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R.A. Reis
Department of Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal 14887-900, Brazil

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Journal article
Published: 29 June 2021 in Animals
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Vitamin B and trace minerals are crucial molecular signals involved in many biological pathways; however, their bioavailability is compromised in high-producing ruminant animals. So far, studies have mainly focused on the effects of these micronutrients on animal performance, but their use in a rumen-protected form and their impact on liver metabolism in finishing beef cattle is poorly known. We used a shotgun proteomic approach combined with biological network analyses to assess the effects of a rumen-protected B-vitamin blend, as well as those of hydroxy trace minerals, on the hepatic proteome. A total of 20 non-castrated Nellore males with 353 ± 43 kg of initial body weight were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: CTRL—inorganic trace minerals without supplementation of a protected vitamin B blend, or SUP—supplementation of hydroxy trace minerals and a protected vitamin B blend. All animals were fed the same amount of the experimental diet for 106 days, and liver biopsies were performed at the end of the experimental period. Supplemented animals showed 37 up-regulated proteins (p< 0.10), and the enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in protein folding (p = 0.04), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (p = 0.01) and IV (p = 0.01), chaperonin-containing T-complex 2 (p = 0.01), glutathione metabolism (p< 0.01), and other aspects linked to oxidative-stress responses. These results indicate that rumen-protected vitamin B and hydroxy trace mineral supplementation during the finishing phase alters the abundance of proteins associated with the electron transport chain and other oxidation–reduction pathways, boosting the production of reactive oxygen species, which appear to modulate proteins linked to oxidative-damage responses to maintain cellular homeostasis.

ACS Style

Mariana Lopes; Thaís Brito; Josiane Lage; Thaís Costa; Marta Fontes; Nick Serão; Tiago Mendes; Ricardo Reis; Renata Veroneze; Fabyano e Silva; Marcio Duarte. Proteomic Analysis of Liver from Finishing Beef Cattle Supplemented with a Rumen-Protected B-Vitamin Blend and Hydroxy Trace Minerals. Animals 2021, 11, 1934 .

AMA Style

Mariana Lopes, Thaís Brito, Josiane Lage, Thaís Costa, Marta Fontes, Nick Serão, Tiago Mendes, Ricardo Reis, Renata Veroneze, Fabyano e Silva, Marcio Duarte. Proteomic Analysis of Liver from Finishing Beef Cattle Supplemented with a Rumen-Protected B-Vitamin Blend and Hydroxy Trace Minerals. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):1934.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mariana Lopes; Thaís Brito; Josiane Lage; Thaís Costa; Marta Fontes; Nick Serão; Tiago Mendes; Ricardo Reis; Renata Veroneze; Fabyano e Silva; Marcio Duarte. 2021. "Proteomic Analysis of Liver from Finishing Beef Cattle Supplemented with a Rumen-Protected B-Vitamin Blend and Hydroxy Trace Minerals." Animals 11, no. 7: 1934.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2021 in Sustainability
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Beef cattle production is an important agricultural activity in Brazil, which influences environmental and resource consumption. This study analyzed greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts from 17 farms, representing the Brazil’s productive system and determined possible improvements in the production chain. Methane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide emissions were evaluated using the updated Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines for national inventories. The GHG inventory included emissions from animals, feeds, and “cradle-to-farm-gate” operations for animal management. Regression analyses of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) emissions and productive indices were performed to identify possible GHG emission hotspots. The results varied considerably among the farms. The GHG yield ranged from 8.63 to 50.88 CO2eq kg carcass−1. The productive indices of average daily gain (p< 0.0001), area productivity (p = 0.058), and slaughtering age (p< 0.0001) were positively correlated with GHG yield. However, no correlation was found with the stocking rate (p = 0.21). The production chain could be improved through accurate animal management strategies that reduce the slaughtering age and daily weight gain individually or per area using pasture management and strategic animal supplementation, which could subsequently reduce GHG emissions in beef cattle production.

ACS Style

André D’Aurea; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Yuri Guimarães; Lauriston Fernandes; Luis Ferreira; Ricardo Reis. Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Cattle Production in Brazil through Animal Management. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7207 .

AMA Style

André D’Aurea, Abmael Da Silva Cardoso, Yuri Guimarães, Lauriston Fernandes, Luis Ferreira, Ricardo Reis. Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Cattle Production in Brazil through Animal Management. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (13):7207.

Chicago/Turabian Style

André D’Aurea; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Yuri Guimarães; Lauriston Fernandes; Luis Ferreira; Ricardo Reis. 2021. "Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Cattle Production in Brazil through Animal Management." Sustainability 13, no. 13: 7207.

Journal article
Published: 29 May 2021 in Atmosphere
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The intensification of pasture production has increased the use of N fertilizers—a practice that can alter soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the fluxes of CH4, CO2, and N2O in the soil of Urochloa brizantha ‘Marandu’ pastures fertilized with different sources and doses of N. Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate GHG fluxes following N fertilization with urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate at doses of 0, 90, 180, and 270 kg N ha−1. GHG fluxes were quantified using the static chamber technique and gas chromatography. In both experiments, the sources and doses of N did not significantly affect cumulative GHG emissions, while N fertilization significantly affected cumulative N2O and CO2 emissions compared to the control treatment. The N2O emission factor following fertilization with urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate was lower than the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change standard (0.35%, 0.24%, and 0.21%, respectively, with fractionation fertilization and 1.00%, 0.83%, and 1.03%, respectively, with single fertilization). These findings are important for integrating national inventories and improving GHG estimation in tropical regions.

ACS Style

Darlena Corrêa; Abmael Cardoso; Mariane Ferreira; Débora Siniscalchi; Ariana Toniello; Gilmar Lima; Ricardo Reis; Ana Ruggieri. Are CH4, CO2, and N2O Emissions from Soil Affected by the Sources and Doses of N in Warm-Season Pasture? Atmosphere 2021, 12, 697 .

