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This paper reports work performed to support the development of condition monitoring strategies through extensive use of simulation. The aim is to define and implement a methodology that makes the development of lumped-parameter models more efficient and straightforward. This is achieved by considering the model architecting and the approach adopted for fault injection early in the process. Various options are proposed and compared for both these activities. The Bond-Graph formalism is extensively used for its ability to focus on the model structure and interfaces, the nature of the phenomena considered, and potential causality issues. The interest of the proposed methodology is illustrated with the example of a pressure-compensated axial piston pump that supplies the flight control actuators in helicopters. The pump model architecting and the fault injection are presented, with special attention to jamming and erosion of the pump compensator valve. From these examples, it is shown that the proposed methodologies provide an efficient model-based means of identifying fault signatures and implementing low-cost condition monitoring features in an industrial context.
Geneviève Mkadara; Jean-Charles Maré; Gregor Paulmann. Methodology for Model Architecting and Failure Simulation Supported by Bond-Graphs—Application to Helicopter Axial Piston Pump. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1863 .
AMA StyleGeneviève Mkadara, Jean-Charles Maré, Gregor Paulmann. Methodology for Model Architecting and Failure Simulation Supported by Bond-Graphs—Application to Helicopter Axial Piston Pump. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1863.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGeneviève Mkadara; Jean-Charles Maré; Gregor Paulmann. 2021. "Methodology for Model Architecting and Failure Simulation Supported by Bond-Graphs—Application to Helicopter Axial Piston Pump." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1863.
The work reported here was aimed at improving the practical efficiency of the model-based development and integration of electromechanical actuators. Models are proposed to serve as preliminary design, virtual prototyping, and validation. The first part focuses on the early phases of a project in order to facilitate the identification of modelling needs and constraints, and to build a top-level electromechanical actuator model for preliminary studies and sub-specification. Detailed modelling and simulation are then addressed with a mixed view on the control, power capability, and thermal balance. Models for the power chain are firstly considered by focusing on the key practical issues in modelling the electric motor, power electronics, and mechanical power transmission. The same logic is applied to the signal and control chain with practical considerations concerning the parameters of the controller, its digital implementation, the sensors, and their signal conditioning. Numerous orders of magnitude are provided to justify the choices made and to facilitate decision-making for and through simulation activities.
Jean-Charles Maré. Practical Considerations in the Modelling and Simulation of Electromechanical Actuators. Actuators 2020, 9, 94 .
AMA StyleJean-Charles Maré. Practical Considerations in the Modelling and Simulation of Electromechanical Actuators. Actuators. 2020; 9 (4):94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Charles Maré. 2020. "Practical Considerations in the Modelling and Simulation of Electromechanical Actuators." Actuators 9, no. 4: 94.
This paper deals with the modelling and simulation of aircraft systems, in particular for power transmission and control. It is intended to review, propose and disseminate best practices for making model-based/simulation-aided engineering more efficient at any phase of the system life cycle. The proposals are aimed at creating value, not only by increasing the performance of the product under study but also by shortening the time to market, capitalizing knowledge, mitigating risks and facilitating concurrent engineering. The needs associated with the engineering activities are firstly identified to define a set of requirements for the models. Then, these requirements are used to drive the considerations leading to model development, focusing in particular on the process, modelled physical effects, modelling level, model architecting and concurrent engineering. The third part deals with the model implementation, giving special consideration to the different types of models, causalities, parameterization, implementation and verification. Each part is illustrated by examples related to safety critical actuators.
Jean-Charles Mare. Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2018, 32, 186 -199.
AMA StyleJean-Charles Mare. Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 2018; 32 (1):186-199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Charles Mare. 2018. "Best practices for model-based and simulation-aided engineering of power transmission and motion control systems." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 32, no. 1: 186-199.
Jian Fu; Jean-Charles Mare; Yongling Fu; Liming Yu. Advanced Modeling and Simulation of Electromechanical Actuator for Flight Control System Based on Two Degrees of Freedom (2-DoF) Bond-Graph Method. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleJian Fu, Jean-Charles Mare, Yongling Fu, Liming Yu. Advanced Modeling and Simulation of Electromechanical Actuator for Flight Control System Based on Two Degrees of Freedom (2-DoF) Bond-Graph Method. AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Fu; Jean-Charles Mare; Yongling Fu; Liming Yu. 2017. "Advanced Modeling and Simulation of Electromechanical Actuator for Flight Control System Based on Two Degrees of Freedom (2-DoF) Bond-Graph Method." AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference , no. : 1.
In the aerospace field, electromechanical actuators are increasingly being implemented in place of conventional hydraulic actuators. For safety-critical embedded actuation applications like flight controls, the use of electromechanical actuators introduces specific issues related to thermal balance, reflected inertia, parasitic motion due to compliance and response to failure. Unfortunately, the physical effects governing the actuator behaviour are multidisciplinary, coupled and nonlinear. Although numerous multi-domain and system-level simulation packages are now available on the market, these effects are rarely addressed as a whole because of a lack of scientific approaches for model architecting, multi-purpose incremental modelling and judicious model implementation. In this publication, virtual prototyping of electromechanical actuators is addressed using the Bond-Graph formalism. New approaches are proposed to enable incremental modelling, thermal balance analysis, response to free-run or jamming faults, impact of compliance on parasitic motion, and influence of temperature. A special focus is placed on friction and compliance of the mechanical transmission with fault injection and temperature dependence. Aileron actuation is used to highlight the proposals for control design, energy consumption and thermal analysis, power network pollution analysis and fault response.
