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Venugopal Mendu
Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University

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Published: 15 May 2021 in Journal of Visualized Experiments
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Cellulose is the most abundant polymer on Earth generated by photosynthesis and the main load-bearing component of cell walls. The cell wall plays a significant role in plant growth and development by providing strength, rigidity, rate and direction of cell growth, cell shape maintenance, and protection from biotic and abiotic stressors. The cell wall is primarily composed of cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose and pectin. Recently plant cell walls have been targeted for the second-generation biofuel and bioenergy production. Specifically, the cellulose component of the plant cell wall is used for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Estimation of cellulose content of biomass is critical for fundamental and applied cell wall research. The Updegraff method is simple, robust, and the most widely used method for the estimation of crystalline cellulose content of plant biomass. The alcohol insoluble crude cell wall fraction upon treatment with Updegraff reagent eliminates the hemicellulose and lignin fractions. Later, the Updegraff reagent resistant cellulose fraction is subjected to sulfuric acid treatment to hydrolyze the cellulose homopolymer into monomeric glucose units. A regression line is developed using various concentrations of glucose and used to estimate the amount of the glucose released upon cellulose hydrolysis in the experimental samples. Finally, the cellulose content is estimated based on the amount of glucose monomers by colorimetric anthrone assay.

ACS Style

Lavanya Dampanaboina; Ning Yuan; Venugopal Mendu. Estimation of Crystalline Cellulose Content of Plant Biomass using the Updegraff Method. Journal of Visualized Experiments 2021, e62031 .

AMA Style

Lavanya Dampanaboina, Ning Yuan, Venugopal Mendu. Estimation of Crystalline Cellulose Content of Plant Biomass using the Updegraff Method. Journal of Visualized Experiments. 2021; (171):e62031.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lavanya Dampanaboina; Ning Yuan; Venugopal Mendu. 2021. "Estimation of Crystalline Cellulose Content of Plant Biomass using the Updegraff Method." Journal of Visualized Experiments , no. 171: e62031.

Original article
Published: 18 January 2021 in Planta
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Main conclusion A novel inducible secretion system mutation in Sorghum named Red root has been identified. The mutant plant root exudes pigmented compounds that enriches Actinobacteria in its rhizosphere compared to BTx623. Abstract Favorable plant–microbe interactions in the rhizosphere positively influence plant growth and stress tolerance. Sorghum bicolor, a staple biomass and food crop, has been shown to selectively recruit Gram-positive bacteria (Actinobacteria) in its rhizosphere under drought conditions to enhance stress tolerance. However, the genetic/biochemical mechanism underlying the selective enrichment of specific microbial phyla in the sorghum rhizosphere is poorly known due to the lack of available mutants with altered root secretion systems. Using a subset of sorghum ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutant lines, we have isolated a novel Red root (RR) mutant with an increased accumulation and secretion of phenolic compounds in roots. Genetic analysis showed that RR is a single dominant mutation. We further investigated the effect of root-specific phenolic compounds on rhizosphere microbiome composition under well-watered and water-deficit conditions. The microbiome diversity analysis of the RR rhizosphere showed that Actinobacteria were enriched significantly under the well-watered condition but showed no significant change under the water-deficit condition. BTx623 rhizosphere showed a significant increase in Actinobacteria under the water-deficit condition. Overall, the rhizosphere of RR genotype retained a higher bacterial diversity and richness relative to the rhizosphere of BTx623, especially under water-deficit condition. Therefore, the RR mutant provides an excellent genetic resource for rhizosphere-microbiome interaction studies as well as to develop drought-tolerant lines. Identification of the RR gene and the molecular mechanism through which the mutant selectively enriches microbial populations in the rhizosphere will be useful in designing strategies for improving sorghum productivity and stress tolerance.