AMA Style

Darlena Corrêa, Abmael Cardoso, Mariane Ferreira, Débora Siniscalchi, Ariana Toniello, Gilmar Lima, Ricardo Reis, Ana Ruggieri. Are CH4, CO2, and N2O Emissions from Soil Affected by the Sources and Doses of N in Warm-Season Pasture? Atmosphere. 2021; 12 (6):697.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Darlena Corrêa; Abmael Cardoso; Mariane Ferreira; Débora Siniscalchi; Ariana Toniello; Gilmar Lima; Ricardo Reis; Ana Ruggieri. 2021. "Are CH4, CO2, and N2O Emissions from Soil Affected by the Sources and Doses of N in Warm-Season Pasture?" Atmosphere 12, no. 6: 697.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2021 in Agronomy
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Nitrogen (N) management affects herbage production and chemical composition; however, information on the impact of tropical herbage on N and carbohydrate fractions is scarce. A two-year study was conducted to investigate the potential use of pintoi peanut (Arachis pintoi) compared with N fertilization of palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) by evaluating the herbage chemical composition (fractionation of protein and carbohydrate), herbage mass and accumulation rate, herbage disappearance rate, and stocking rate of pastures. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three treatments, and four replications (paddocks) were used with twenty-one non-lactating crossbred dairy heifers. Treatments consisted of pastures of palisade grass without a N source (control), fertilized with urea (150 kg/ha/year; fertilized), or mixed with pintoi peanut (mixed). Inclusion of the legume increased concentrations of fractions A (p = 0.009), which is the soluble N compound, and B3 (p < 0.001), which is slowly degraded true protein, compared with pastures fertilized with N and non-fertilized pastures. Nitrogen fertilization increased fraction B1 + B2 (p = 0.046), mainly true proteins, and decreased fraction C (p = 0.0007), indigestible protein, and neutral detergent fiber concentrations (p = 0.0003), contributing to increasing the nutritive value of the herbage. Additionally, N fertilization increased herbage mass (p = 0.004) and herbage allowance (p = 0.0001). Both N fertilization and biologically fixed N increased herbage allowance (p = 0.02) and accumulation rate (p = 0.02), as well as the crude protein content of herbage (p < 0.0001) compared with non-fertilized pastures. Nitrogen fertilization increased true protein and decreased indigestible protein of herbage and promoted a greater herbage mass production, while the inclusion of legumes increased soluble protein and decreased the slowly degraded true protein of herbage. Both N management strategies increased herbage allowance and accumulation rate.

ACS Style

Andressa Berça; Abmael Cardoso; Vanessa Longhini; Luís Tedeschi; Robert Boddey; Ricardo Reis; Ana Ruggieri. Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions in Warm-Season Pastures: Effects of Nitrogen Management Strategies. Agronomy 2021, 11, 847 .

AMA Style

Andressa Berça, Abmael Cardoso, Vanessa Longhini, Luís Tedeschi, Robert Boddey, Ricardo Reis, Ana Ruggieri. Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions in Warm-Season Pastures: Effects of Nitrogen Management Strategies. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (5):847.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andressa Berça; Abmael Cardoso; Vanessa Longhini; Luís Tedeschi; Robert Boddey; Ricardo Reis; Ana Ruggieri. 2021. "Protein and Carbohydrate Fractions in Warm-Season Pastures: Effects of Nitrogen Management Strategies." Agronomy 11, no. 5: 847.

Research article
Published: 03 March 2021 in PLOS ONE
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Palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster cv. Marandu] is widely used in Brazil and is typically managed with little or no N fertilizer, which often leads to pasture decline in the long-term. The current relationship between beef price and fertilizer cost in Brazil does not favor fertilizer use in pastures. Legume inclusion is an alternative to adding fertilizer N, but often legumes do not reach a significant proportion (> 30%) in pasture botanical composition. This study evaluated herbage responses to N inputs and pasture species composition, under intermittent stocking. Treatments included palisadegrass-forage peanut (Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg. cv. Amarillo) mixture (mixed), unfertilized palisadegrass (control), and palisadegrass fertilized with 150 kg N ha-1 yr-1 (fertilized). Treatments were applied over two rainy seasons with five growth cycle (GC) evaluations each season. Response variables included herbage biomass, herbage accumulation, morphological components, total aboveground N of forage peanut (TAGNFP), and contribution of biological N2 fixation (BNF). Herbage biomass was greater for fertilized palisadegrass [5850 kg dry matter (DM) ha-1] than for the palisadegrass-forage peanut mixture (3940 kg DM ha-1), while the unfertilized palisadegrass (4400 kg DM ha-1) did not differ from the mixed pasture. Nitrogen fertilizer increased leaf mass of palisadegrass (2490 kg DM ha-1) compared with the control and mixed treatments (1700 and 1310 kg DM ha-1, respectively). The contribution of BNF to the forage peanut ranged from 79 to 85% and 0.5 to 5.5 kg N ha-1 cycle-1. Overall, benefits from forage peanut were minimal because legume percentage was less than 10%, while N input in the system by N-fertilizer increased palisadegrass herbage biomass.

ACS Style

Vanessa Z. Longhini; Abmael S. Cardoso; Andressa S. Berça; Robert M. Boddey; Ricardo A. Reis; José C. B. Dubeux Jr.; Ana C. Ruggieri. Could forage peanut in low proportion replace N fertilizer in livestock systems? PLOS ONE 2021, 16, e0247931 .

