The growth of Iran’s agricultural sector in the past few decades has exerted enormous pressure on its aquifers. There is a strong disparity between economic development and natural resource endowments, which threatens water and food security. In this paper, we used a multiregional input–output (MRIO) framework to assess the virtual water flows in Iran. We also estimate the internal and external water footprint of regions compared to their water availability. The results show that the northern part of the country, with no water scarcity, imported virtual water through the trade of goods and services, while severely water-scarce regions were net virtual water exporters. Iran had a net export of 1811 Mm³ per annum. While blue water resources (surface and groundwater) accounted for 92.2% of the national water footprint, 89.1% of total exports were related to the agriculture sector, contributing to only 10.5% of the national income. The results suggest that policy-makers should reconsider the current trade policy regarding food production liberalization in order to make Iran’s limited water resources available for producing industrial goods, which can contribute more to the economy.

Compared to the global average, the exit rate of old-aged Iranian labourers is significantly higher than that of middle-aged, raising the hypothesis that social security generosity pulls older workers into early retirement. We used a unique individual dataset of Iran’s Social Security Organization (ISSO), including 267, 000 newly retired in 2016 and 2018, to assess the impact of ISSO’s pension policies on employees’ retirement age. In a counterfactual evaluation design, this study first estimated the implicit tax on work continuation and then applied the Heckman two-stage selection model. The findings show that ISSO’s retirement rules determining the age of exit and benefit eligibilities significantly increase the retirement probability and simultaneously decline the retirement age. Moreover, the implicit tax on work continuation, which reflects ISSO’s benefit formula, has a significant positive effect on retirement probability. The replacement rate also has a significant negative impact on retirement age. The retirement probability in hazardous jobs is higher than in normal ones, while exemptions significantly fall the outflow age of hazardous job holders. To maintain the scheme’s sustainability, reforms have to target an increase in the statutory retirement age, a reduction in the accrual rate, the calculation of reference salary for more extended periods, and the decline of the exemption coefficient for hazardous jobs.

امروزه بیش از هر زمان دیگری شهرها در فرایند جهانی شدن رقابت سختی را در پیش گرفته‌اند، در این رقابت معماری معاصر نیز نقشی رو به رشد دارد؛ لیکن این قابلیت در شهرهای ایران کمتر مورد توجه بوده است. صاحب‌نظران بر این باورند که معماری معاصر می‌تواند زمینه‌های متعددی در رشد اقتصادی مناطق مختلف شهری برای شهروندان و همین‌طور جذب گردشگران فراهم کند. هدف در این تحقیق شناسایی چگونگی تأثیر شکل‌گیری آثار معماری بزرگ‌مقیاس بر مؤلفه‌های مؤثر در رشد و توسعة اقتصاد شهری است که برای این منظور از اطلاعات قابل‌استخراج از منابع مربوط به دو ساختمان بزرگ‌مقیاس در شهر مشهد استفاده شده است؛ سؤال اصلی آن است که چگونه آثار معماری بزرگ‌مقیاس می‌توانند در توسعة اقتصاد شهری مؤثر باشند و چگونه می‌توان ارزش‌های افزودة ایجادشده توسط آثار معماری را شناسایی و ارزیابی کرد. رویکرد تحقیق کمّی است و از «آنالیز هدانیک» و «روش تفاوت در تفاوت‌ها»، که ابزاری مؤثر برای سنجش تأثیرات اقتصادی آثار معماری است، استفاده می‌شود. بر اساس یافته‌های این تحقیق مشخص می‌گردد که شکل‌گیری پروژه‌های بزرگ‌مقیاس سبب ایجاد مرغوبیت در ارزش واحد‌های آپارتمانی...