ACS Style

Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Lavanya Dampanaboina; Christopher Joseph Cobos; Ning Yuan; Zhanguo Xin; Venugopal Mendu. Induced secretion system mutation alters rhizosphere bacterial composition in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Planta 2021, 253, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Lavanya Dampanaboina, Christopher Joseph Cobos, Ning Yuan, Zhanguo Xin, Venugopal Mendu. Induced secretion system mutation alters rhizosphere bacterial composition in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Planta. 2021; 253 (2):1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Lavanya Dampanaboina; Christopher Joseph Cobos; Ning Yuan; Zhanguo Xin; Venugopal Mendu. 2021. "Induced secretion system mutation alters rhizosphere bacterial composition in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench." Planta 253, no. 2: 1-18.

Review
Published: 06 November 2020 in High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6
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In the current scenarios, the employment of various varieties of by-products in pozzolanic material has become a typical practice in concrete mixes. In this epoch of industry, innovation in technology for the utilization of fabric with higher potency and specifically reusing identical material with equal effectiveness and productivity is in high demand to avoid wasting natural resources. In this study, the feasibility of adding various industrial waste materials at discrete levels in construction material has been suggested. For Example, waste rubber tire, electric arc furnace dust, induction furnace dust used foundry sand, welding slag and others are the by-products of the industry which have been characterized as perilous because of containing some heavy metals such as zinc, cobalt, lead, copper and some other extraneous material. A significant assessment has been carried out to explore the physical characteristics and business potential of scrap tires, which can be used as an alternative to natural aggregates in concrete. Similarly, replacing rubber for natural aggregates can provide plain rubberized concrete (PRC) and it can be used for non-structural applications. Welding slag can also be a substitute of fine aggregates in plain cement concrete which shows an impactable effect by increasing the strength of concrete. This paper summarizes and provides extensive conclusions from the outcomes of the previous studies in terms of the contemporary and mechanical properties of concrete. It has been concluded that the outcome is favorable for solving socio-environmental problems with the effective use of these waste in concrete mixes in different forms.

ACS Style

Rajwinder Singh; Vaibhav Chaturvedi; Ankit Kumar Chaurasiya; Mahesh Patel. Utilization of Industrial Waste in Concrete Mixes—A Review. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2020, 77 -97.

AMA Style

Rajwinder Singh, Vaibhav Chaturvedi, Ankit Kumar Chaurasiya, Mahesh Patel. Utilization of Industrial Waste in Concrete Mixes—A Review. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2020; ():77-97.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rajwinder Singh; Vaibhav Chaturvedi; Ankit Kumar Chaurasiya; Mahesh Patel. 2020. "Utilization of Industrial Waste in Concrete Mixes—A Review." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 77-97.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2020 in Tetrahedron
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Here we report a practical and efficient method for the synthesis of menaquinone vitamin (K2) analog MK-6 in all trans forms through “1 + 5 convergent synthetic approach” of pentaprenyl chloride with monoprenyl menadione derivative. In the synergistic factors, less efficient leaving group/more efficient nucleophile (Cl) in the substrate makes it more prominent reaction by eliminating all Sn2’ side reaction products. Further, the addition of acetic acid in the last step (desulfonation) of reaction sequence removes the limitations of the reactions in terms of cyclized side product (multiple reactions of pentaprenyl alcohol with Et3B), byproduct (Et3B, incendiary compound) formations and their interruption in the tricky purification processes. The utility of this method was further extended to find an efficient one-pot synthesis to MK-9 to the gram scale synthesis. This approach is economical and efficient and avoids the awkward chromatographic separation processes.

ACS Style

Nanaji Yerramsetti; Lavanya Dampanaboina; Venugopal Mendu; Satyanarayana Battula. Synergistic factors ensue high expediency in the synthesis of menaquinone [K2] analogue MK-6: Application to access an efficient one-pot protocol to MK-9. Tetrahedron 2020, 76, 131696 .