AMA Style

Vanessa Z. Longhini, Abmael S. Cardoso, Andressa S. Berça, Robert M. Boddey, Ricardo A. Reis, José C. B. Dubeux Jr., Ana C. Ruggieri. Could forage peanut in low proportion replace N fertilizer in livestock systems? PLOS ONE. 2021; 16 (3):e0247931.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vanessa Z. Longhini; Abmael S. Cardoso; Andressa S. Berça; Robert M. Boddey; Ricardo A. Reis; José C. B. Dubeux Jr.; Ana C. Ruggieri. 2021. "Could forage peanut in low proportion replace N fertilizer in livestock systems?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 3: e0247931.

Regular articles
Published: 07 January 2021 in Tropical Animal Health and Production
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The effect of pasture management on CH4 emissions was investigated from goats in a tropical climate. Two experiments were conducted in a “Tanzania Guinea grass” (Panicum maximum Jacq.) pasture to assess enteric CH4 production in a completely randomized design. Emissions from light, moderate, and heavy grazing intensities were analyzed in the first experiment, and variations between grazing days were explored in the second experiment. Grazing intensity was defined as 2.4, 1.6, and 0.8 post-grazing leaf area index. Pasture management employed intermittent grazing with variable stocking rate using Anglo Nubian female adult goats. SF6 tracer gas technique was used to measure CH4 production. Grazing intensity was not found to affect CH4 emissions per animal, dry matter forage intake (DMI), and gross energy (GE) intake. However, the second experiment showed that CH4 production was influenced by the grazing day. CH4 emissions were 18.1 g day−1, and the variables were 0.88 g kg−1 of metabolic weight, 17.45 g kg−1 of DMI, and 5.5% of GE. CH4 production increased linearly with the grazing day, possibly reflecting a reduction in forage quality. These findings suggest that the day of occupation in intermittent grazing has a greater effect on CH4 emissions than that by grazing intensity and that a single day grazing of Tanzania Guinea grass could mitigate CH4 emissions.

ACS Style

Naomi Cristina Meister; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Fernando Oliveira Alari; Nailson Lima Santos Lemos; Rosa Toyoko Shiraishi Frighetto; Euclides Braga Malheiros; Ricardo Andrade Reis; Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. Effect of pasture management on enteric methane emissions from goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2021, 53, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Naomi Cristina Meister, Abmael Da Silva Cardoso, Fernando Oliveira Alari, Nailson Lima Santos Lemos, Rosa Toyoko Shiraishi Frighetto, Euclides Braga Malheiros, Ricardo Andrade Reis, Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. Effect of pasture management on enteric methane emissions from goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2021; 53 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Naomi Cristina Meister; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Fernando Oliveira Alari; Nailson Lima Santos Lemos; Rosa Toyoko Shiraishi Frighetto; Euclides Braga Malheiros; Ricardo Andrade Reis; Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. 2021. "Effect of pasture management on enteric methane emissions from goats." Tropical Animal Health and Production 53, no. 1: 1-7.

Journal article
Published: 05 January 2021 in Animals
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The study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing cottonseed meal by dried distiller’s grains (DDG) in terms of efficiency in the productive aspects of beef cattle finishing in pasture versus feedlot. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, with two production systems (pasture versus feedlot) and three supplements: CM, conventional supplement with cottonseed meal (CM) as a protein source; 50DDG: supplement with 50% replacement of CM by DDG; and 100DDG: 100% replacement. The effect of replacing CM by DDG on dry matter and nutrients intake and nutrients digestibility depends on the finishing system (p < 0.05). While in the pasture system animal consumed more nutrients in the CM, a greater intake was observed in the 100DDG in feedlot. The nutrients digestibility was lower in the pasture (p < 0.05). Animal performance and final body weight were higher in the feedlot (p < 0.0001), with averages of 1.57 kg/d and 566 kg of final body weight (FBW) for feedlot, and 0.99 kg/d and 504 kg FBW for pasture. The use of DDG does not change the animal performance finished in pasture or feedlot, and it is a viable alternative to replace conventional supplements in finishing phase in both systems in tropical environment.

ACS Style

Alvair Hoffmann; Andressa Berça; Abmael Cardoso; Natalia Boas Fonseca; Maria Silva; Rhaony Leite; Ana Ruggieri; Ricardo Reis. Does the Effect of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Dried Distiller’s Grains on Nellore bulls Finishing Phase Vary between Pasture and Feedlot? Animals 2021, 11, 85 .

AMA Style

Alvair Hoffmann, Andressa Berça, Abmael Cardoso, Natalia Boas Fonseca, Maria Silva, Rhaony Leite, Ana Ruggieri, Ricardo Reis. Does the Effect of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Dried Distiller’s Grains on Nellore bulls Finishing Phase Vary between Pasture and Feedlot? Animals. 2021; 11 (1):85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alvair Hoffmann; Andressa Berça; Abmael Cardoso; Natalia Boas Fonseca; Maria Silva; Rhaony Leite; Ana Ruggieri; Ricardo Reis. 2021. "Does the Effect of Replacing Cottonseed Meal with Dried Distiller’s Grains on Nellore bulls Finishing Phase Vary between Pasture and Feedlot?" Animals 11, no. 1: 85.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2020 in Agronomy
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A 7 year experiment (2008–2014) evaluated cattle grazing intensity (sward height) effects on herbage mass, forage quality, and greenhouse gas emissions in continuously stocked pastures containing the tropical ‘Marandu’ palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) Stapf cv. Marandu). The experiment consisted of three sward height treatments (15, 25, and 35 cm) and six replicates. There were four periods each year during the rearing phase. Significant effects were found for herbage mass, proportions of leaf and stem, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, animal performance, enteric methane (CH4), and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils. When the canopy height increased from 15 to 35 cm, the herbage mass rose from 5.23 to 9.86 kg t ha−1, leaf percentage decreased, and stem percentage increased. Crude protein content averaged 14.2%, and neutral detergent fiber averaged 58%. Average daily gain averaged 0.67, 0.81, and 0.90 kg −1 head−1, while live weight gain ha–1 was 649, 530, and 439 kg for the 15, 25, and 35 cm treatments, respectively. The weather variables explained the GHG emissions, interannual herbage mass, and structure variations.

