus macedonicus on soil. Malaysia, Fusicladium eucalyptigenum on Eucalyptus sp. twigs, Neoacrodontiella eucalypti (incl. Neoacrodontiella gen. nov.) on Eucalyptus urophylla leaves. Mozambique, Meliola gorongosensis on dead Philenoptera violacea leaflets. Nepal, Coniochaeta dendrobiicola from Dendriobium lognicornu roots. New Zealand, Neodevriesia sexualis and Thozetella neonivea on Archontophoenix cunninghamiana leaves. Norway, Calophoma sandfjordenica from a piece of board on a rocky shoreline, Clavaria parvispora on soil, Didymella finnmarkica from a piece of Pinus sylvestris driftwood. Poland, Sugiyamaella trypani from soil. Portugal, Colletotrichum feijoicola from Acca sellowiana. Russia, Crepidotus tobolensis on Populus tremula debris, Entoloma ekaterinae, Entoloma erhardii and Suillus gastroflavus on soil, Nakazawaea ambrosiae from the galleries of Ips typographus under the bark of Picea abies. Slovenia, Pluteus ludwigii on twigs of broadleaved trees. South Africa, Anungitiomyces stellenboschiensis (incl. Anungitiomyces gen. nov.) and Niesslia stellenboschiana on Eucalyptus sp. leaves, Beltraniella pseudoportoricensis on Podocarpus falcatus leaf litter, Corynespora encephalarti on Encephalartos sp. leaves, Cytospora pavettae on Pavetta revoluta leaves, Helminthosporium erythrinicola on Erythrina humeana leaves, Helminthosporium syzygii on a Syzygium sp. barkcanker, Libertasomyces aloeticus on Aloe sp. leaves, Penicillium lunae from Musa sp. fruit, Phyllosticta lauridiae on Lauridia tetragona leaves, Pseudotruncatella bolusanthi (incl. Pseudotruncatellaceae fam. nov.) and Dactylella bolusanthi on Bolusanthus speciosus leaves. Spain, Apenidiella foetida on submerged plant debris, Inocybe grammatoides on Quercus ilex subsp. ilex forest humus, Ossicaulis salomii on soil, Phialemonium guarroi from soil. Thailand, Pantospora chromolaenae on Chromolaena odorata leaves. Ukraine, Cadophora helianthi from Helianthus annuus stems. USA, Boletus pseudopinophilus on soil under slash pine, Botryotrichum foricae, Penicillium americanum and Penicillium minnesotense from air. Vietnam, Lycoperdon vietnamense on soil. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.

Metarhizium anisopliae is an entomopathogenic fungus used in the biological control of some agricultural insect pests, and efforts are underway to use this fungus in the control of insect-borne human diseases. A large repertoire of proteins must be secreted by M. anisopliae to cope with the various available nutrients as this fungus switches through different lifestyles, i.e., from a saprophytic, to an infectious, to a plant endophytic stage. To further evaluate the predicted secretome of M. anisopliae, we employed genomic and transcriptomic analyses, coupled with phylogenomic analysis, focusing on the identification and characterization of secreted proteins. We determined the M. anisopliae E6 genome sequence and compared this sequence to other entomopathogenic fungi genomes. A robust pipeline was generated to evaluate the predicted secretomes of M. anisopliae and 15 other filamentous fungi, leading to the identification of a core of secreted proteins. Transcriptomic analysis using the tick Rhipicephalus microplus cuticle as an infection model during two periods of infection (48 and 144 h) allowed the identification of several differentially expressed genes. This analysis concluded that a large proportion of the predicted secretome coding genes contained altered transcript levels in the conditions analyzed in this study. In addition, some specific secreted proteins from Metarhizium have an evolutionary history similar to orthologs found in Beauveria/Cordyceps. This similarity suggests that a set of secreted proteins has evolved to participate in entomopathogenicity. The data presented represents an important step to the characterization of the role of secreted proteins in the virulence and pathogenicity of M. anisopliae.

Since the discovery of giant viruses infecting amoebae in 2003, many dogmas of virology have been revised and the search for these viruses has been intensified. Over the last few years, several new groups of these viruses have been discovered in various types of samples and environments.In this work, we describe the isolation of 68 giant viruses of amoeba obtained from environmental samples from Brazil and Antarctica. Isolated viruses were identified by hemacolor staining, PCR assays and electron microscopy (scanning and/or transmission). A total of 64 viruses belonging to the Mimiviridae family were isolated (26 from lineage A, 13 from lineage B, 2 from lineage C and 23 from unidentified lineages) from different types of samples, including marine water from Antarctica, thus being the first mimiviruses isolated in this extreme environment to date. Furthermore, a marseillevirus was isolated from sewage samples along with two pandoraviruses and a cedratvirus (the third to be isolated in the world so far). Considering the different type of samples, we found a higher number of viral groups in sewage samples. Our results reinforce the importance of prospective studies in different environmental samples, therefore improving our comprehension about the circulation anddiversity of these viruses in nature.

Several independent surveys of yeasts associated with different plant materials and soil led to the proposal of a novel yeast species belonging to the Tremellales clade (Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota). Analysis of the sequences of the D1/D2 domains and internal transcribed spacer region of the large subunit of the rRNA gene suggested affinity to a phylogenetic lineage that includes Hannaella coprosmaensis, Hannaella oryzae and Hannaella sinensis. Thirty-two isolates were obtained from different sources, including bromeliads, nectar of Heliconia psittacorum (Heliconiaceae), flowers of Pimenta dioica (Myrtaceae), roots and leaves of sugar cane (Saccharum spp.) in Brazil, leaves of Cratoxylum maingayi, Arundinaria pusilla and Vitis vinifera in Thailand, soil samples in Taiwan, and prairie soil in the USA. Sequence analysis of the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit of the rRNA gene showed that the novel species differs from Hannaella coprosmaensis and Hannaella oryzae by 36 and 46 nt substitutions, respectively. A novel species is suggested to accommodate these isolates, for which the name Hannaella pagnoccae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BI118^T ( = CBS 11142^T = ATCC MYA-4530^T).

Two novel yeast species, Candida aechmeae sp. nov. and Candida vrieseae sp. nov., were isolated from bromeliads in Itapuã Park, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. These species are genetically isolated from all other currently recognized ascomycetous yeasts based on their sequence divergence in the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene. C. aechmeae sp. nov. is phylogenetically close to Candida ubatubensis, a species also isolated from bromeliads in Brazil, but the novel species can be differentiated on the basis of differences in the D1/D2 domain and positive results for the assimilation of l-arabinose, raffinose, inulin and citrate. Candida vrieseae sp. nov. is phylogenetically placed in a clade near Candida membranifaciens that is composed of several species associated with insects, but the novel species can be differentiated from them by the D1/D2 and ITS gene sequences, positive results for the assimilation of nitrite and a negative result for the assimilation of ethylamine. The type strain for Candida aechmeae sp. nov. is BI153^T (=CBS 10831^T=NRRL Y-48456^T) and the type strain for C. vrieseae sp. nov. is BI146^T (=CBS 10829^T=NRRL Y-48461^T).