Jian Fu; Jean-Charles Maré; Yongling Fu. Modelling and simulation of flight control electromechanical actuators with special focus on model architecting, multidisciplinary effects and power flows. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2016, 30, 47 -65.
AMA StyleJian Fu, Jean-Charles Maré, Yongling Fu. Modelling and simulation of flight control electromechanical actuators with special focus on model architecting, multidisciplinary effects and power flows. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 2016; 30 (1):47-65.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Fu; Jean-Charles Maré; Yongling Fu. 2016. "Modelling and simulation of flight control electromechanical actuators with special focus on model architecting, multidisciplinary effects and power flows." Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 30, no. 1: 47-65.
Mechanical transmissions are addressed with a system-level view for preliminary sizing and virtual prototyping. The simulation needs are transformed into requirements that drive the model development. Balanced models, incremental modeling, parameterization from datasheets, admittance to causal cases, fault injection or ageing, and reduction of discontinuities are considered with particular attention throughout. Examples of implementation are given for a nut-screw in the Dymola–Modelica simulation environment. The mechanical transmission is decomposed as a sequence of perfect power transmission, friction and compliance. In the compliance model, a single parameter allows a continuous transition between preload or backlash. The friction model structure enables irreversible transmissions to be simulated, if needed. Friction is decomposed into load-dependent and load-independent effects, for which parameters can be varied versus velocity and temperature. The influence of the preload force on friction is introduced as an additional load-dependent friction in the preload domain. Finally the mechanical transmission model is assembled and analyzed with respect to admittance of causal cases.
J-Charles Maré. Requirement-based system-level simulation of mechanical transmissions with special consideration of friction, backlash and preload. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 2016, 63, 58 -82.
AMA StyleJ-Charles Maré. Requirement-based system-level simulation of mechanical transmissions with special consideration of friction, backlash and preload. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory. 2016; 63 ():58-82.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ-Charles Maré. 2016. "Requirement-based system-level simulation of mechanical transmissions with special consideration of friction, backlash and preload." Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory 63, no. : 58-82.
Clément Coïc; Jian Fu; Jean-Charles Maré. Bond Graphs Aided Development of Mechanical Power Transmission for Aerospace Electromechanical Actuators. 2016 Internatonal Conference on Bond Graph Modeling (ICBGM 2016) Proceedings 2016, 221 -228.
AMA StyleClément Coïc, Jian Fu, Jean-Charles Maré. Bond Graphs Aided Development of Mechanical Power Transmission for Aerospace Electromechanical Actuators. 2016 Internatonal Conference on Bond Graph Modeling (ICBGM 2016) Proceedings. 2016; ():221-228.
Chicago/Turabian StyleClément Coïc; Jian Fu; Jean-Charles Maré. 2016. "Bond Graphs Aided Development of Mechanical Power Transmission for Aerospace Electromechanical Actuators." 2016 Internatonal Conference on Bond Graph Modeling (ICBGM 2016) Proceedings , no. : 221-228.
The influence of load and temperature on friction is addressed in a practical way to provide a step forward in simulation-based design through the development and the numerical implementation of realistic system-level models of frictional losses. Hydraulically and electrically supplied actuators are considered at both individual component level (e.g. gear pairs, nut–screws or bearings) and integrated equipment level (e.g. reducers or even complete actuators). The need for more realistic modelling of friction for embedded and more electrical systems is highlighted, and the influence of load and temperature is illustrated from measurements. The state of the art is reviewed considering knowledge models with special focus on physical effects and data commonly supplied by components’ manufacturers. Then, special attention is paid to global representation models developed as a parameterized combination of generic friction effects, and a generic framework for introducing load and temperature effects in system-level friction models is proposed. Candidate options for model structure, parameterization, numerical implementation and inverse simulation are discussed. The last part of this article supports the development of friction models from mechanical efficiency data, the parameter most widely handled by designers and suppliers, with special attention to aiding or opposite load and to sticking. Throughout this article, measured friction forces are extensively reported and compared with the proposed models.
Jean-Charles Maré. Friction modelling and simulation at system level: Considerations to load and temperature effects. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 2014, 229, 27 -48.
AMA StyleJean-Charles Maré. Friction modelling and simulation at system level: Considerations to load and temperature effects. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering. 2014; 229 (1):27-48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Charles Maré. 2014. "Friction modelling and simulation at system level: Considerations to load and temperature effects." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 229, no. 1: 27-48.