ACS Style

Ana Cláudia Ruggieri; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Fernando Ongaratto; Daniel Rume Casagrande; Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero; Liziane De Figueiredo Brito; Mariane Vieira Azenha; André Alves Oliveira; Jefferson Fabiano Werner Koscheck; Ricardo Andrade Reis. Grazing Intensity Impacts on Herbage Mass, Sward Structure, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Animal Performance: Analysis of Brachiaria Pastureland. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1750 .

AMA Style

Ana Cláudia Ruggieri, Abmael Da Silva Cardoso, Fernando Ongaratto, Daniel Rume Casagrande, Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero, Liziane De Figueiredo Brito, Mariane Vieira Azenha, André Alves Oliveira, Jefferson Fabiano Werner Koscheck, Ricardo Andrade Reis. Grazing Intensity Impacts on Herbage Mass, Sward Structure, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Animal Performance: Analysis of Brachiaria Pastureland. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (11):1750.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Cláudia Ruggieri; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Fernando Ongaratto; Daniel Rume Casagrande; Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero; Liziane De Figueiredo Brito; Mariane Vieira Azenha; André Alves Oliveira; Jefferson Fabiano Werner Koscheck; Ricardo Andrade Reis. 2020. "Grazing Intensity Impacts on Herbage Mass, Sward Structure, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Animal Performance: Analysis of Brachiaria Pastureland." Agronomy 10, no. 11: 1750.

Technical report
Published: 15 October 2020 in Journal of Environmental Quality
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Cattle excreta and nitrogen fertilizer deposited on tropical grasslands are important sources of ammonia (NH3) emission. We conducted three field trials (wet, intermediate, and dry conditions) to quantify the NH3 emissions from urea fertilizer and simulated excretions of heifer urine and dung on warm‐climate grasslands in Brazil. Heifer excreta were derived from pastures of palisadegrass [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R. D. Webster cv. ‘Marandu’] under three forms of N supply [without or with N‐fertilization (0 or 150 kg N ha−1 yr−1) or mixed with forage peanut (Arachis pintoi cv ‘Amarillo’)]. Cumulative NH3–N emission across rainfall conditions ranged between 7.6 to 16.6% (mean 11.7%) for urine, 1.4 to 2.9% (mean 2.0%) for dung, and 11.2 to 20.5% (mean 14.8%) for urea. Ammonia loss from urine was significantly greater than from dung under all rainfall conditions. Emission from urine and dung differ from those when urea was applied on palisadegrass. There were greater NH3 emissions from urine in the wetter times of the year. Heifer excreta from N‐fertilized pasture had greater NH3 emission than excreta from the grass‐legume mixture and unfertilized palisadegrass. Urea applied on palisadegrass presented greater NH3 emissions in the wet rainfall conditions compared with the dry, but did not differ from the intermediate conditions. Our study showed that N‐fertilized systems increases N losses as NH3 emission from excreta, and emissions from urea fertilizer must be included in this system. Heifer excreta and urea fertilizer deposited on warm‐climate grasslands increased the NH3 emission mainly under the wet conditions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Vanessa Zirondi Longhini; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Andressa Scholz Berça; Robert Michael Boddey; Ricardo Andrade Reis; José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior; Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. Nitrogen supply and rainfall affect ammonia emissions from dairy cattle excreta and urea applied on warm‐climate pastures. Journal of Environmental Quality 2020, 49, 1453 -1466.

AMA Style

Vanessa Zirondi Longhini, Abmael Da Silva Cardoso, Andressa Scholz Berça, Robert Michael Boddey, Ricardo Andrade Reis, José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior, Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. Nitrogen supply and rainfall affect ammonia emissions from dairy cattle excreta and urea applied on warm‐climate pastures. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2020; 49 (6):1453-1466.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vanessa Zirondi Longhini; Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Andressa Scholz Berça; Robert Michael Boddey; Ricardo Andrade Reis; José Carlos Batista Dubeux Junior; Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. 2020. "Nitrogen supply and rainfall affect ammonia emissions from dairy cattle excreta and urea applied on warm‐climate pastures." Journal of Environmental Quality 49, no. 6: 1453-1466.

Journal article
Published: 30 September 2020 in Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia
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ACS Style

Alice Watte Schwingel; Tatiane Fernandes; Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico; Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico; Jorge De Lucas; Ricardo Andrade Reis; Ronaldo Omizolo De Souza. The quality of crude glycerine influences the fermentation and nutritive value of Piatã grass silage. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 2020, 49, 1 .

AMA Style

Alice Watte Schwingel, Tatiane Fernandes, Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico, Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico, Jorge De Lucas, Ricardo Andrade Reis, Ronaldo Omizolo De Souza. The quality of crude glycerine influences the fermentation and nutritive value of Piatã grass silage. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia. 2020; 49 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alice Watte Schwingel; Tatiane Fernandes; Marco Antonio Previdelli Orrico; Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico; Jorge De Lucas; Ricardo Andrade Reis; Ronaldo Omizolo De Souza. 2020. "The quality of crude glycerine influences the fermentation and nutritive value of Piatã grass silage." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 49, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 18 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Intensification of tropical grassland can be a strategy to increase beef production, but methods for achieving this should maintain or reduce its environmental impact and should not compromise future food-producing capacity. The objective of this review was to discuss the aspects of grassland management, animal supplementation, the environment, and the socioeconomics of grassland intensification. Reducing environmental impact in the form of, for example, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is particularly important in Brazil, which is the second-largest beef producer in the world. Most Brazilian pastures, however, are degraded, representing a considerable opportunity for the mitigation and increase of beef-cattle production, and consequently increasing global protein supply. Moreover, in Brazil, forage production is necessary for seasonal feeding strategies that maintain animal performance during periods of forage scarcity. There are many options to achieve this objective that can be adopted alone or in association. These options include improving grassland management, pasture fertilization, and animal supplementation. Improving grazing management has the potential to mitigate GHG emissions through the reduction of the intensity of CO2 emissions, as well as the preservation of natural areas by reducing the need for expanding pastureland. Limitations to farmers adopting intensification strategies include cultural aspects and the lack of financial resources and technical assistance.