AMA Style

Nanaji Yerramsetti, Lavanya Dampanaboina, Venugopal Mendu, Satyanarayana Battula. Synergistic factors ensue high expediency in the synthesis of menaquinone [K2] analogue MK-6: Application to access an efficient one-pot protocol to MK-9. Tetrahedron. 2020; 76 (49):131696.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nanaji Yerramsetti; Lavanya Dampanaboina; Venugopal Mendu; Satyanarayana Battula. 2020. "Synergistic factors ensue high expediency in the synthesis of menaquinone [K2] analogue MK-6: Application to access an efficient one-pot protocol to MK-9." Tetrahedron 76, no. 49: 131696.

Journal article
Published: 28 August 2019 in BMC Plant Biology
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Male sterility has tremendous scientific and economic importance in hybrid seed production. Identification and characterization of a stable male sterility gene will be highly beneficial for making hybrid seed production economically feasible. In soybean, eleven male-sterile, female-fertile mutant lines (ms1, ms2, ms3, ms4, ms5, ms6, ms7, ms8, ms9, msMOS, and msp) have been identified and mapped onto various soybean chromosomes, however the causal genes responsible for male sterility are not isolated. The objective of this study was to identify and functionally characterize the gene responsible for the male sterility in the ms4 mutant. The ms4 locus was fine mapped to a 216 kb region, which contains 23 protein-coding genes including Glyma.02G243200, an ortholog of Arabidopsis MALE MEIOCYTE DEATH 1 (MMD1), which is a Plant Homeodomain (PHD) protein involved in male fertility. Isolation and sequencing of Glyma.02G243200 from the ms4 mutant line showed a single base insertion in the 3rd exon causing a premature stop codon resulting in truncated protein production. Phylogenetic analysis showed presence of a homolog protein (MS4_homolog) encoded by the Glyma.14G212300 gene. Both proteins were clustered within legume-specific clade of the phylogenetic tree and were likely the result of segmental duplication during the paleoploidization events in soybean. The comparative expression analysis of Ms4 and Ms4_homologs across the soybean developmental and reproductive stages showed significantly higher expression of Ms4 in early flowering (flower bud differentiation) stage than its homolog. The functional complementation of Arabidopsis mmd1 mutant with the soybean Ms4 gene produced normal stamens, successful tetrad formation, fertile pollens and viable seeds, whereas the Ms4_homolog was not able to restore male fertility. Overall, this is the first report, where map based cloning approach was employed to isolate and characterize a gene responsible for the male-sterile phenotype in soybean. Characterization of male sterility genes may facilitate the establishment of a stable male sterility system, highly desired for the viability of hybrid seed production in soybean. Additionally, translational genomics and genome editing technologies can be utilized to generate new male-sterile lines in other plant species.

ACS Style

Sandi Win Thu; Krishan Mohan Rai; Devinder Sandhu; Alex Rajangam; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Reid G. Palmer; Venugopal Mendu. Mutation in a PHD-finger protein MS4 causes male sterility in soybean. BMC Plant Biology 2019, 19, 378 -12.

AMA Style

Sandi Win Thu, Krishan Mohan Rai, Devinder Sandhu, Alex Rajangam, Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Reid G. Palmer, Venugopal Mendu. Mutation in a PHD-finger protein MS4 causes male sterility in soybean. BMC Plant Biology. 2019; 19 (1):378-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sandi Win Thu; Krishan Mohan Rai; Devinder Sandhu; Alex Rajangam; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Reid G. Palmer; Venugopal Mendu. 2019. "Mutation in a PHD-finger protein MS4 causes male sterility in soybean." BMC Plant Biology 19, no. 1: 378-12.