The force equalization of a hybrid actuation system combining one servo-hydraulic actuator and one electro-mechanical actuator operated in position control and in active/active mode is addressed for safety critical applications such as primary flight controls. In a first step, an accurate virtual test bench is built to facilitate the analysis of force fighting and the assessment of the performance and robustness of the proposed force equalization strategies. It is validated from real experiments performed for the aileron actuator of a single-aisle commercial aircraft. Static force equalization is achieved first by adding equalization offsets in the position control loops as a function of the integral of the force difference between actuators. In order to keep a high level of segregation, the authority for this action is limited to 4% of the total actuator stroke. The dynamic force equalization is performed by forcing the two actuators to follow the same path. Thus, a trajectory generator is introduced to output the required position, velocity and acceleration from the position set point with realistic reproduction of the actuator power limits. Feedforward actions are used to compensate the major and invariant effects such as servo-hydraulic actuators functional flow and electro-mechanical actuator inertial torque. In this way, the pursuit errors are significantly reduced without decreasing robustness. Then, the accurate virtual test bench is used to assess the robustness of the force equalization strategy by analyzing the sensitivity of performance indicators to parameters and operating conditions. It is shown that the proposed force equalization scheme meets all the requirements, including segregation, robustness and simplicity.
Lijian Wang; Jean-Charles Maré. A force equalization controller for active/active redundant actuation system involving servo-hydraulic and electro-mechanical technologies. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2013, 228, 1768 -1787.
AMA StyleLijian Wang, Jean-Charles Maré. A force equalization controller for active/active redundant actuation system involving servo-hydraulic and electro-mechanical technologies. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2013; 228 (10):1768-1787.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLijian Wang; Jean-Charles Maré. 2013. "A force equalization controller for active/active redundant actuation system involving servo-hydraulic and electro-mechanical technologies." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 228, no. 10: 1768-1787.
This paper describes an integrated methodology for finding and assessing architectures of electromechanical actuators with special attention to safety and reliability. The methodology was developed and applied in the framework of the research project DRESS, which aimed to develop and test a highly reliable electromechanical nose gear steering system for a single aisle commercial aircraft. The present paper introduces the integrated methodology proposed for a more systematic design for safety and reliability. Emphasis is placed on the method for finding the most promising candidate architectures that are compliant with the project requirements in general and the safety and reliability requirements in particular. The results obtained by applying the methodology to the DRESS project are presented and discussed.
J. Liscouët; J.-C. Maré; M. Budinger. An integrated methodology for the preliminary design of highly reliable electromechanical actuators: Search for architecture solutions. Aerospace Science and Technology 2012, 22, 9 -18.
AMA StyleJ. Liscouët, J.-C. Maré, M. Budinger. An integrated methodology for the preliminary design of highly reliable electromechanical actuators: Search for architecture solutions. Aerospace Science and Technology. 2012; 22 (1):9-18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Liscouët; J.-C. Maré; M. Budinger. 2012. "An integrated methodology for the preliminary design of highly reliable electromechanical actuators: Search for architecture solutions." Aerospace Science and Technology 22, no. 1: 9-18.
This paper deals with the modelling of sliding spool valves that are used in hydraulic actuation systems. A new model of continuity between opened and closed orifice configurations is proposed and validated from -40 to +32 degrees Celsius. It aims at reproducing accurately the experimental pressure gain, flow gain and leakage flow for a wide range of operating temperatures in the absence of detailed knowledge of the valve design. The proposed unified model of flow at valve orifices considers the mode of operation (opened or closed orifice) and the flow conditions (laminar or turbulent) with special attention to continuity around the hydraulic null. The leakage flow in closed orifice configuration is modelled with reference to a short orifice instead of a laminar gap between infinite planes. The parameter identification and model validation processes are presented in detail and the results are displayed for an aerospace flight control servovalve.
Jean-Charles Maré; Batoul Attar. Enhanced Model of Four Way Valves Characteristics and its Validation at low Temperature. International Journal of Fluid Power 2008, 9, 35 -43.
AMA StyleJean-Charles Maré, Batoul Attar. Enhanced Model of Four Way Valves Characteristics and its Validation at low Temperature. International Journal of Fluid Power. 2008; 9 (3):35-43.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean-Charles Maré; Batoul Attar. 2008. "Enhanced Model of Four Way Valves Characteristics and its Validation at low Temperature." International Journal of Fluid Power 9, no. 3: 35-43.
Batoul Attar; Jean-Charles Mare. THERMAL-HYDRAULIC LUMPED PARAMETERS MODEL OF SERVOVALVE TO PREDICT PERFORMANCE SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE. Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 2005, 2005, 89 -94.
AMA StyleBatoul Attar, Jean-Charles Mare. THERMAL-HYDRAULIC LUMPED PARAMETERS MODEL OF SERVOVALVE TO PREDICT PERFORMANCE SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE. Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power. 2005; 2005 (6):89-94.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatoul Attar; Jean-Charles Mare. 2005. "THERMAL-HYDRAULIC LUMPED PARAMETERS MODEL OF SERVOVALVE TO PREDICT PERFORMANCE SENSITIVITY TO TEMPERATURE." Proceedings of the JFPS International Symposium on Fluid Power 2005, no. 6: 89-94.