ACS Style

Abmael Cardoso; Rondineli Barbero; Eliéder Romanzini; Ronyatta Teobaldo; Fernando Ongaratto; Marcia Fernandes; Ana Ruggieri; Ricardo Reis. Intensification: A Key Strategy to Achieve Great Animal and Environmental Beef Cattle Production Sustainability in Brachiaria Grasslands. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6656 .

AMA Style

Abmael Cardoso, Rondineli Barbero, Eliéder Romanzini, Ronyatta Teobaldo, Fernando Ongaratto, Marcia Fernandes, Ana Ruggieri, Ricardo Reis. Intensification: A Key Strategy to Achieve Great Animal and Environmental Beef Cattle Production Sustainability in Brachiaria Grasslands. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6656.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abmael Cardoso; Rondineli Barbero; Eliéder Romanzini; Ronyatta Teobaldo; Fernando Ongaratto; Marcia Fernandes; Ana Ruggieri; Ricardo Reis. 2020. "Intensification: A Key Strategy to Achieve Great Animal and Environmental Beef Cattle Production Sustainability in Brachiaria Grasslands." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6656.

Article
Published: 26 July 2020 in Agronomy Journal
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Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions from livestock systems are important because of their significant contribution to global warming. Nitrogen (N) fertilization can improve system production; however, it alters soil gas emissions. We evaluated soil nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to investigate how they are affected by increasing levels of N fertilizer (urea) in a productive Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha ) pasture subjected to continuous grazing by young Nellore beef cattle (Bos indicus ). The N2O, CH4, and CO2 emissions were significantly affected by increasing N fertilizer levels. The seasons also affected GHGs emissions. Nitrogen fertilizer favored CH4 consumption relative to the control plot without N, with mean emission of 23.7 μg CH4‐C m−2 h−1 in the fertilized plots compared to 61.6 μg CH4‐C m−2 h−1 in the control. The N‐fertilized areas presented higher CO2 emissions compared to the control plot without N. The areas that received N fertilization showed a positive linear association between the water‐filled pore space and N2O emission. Soil temperature drove CO2 emissions. Increasing N fertilization in grazed marandu grass increases N2O and CO2 emissions during the growing season, while reducing CH4. The effect of fertilization during the transition season was not apparent, and perhaps other factors could provide a better explanation for the GHG emissions during this period. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Elisamara Raposo; Liziane F. Brito; Estella R. Janusckiewicz; Luíza F. Oliveira; Jonathan Versuti; Fabiana M. Assumpção; Abmael S. Cardoso; Débora Siniscalchi; Lutti M. Delevatti; Euclides B. Malheiros; Ricardo A. Reis; Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. Greenhouse gases emissions from tropical grasslands affected by nitrogen fertilizer management. Agronomy Journal 2020, 112, 4666 -4680.

AMA Style

Elisamara Raposo, Liziane F. Brito, Estella R. Janusckiewicz, Luíza F. Oliveira, Jonathan Versuti, Fabiana M. Assumpção, Abmael S. Cardoso, Débora Siniscalchi, Lutti M. Delevatti, Euclides B. Malheiros, Ricardo A. Reis, Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. Greenhouse gases emissions from tropical grasslands affected by nitrogen fertilizer management. Agronomy Journal. 2020; 112 (6):4666-4680.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elisamara Raposo; Liziane F. Brito; Estella R. Janusckiewicz; Luíza F. Oliveira; Jonathan Versuti; Fabiana M. Assumpção; Abmael S. Cardoso; Débora Siniscalchi; Lutti M. Delevatti; Euclides B. Malheiros; Ricardo A. Reis; Ana Cláudia Ruggieri. 2020. "Greenhouse gases emissions from tropical grasslands affected by nitrogen fertilizer management." Agronomy Journal 112, no. 6: 4666-4680.

Regular articles
Published: 29 May 2020 in Tropical Animal Health and Production
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This study aimed to evaluate different scenarios (year, supplementation level) about economic results of beef cattle production during rearing and finishing phase in Brazilian’s tropical pastures. Four scenarios were evaluated in combination with fourteen supplements, and it was originated from some research developed inside Forage Crops and Grasslands section from São Paulo State University among years 2011 and 2014. The economic evaluation was analyzed by operating cost, total operational costs, gross revenue, operating profit, and financial net income. Besides profitability, internal rate of return (IRR), benefit/cost ratio (B:C), and simple payback period (SPP) were calculated too. During rearing phase, the best result was observed for scenario 2 (2012), supplement 3.2 (mineral mix) with values of 11 cycles, 26.3%, 9.30%, and 0.39 for SPP, profitability, IRR, and B:C ratio, respectively. Already to finishing phase, the best scenario was 3 (2013), supplement 10 (multiple supplement with supplementation level equal 1.0% body weight), which obtained 4 cycles, 68.7%, 27.00%, and 2.34 for the same variables above mentioned. Results were consistent being that higher IRR and profitability occurred when using low supplementation level. Hence, the economic responses from different scenarios (years and supplements) can alter the final livestock farm financial statement.