Journal article
Published: 20 June 2019 in Plant Physiology
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Cellulose synthesis is precisely regulated by internal and external cues, and emerging evidence suggests that light regulates cellulose biosynthesis through specific light receptors. Recently, the blue light receptor CRYPTOCHROME 1 (CRY1) was shown to positively regulate secondary cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we characterize the role of FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX 1 (FKF1), another blue light receptor and well-known photoperiodic flowering time regulator, in cellulose biosynthesis. A phenotype suppression screen using a cellulose deficient mutant cesa1aegeus,cesa3ixr1-2 (c1,c3), which carries nonlethal point mutations in CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A 1 (CESA1) and CESA3, resulted in identification of the phenotype-restoring large leaf (llf) mutant. Next-generation mapping using the whole genome resequencing method identified the llf locus as FKF1. FKF1 was confirmed as the causal gene through observation of the llf phenotype in an independent triple mutant c1,c3,fkf1-t carrying a FKF1 T-DNA insertion mutant. Moreover, overexpression of FKF1 in llf plants restored the c1,c3 phenotype. The fkf1 mutants showed significant increases in cellulose content and CESA gene expression compared with that in wild-type Columbia-0 plants, suggesting a negative role of FKF1 in cellulose biosynthesis. Using genetic, molecular, and phenocopy and biochemical evidence, we have firmly established the role of FKF1 in regulation of cellulose biosynthesis. In addition, CESA expression analysis showed that diurnal expression patterns of CESAs are FKF1 independent, whereas their circadian expression patterns are FKF1 dependent. Overall, our work establishes a role of FKF1 in the regulation of cell wall biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.

ACS Style

Ning Yuan; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Ratan Chopra; Venugopal Mendu. The Photoperiodic Flowering Time Regulator FKF1 Negatively Regulates Cellulose Biosynthesis. Plant Physiology 2019, 180, 2240 -2253.

AMA Style

Ning Yuan, Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Ratan Chopra, Venugopal Mendu. The Photoperiodic Flowering Time Regulator FKF1 Negatively Regulates Cellulose Biosynthesis. Plant Physiology. 2019; 180 (4):2240-2253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ning Yuan; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Ratan Chopra; Venugopal Mendu. 2019. "The Photoperiodic Flowering Time Regulator FKF1 Negatively Regulates Cellulose Biosynthesis." Plant Physiology 180, no. 4: 2240-2253.

Review
Published: 03 June 2019 in Toxins
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Aflatoxin is considered a “hidden poison” due to its slow and adverse effect on various biological pathways in humans, particularly among children, in whom it leads to delayed development, stunted growth, liver damage, and liver cancer. Unfortunately, the unpredictable behavior of the fungus as well as climatic conditions pose serious challenges in precise phenotyping, genetic prediction and genetic improvement, leaving the complete onus of preventing aflatoxin contamination in crops on post-harvest management. Equipping popular crop varieties with genetic resistance to aflatoxin is key to effective lowering of infection in farmer’s fields. A combination of genetic resistance for in vitro seed colonization (IVSC), pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination (PAC) and aflatoxin production together with pre- and post-harvest management may provide a sustainable solution to aflatoxin contamination. In this context, modern “omics” approaches, including next-generation genomics technologies, can provide improved and decisive information and genetic solutions. Preventing contamination will not only drastically boost the consumption and trade of the crops and products across nations/regions, but more importantly, stave off deleterious health problems among consumers across the globe.

ACS Style

Manish K. Pandey; Rakesh Kumar; Arun K. Pandey; Pooja Soni; Sunil S. Gangurde; Hari K. Sudini; Jake C. Fountain; Boshou Liao; Haile Desmae; Patrick Okori; Xiaoping Chen; Huifang Jiang; Venugopal Mendu; Hamidou Falalou; Samuel Njoroge; James Mwololo; Baozhu Guo; Weijian Zhuang; Xingjun Wang; Xuanqiang Liang; Rajeev K. Varshney. Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices. Toxins 2019, 11, 315 .