ACS Style

Eliéder Prates Romanzini; Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero; Ricardo Reis; David Hadley; Euclides Braga Malheiros. Economic evaluation from beef cattle production industry with intensification in Brazil’s tropical pastures. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2020, 52, 2659 -2666.

AMA Style

Eliéder Prates Romanzini, Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero, Ricardo Reis, David Hadley, Euclides Braga Malheiros. Economic evaluation from beef cattle production industry with intensification in Brazil’s tropical pastures. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2020; 52 (5):2659-2666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eliéder Prates Romanzini; Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero; Ricardo Reis; David Hadley; Euclides Braga Malheiros. 2020. "Economic evaluation from beef cattle production industry with intensification in Brazil’s tropical pastures." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 5: 2659-2666.

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The seasonality of forage production is a challenge for livestock production in Brazil. Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) silage is a widely cultivated forage however, this plant may represent high moisture levels and other unfavorable traits for ensiling and conservation during the ideal harvest period. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of harvest period and the inclusion of bakery residue on silage traits and chemical composition. Elephant grass was harvested and ensiled into mini-silos 70, 84, and 98 days after regrowth, with the addition of 0, 5, 10, or 15% of bakery residue. After 45 days, the mini-silos were opened to evaluate the chemical composition and traits of the silage. The design was completely randomized in a full factorial arrangement with three harvest periods and four doses of bakery residue (3 × 4), with four replicates (mini-silos) per treatment (n = 48). The tests for all the assumptions of variance analyses were conducted. The effects of harvest period (days) and concentration of residue (%) were evaluated using orthogonal polynomial contrasts, adopting the polynomial with a greater degree of significance (p < 0.05). Harvest period did not influence the dry matter content of elephant grass silage (p = 0.2126). Similarly, the inclusion of bakery residue in elephant grass silages did not affect the pH (p = 0.1466); however, it linearly increased the temperature (p < 0.0001), NH3/N total (p < 0.0001), non-fibrous carbohydrates (p = 0.0024), and dry matter recovery (p < 0.0001). The increases in bakery residue linearly reduced (p = 0.0497) effluent production of elephant grass harvested at 70 days. The inclusion of bakery residue in elephant grass silages decreased the neutral (p < 0.0001) and acid detergent fiber (p < 0.0001) levels. The inclusion of bakery residue decreases effluent production, increases dry matter recovery, and improves the chemical composition of elephant grass silage.

ACS Style

J.A.S. Araújo; J.C.C. Almeida; R.A. Reis; C.A.B. Carvalho; R.P. Barbero. Harvest period and baking industry residue inclusion on production efficiency and chemical composition of tropical grass silage. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 266, 121953 .

AMA Style

J.A.S. Araújo, J.C.C. Almeida, R.A. Reis, C.A.B. Carvalho, R.P. Barbero. Harvest period and baking industry residue inclusion on production efficiency and chemical composition of tropical grass silage. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 266 ():121953.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A.S. Araújo; J.C.C. Almeida; R.A. Reis; C.A.B. Carvalho; R.P. Barbero. 2020. "Harvest period and baking industry residue inclusion on production efficiency and chemical composition of tropical grass silage." Journal of Cleaner Production 266, no. : 121953.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Animal Production Science
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Context Yields from Brazilian beef-production systems do not always match the expected potential of a forage-based beef-production system. This efficiency is dependent on adjustments of grazing intensity and supplement utilisation to achieve higher bodyweight gain and lower methane emission. Therefore, more studies are necessary to evaluate the association between pasture management and supplement doses. Aims The aim of the present study was to determine nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility, animal performance, carcass characteristics and enteric methane emissions of young Nellore bulls grazing Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu pastures. Methods One hundred and forty-eight yearling bulls (230 ± 17 kg) were randomly assigned to a grazing-by-supplementation strategy that was designed to allocate three different sward heights with differing levels of supplementation during the wet season. Treatment combinations were (1) low sward height with high supplementation (LH-HS, 15-cm sward height and supplementation at 0.6% of bodyweight (BW)); (2) low height with moderate supplementation (LH-MS, 15 cm and 0.3% BW); (3) moderate height with moderate supplementation (MH-MS, 25 cm and 0.3% BW); (4) moderate height with low supplementation (MH-LS, 25 cm and 0.1% BW); (5) high height with low supplementation (HH-LS, 35 cm and 0.1% BW); and (6) high height with no supplementation (HH-WS, 35 cm). Key results Bulls in the HH groups had a greater herbage intake than did those in the LH groups (P < 0.01). Bulls in the LH-HS treatment resulted in a greater (P < 0.01) carcass average daily gain than that obtained with LH-MS, MH-LS or HH-WS treatment. Higher stocking rate with the LH treatment resulted in greater gains per hectare in terms of both BW and carcass (P < 0.01). Carcass yield was greater for bulls maintained with the LH-HS treatment (54.3% BW). Higher enteric methane emissions were observed from bulls under the HH treatments (P < 0.01). Conclusions Comparing carcass gains per hectare and low methane emissions, the present study indicated that pasture management towards a low sward height combined with 0.3% or 0.6% BW supplementation can result in a greater nutrient utilisation efficiency of bulls. Implications Results provided information to obtain better gains per animals and area, also decreasing methane emission of beef cattle production system.

ACS Style

J. F. W. Koscheck; E. P. Romanzini; R. P. Barbero; L. M. Delevatti; A. C. Ferrari; J. T. Mulliniks; C. J. Mousquer; T. T. Berchielli; Ricardo Reis. How do animal performance and methane emissions vary with forage management intensification and supplementation? Animal Production Science 2020, 60, 1201 .

AMA Style

J. F. W. Koscheck, E. P. Romanzini, R. P. Barbero, L. M. Delevatti, A. C. Ferrari, J. T. Mulliniks, C. J. Mousquer, T. T. Berchielli, Ricardo Reis. How do animal performance and methane emissions vary with forage management intensification and supplementation? Animal Production Science. 2020; 60 (9):1201.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. F. W. Koscheck; E. P. Romanzini; R. P. Barbero; L. M. Delevatti; A. C. Ferrari; J. T. Mulliniks; C. J. Mousquer; T. T. Berchielli; Ricardo Reis. 2020. "How do animal performance and methane emissions vary with forage management intensification and supplementation?" Animal Production Science 60, no. 9: 1201.

Articles
Published: 01 January 2020 in Journal of Applied Animal Research
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To evaluate the foraging behaviour of yearling bulls grazing on Marandu grass, we conducted two experiments. In the first experiment (Exp. 1), three grazing heights of 15, 25, and 35 cm were evaluated, with bulls receiving 0.3% of body weight (BW) of supplement (161 g kg–1 crude protein (CP) and 20.1 MJ kg–1 gross energy (GE)); in the second experiment (Exp. 2), supplementation levels were decreased as grazing height increased: (1) low height (15 cm) and high supplementation (0.6% BW: 142 g kg–1 CP and 18.9 MJ kg–1 GE (LH-HS)); (2) moderate height (25 cm) and moderate supplementation (0.3% BW: 161 g kg–1 CP and 20.1 MJ kg–1 GE (MH-MS)) or (3) high height (35 cm) without supplementation (HH-WS). Ingestive behaviour was evaluated by direct visual observations, and intake using markers. It was used 9 paddocks each experiment. The experimental design was completely randomized, analysing effects by polynomial orthogonal contrasts (Exp. 1) and Tukey test (Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, a linear decreasing response to daily grazing time (P < 0.01) was observed, whereas a linear increasing response to herbage intake (P < 0.01) was observed with increased grazing height. In Exp. 2, LH-HS bulls had lower herbage intake (P < 0.01) than their counterparts. Bulls from both experiments showed increased grazing activity after 12 PM (P < 0.05). The herbage intake substitution effect of supplements can be explored as a production strategy, as the adjustment of supplementation levels can promote high dry matter intake as well as performance in beef cattle, in conditions of low grazing height or low forage allowance, even with a high stocking rate.

ACS Style

Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero; Euclides Braga Malheiros; Natalia María Aguilar; Elieder Prates Romanzini; Adriana Cristina Ferrari; Renata La Guardia Nave; John Travis Mullinks; Ricardo Reis. Supplementation level increasing dry matter intake of beef cattle grazing low herbage height. Journal of Applied Animal Research 2020, 48, 28 -33.

AMA Style

Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero, Euclides Braga Malheiros, Natalia María Aguilar, Elieder Prates Romanzini, Adriana Cristina Ferrari, Renata La Guardia Nave, John Travis Mullinks, Ricardo Reis. Supplementation level increasing dry matter intake of beef cattle grazing low herbage height. Journal of Applied Animal Research. 2020; 48 (1):28-33.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rondineli Pavezzi Barbero; Euclides Braga Malheiros; Natalia María Aguilar; Elieder Prates Romanzini; Adriana Cristina Ferrari; Renata La Guardia Nave; John Travis Mullinks; Ricardo Reis. 2020. "Supplementation level increasing dry matter intake of beef cattle grazing low herbage height." Journal of Applied Animal Research 48, no. 1: 28-33.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2019 in Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
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This study evaluated how changing the structure of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pasture under different forage allowances (FA) of 4, 7, 10 and 13kg DM/100kg BW (body weight) affected animal behavior over a two-year evaluation period. The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design with three replications (paddock). Sward height, total forage, and stem mass were lower for pastures managed with lower FA. Lower leaf mass was observed for lower FA in the second year. In hand-plucked samples, leaf and stem percentages remained unchanged in the morning but leaf percentage increased while stems decreased in the afternoon. Permanence time decreased linearly with increasing FA. In turn, a quadratic effect was observed for displacement rate. The bite rate was similar among different FAs. The results demonstrate that FA varying between 7 and 10kg DM/100kg BW are more suitable to balance the amounts of leaves and stems in the sward. The studied FA levels do not limit forage availability. Permanence time decreases and displacement rate increases as FA increases.

ACS Style

E.R. Janusckiewicz; D.R. Casagrande; E. Raposo; C. Bremm; R.A. Reis; A.C. Ruggieri. Sward structure and ingestive behavior of cows in tropical pastures managed under different forage allowances. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 2019, 71, 2009 -2016.

AMA Style

E.R. Janusckiewicz, D.R. Casagrande, E. Raposo, C. Bremm, R.A. Reis, A.C. Ruggieri. Sward structure and ingestive behavior of cows in tropical pastures managed under different forage allowances. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2019; 71 (6):2009-2016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E.R. Janusckiewicz; D.R. Casagrande; E. Raposo; C. Bremm; R.A. Reis; A.C. Ruggieri. 2019. "Sward structure and ingestive behavior of cows in tropical pastures managed under different forage allowances." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 71, no. 6: 2009-2016.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2019 in Soil and Tillage Research
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Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Serena Capriogli Oliveira; Estella Rosseto Janusckiewicz; Liziane Figueiredo Brito; Eliane Da Silva Morgado; Ricardo Andrade Reis; Ana Claudia Ruggieri. Seasonal effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions for beef cattle excreta and urea fertilizer applied to a tropical pasture. Soil and Tillage Research 2019, 194, 1 .