AMA Style

Manish K. Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, Arun K. Pandey, Pooja Soni, Sunil S. Gangurde, Hari K. Sudini, Jake C. Fountain, Boshou Liao, Haile Desmae, Patrick Okori, Xiaoping Chen, Huifang Jiang, Venugopal Mendu, Hamidou Falalou, Samuel Njoroge, James Mwololo, Baozhu Guo, Weijian Zhuang, Xingjun Wang, Xuanqiang Liang, Rajeev K. Varshney. Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices. Toxins. 2019; 11 (6):315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manish K. Pandey; Rakesh Kumar; Arun K. Pandey; Pooja Soni; Sunil S. Gangurde; Hari K. Sudini; Jake C. Fountain; Boshou Liao; Haile Desmae; Patrick Okori; Xiaoping Chen; Huifang Jiang; Venugopal Mendu; Hamidou Falalou; Samuel Njoroge; James Mwololo; Baozhu Guo; Weijian Zhuang; Xingjun Wang; Xuanqiang Liang; Rajeev K. Varshney. 2019. "Mitigating Aflatoxin Contamination in Groundnut through A Combination of Genetic Resistance and Post-Harvest Management Practices." Toxins 11, no. 6: 315.

Journal article
Published: 12 December 2018 in BMC Plant Biology
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Auxin-induced genes regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. The Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) gene family, one of three major early auxin-responsive families, is ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and its members function as regulators in modulating hormonal homeostasis, and stress adaptations. Specific Auxin-amido synthetase activity of GH3 subfamily II genes is reported to reversibly inactivate or fully degrade excess auxin through the formation of amino acid conjugates. Despite these crucial roles, to date, genome-wide analysis of the GH3 gene family has not been reported in cotton. We identified a total of 10 GH3 subfamily II genes in G. arboreum, 10 in G. raimondii, and 20 in G. hirsutum, respectively. Bioinformatic analysis showed that cotton GH3 genes are conserved with the established GH3s in plants. Expression pattern analysis based on RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR revealed that 20 GhGH3 genes were differentially expressed in a temporally and spatially specific manner, indicating their diverse functions in growth and development. We further summarized the organization of promoter regulatory elements and monitored their responsiveness to treatment with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid), SA (salicylic acid), GA (gibberellic acid) and BL (brassinolide) by qRT-PCR in roots and stems. These hormones seemed to regulate the expression of GH3 genes in both a positive and a negative manner while certain members likely have higher sensitivity to all four hormones. Further, we tested the expression of GhGH3 genes in the BR-deficient mutant pag1 and the corresponding wild-type (WT) of CCRI24. The altered expression reflected the true responsiveness to BL and further suggested possible reasons, at least in part, responsible for the dramatic dwarf and shriveled phenotypes of pag1. We comprehensively identified GH3 subfamily II genes in cotton. GhGH3s are differentially expressed in various tissues/organs/stages. Their response to IAA, SA, BL and GA and altered expression in pag1 suggest that some GhGH3 genes might be simultaneously involved in multiple hormone signaling pathways. Taken together, our results suggest that members of the GhGH3 gene family could be possible candidate genes for mechanistic study and applications in cotton fiber development in addition to the reconstruction of plant architecture. The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1545-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ACS Style

Daoqian Yu; Ghulam Qanmber; Lili Lu; Lingling Wang; Jie Li; Zhaoen Yang; Zhao Liu; Yi Li; Quanjia Chen; Venugopal Mendu; Fuguang Li; Zuoren Yang. Genome-wide analysis of cotton GH3 subfamily II reveals functional divergence in fiber development, hormone response and plant architecture. BMC Plant Biology 2018, 18, 350 .

AMA Style

Daoqian Yu, Ghulam Qanmber, Lili Lu, Lingling Wang, Jie Li, Zhaoen Yang, Zhao Liu, Yi Li, Quanjia Chen, Venugopal Mendu, Fuguang Li, Zuoren Yang. Genome-wide analysis of cotton GH3 subfamily II reveals functional divergence in fiber development, hormone response and plant architecture. BMC Plant Biology. 2018; 18 (1):350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Daoqian Yu; Ghulam Qanmber; Lili Lu; Lingling Wang; Jie Li; Zhaoen Yang; Zhao Liu; Yi Li; Quanjia Chen; Venugopal Mendu; Fuguang Li; Zuoren Yang. 2018. "Genome-wide analysis of cotton GH3 subfamily II reveals functional divergence in fiber development, hormone response and plant architecture." BMC Plant Biology 18, no. 1: 350.