AMA Style

Abmael Da Silva Cardoso, Serena Capriogli Oliveira, Estella Rosseto Janusckiewicz, Liziane Figueiredo Brito, Eliane Da Silva Morgado, Ricardo Andrade Reis, Ana Claudia Ruggieri. Seasonal effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions for beef cattle excreta and urea fertilizer applied to a tropical pasture. Soil and Tillage Research. 2019; 194 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abmael Da Silva Cardoso; Serena Capriogli Oliveira; Estella Rosseto Janusckiewicz; Liziane Figueiredo Brito; Eliane Da Silva Morgado; Ricardo Andrade Reis; Ana Claudia Ruggieri. 2019. "Seasonal effects on ammonia, nitrous oxide, and methane emissions for beef cattle excreta and urea fertilizer applied to a tropical pasture." Soil and Tillage Research 194, no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 30 October 2019 in Grass and Forage Science
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A database containing 140 articles published in journals (731 treatment means evaluated) was used to examine the effect of different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation, chemical composition and aerobic stability of maize (corn) silage. Compared with the control, dry matter (DM) loss increased by 8% and 50% (p < .01) due to inoculation of maize silage with either homolactic LAB (hoLAB) or heterolactic LAB (heLAB). In vitro DM digestibility of maize silage increased only with hoLAB inoculation (+2.22%; p < .01). The heLAB inoculation increased (p < .01) the aerobic stability of maize silage by 71.3 hr. To investigate the effect of silage inoculation on livestock production, a second database comprising 35 articles [99 treatment means evaluated based on results from 648 cattle (429 beef cattle and 219 dairy cows) and 298 sheep] was used. Inoculation of maize silage with either hoLAB or heLAB did not affect milk yield (p > .05), but their combination (mixLAB) depressed milk yield (–2.5 kg/day; p < .01). Inoculation with hoLAB increased DM intake in sheep (+0.15 kg/day; p = .02), but decreased it in beef cattle (–0.26 kg/day; p = .01) without affecting average daily gain for both sheep and beef cattle (p ≥ .06). In conclusion, fermentative loss increased regardless of the bacterial inoculant used, while aerobic stability increased mainly by using heLAB. Benefits from hoLAB inoculation on animal performance were noted only for feed intake in sheep, while productive performances of dairy cows and beef cattle were not improved.

ACS Style

Alexandre Bernardi; Carla J. Härter; Antonio W. L. Silva; Ricardo Reis; Carlos H. S. Rabelo. A meta‐analysis examining lactic acid bacteria inoculants for maize silage: Effects on fermentation, aerobic stability, nutritive value and livestock production. Grass and Forage Science 2019, 74, 596 -612.

AMA Style

Alexandre Bernardi, Carla J. Härter, Antonio W. L. Silva, Ricardo Reis, Carlos H. S. Rabelo. A meta‐analysis examining lactic acid bacteria inoculants for maize silage: Effects on fermentation, aerobic stability, nutritive value and livestock production. Grass and Forage Science. 2019; 74 (4):596-612.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandre Bernardi; Carla J. Härter; Antonio W. L. Silva; Ricardo Reis; Carlos H. S. Rabelo. 2019. "A meta‐analysis examining lactic acid bacteria inoculants for maize silage: Effects on fermentation, aerobic stability, nutritive value and livestock production." Grass and Forage Science 74, no. 4: 596-612.

Regular articles
Published: 22 October 2019 in Tropical Animal Health and Production
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The increase in haylage production leads to the search for additives that improve its fermentation and nutritional value. This study aimed to assess the effect of adding crude glycerine and microbial additives on losses, fermentation parameters and nutritional value of haylage. The treatments were composed of three doses of crude glycerine (0, 60 and 120 g/kg forage) and three types of inoculation (control (distilled water), SIL (Lactobacillus plantarum 2.6 × 1010 CFU/g and Pediococcus pentosaceus 2.6 × 1010 CFU/g) and INC (Bacillus subtilis 2.0 × 109 CFU/g, Lactobacillus plantarum 8.0 × 109 CFU/g and Pediococcus acidilactici 1.0 × 1010 CFU/g)). A negative linear effect was observed in the fibre fraction contents of the haylages as a function of crude glycerine addition, which contributed to similarly increasing dry matter in vitro digestibility coefficients. The use of inoculants also resulted in haylages with higher digestibility coefficients of 635.1 and 646.8 g/kg dry matter (DM) in the treatments inoculated with INC and SIL, respectively. Fermentation losses were reduced by adding crude glycerine and were not impacted by the microbial inoculants. Higher lactic acid productions were obtained as a function of crude glycerine doses. Acetic acid productions decreased from 29.3 g/kg DM to 19.2 g/kg DM between crude glycerine doses of 0 and 120 g/kg forage, respectively. SIL led to the highest lactic acid productions compared to INC and the control. Crude glycerine improves the fermentation parameters and nutritional value of haylages. However, the microbial inoculants had little impact on the parameters assessed.

ACS Style

Stéfane S. Cunha; Marco A. P. Orrico Junior; Ricardo A. Reis; Ana C. A. Orrico; Alice W. Schwingel; Sirio D. S. Reis; Mabio S. J. Silva. Use of crude glycerine and microbial inoculants to improve the fermentation process of Tifton 85 haylages. Tropical Animal Health and Production 2019, 52, 871 -879.

AMA Style

Stéfane S. Cunha, Marco A. P. Orrico Junior, Ricardo A. Reis, Ana C. A. Orrico, Alice W. Schwingel, Sirio D. S. Reis, Mabio S. J. Silva. Use of crude glycerine and microbial inoculants to improve the fermentation process of Tifton 85 haylages. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2019; 52 (2):871-879.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stéfane S. Cunha; Marco A. P. Orrico Junior; Ricardo A. Reis; Ana C. A. Orrico; Alice W. Schwingel; Sirio D. S. Reis; Mabio S. J. Silva. 2019. "Use of crude glycerine and microbial inoculants to improve the fermentation process of Tifton 85 haylages." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 2: 871-879.