Journal article
Published: 06 September 2018 in BMC Plant Biology
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As one of the largest subfamilies of the receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) in plants, Leucine Rich Repeats-RLKs (LRR-RLKs) are involved in many critical biological processes including growth, development and stress responses in addition to various physiological roles. Arabidopsis contains 234 LRR-RLKs, and four members of Stress Induced Factor (SIF) subfamily (AtSIF1-AtSIF4) which are involved in abiotic and biotic stress responses. Herein, we aimed at identification and functional characterization of SIF subfamily in cultivated tetraploid cotton Gossypium hirsutum. Genome-wide analysis of cotton LRR-RLK gene family identified 543 members and phylogenetic analysis led to the identification of 6 cotton LRR-RLKs with high homology to Arabidopsis SIFs. Of the six SIF homologs, GhSIF1 is highly conserved exhibiting 46–47% of homology with AtSIF subfamily in amino acid sequence. The GhSIF1 was transiently silenced using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing system specifically targeting the 3’ Untranslated Region. The transiently silenced cotton seedlings showed enhanced salt tolerance compared to the control plants. Further, the transiently silenced plants showed better growth, lower electrolyte leakage, and higher chlorophyll and biomass contents. Overall, 543 LRR-RLK genes were identified using genome-wide analysis in cultivated tetraploid cotton G. hirsutum. The present investigation also demonstrated the conserved salt tolerance function of SIF family member in cotton. The GhSIF1 gene can be knocked out using genome editing technologies to improve salt tolerance in cotton. The online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-018-1395-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ACS Style

Ning Yuan; Krishan Mohan Rai; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Santosh Kumar Upadhyay; Hong Luo; Venugopal Mendu. Genome-wide identification and characterization of LRR-RLKs reveal functional conservation of the SIF subfamily in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). BMC Plant Biology 2018, 18, 185 .

AMA Style

Ning Yuan, Krishan Mohan Rai, Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Hong Luo, Venugopal Mendu. Genome-wide identification and characterization of LRR-RLKs reveal functional conservation of the SIF subfamily in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). BMC Plant Biology. 2018; 18 (1):185.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ning Yuan; Krishan Mohan Rai; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Santosh Kumar Upadhyay; Hong Luo; Venugopal Mendu. 2018. "Genome-wide identification and characterization of LRR-RLKs reveal functional conservation of the SIF subfamily in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)." BMC Plant Biology 18, no. 1: 185.

Preprint
Published: 16 August 2018
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Aflatoxins, which have been classified as a group-1 carcinogen are the well-known mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. Aflatoxins have been linked to liver diseases, acute hepatic necrosis, resulting in cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinomas due to which it incurs a loss of value in international trade for peanuts contaminated with it. The four main aflatoxins are B1, B2, G1, and G2 of which B1 is predominant. In plants, the cell wall is the primary barrier against pathogen invasion. Cell wall fortifications such as deposition of callose, cellulose, lignin, phenolic compounds and structural proteins help to prevent the pathogen infection. Further, the host cell’s ability to rapidly repair and reinforce its cell walls will result in a reduction of the penetration efficiency of the pathogen. Peanut seed coat acts as a physical and biochemical cell wall barrier against both pre and post-harvest pathogen infection. The structure of seed coat and the presence of polyphenol compounds have been reported to inhibit the growth of A. flavus, however, not successfully employed to develop A. flavus resistance in peanut. A comprehensive understanding of peanut seed coat development and biochemistry will provide information to design efficient strategies for the seed coat mediated A. flavus resistance and Aflatoxin contamination.

ACS Style

Chrstopher J. Cobos; Theophilus K. Tengey; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Lindsay D. Williams; Hari Kishan Sudini; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hamidou Falalou; Mark D. Burow; Venugopal Mendu. Employing Peanut Seed Coat Cell Wall Mediated Resistance Against Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination. 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Chrstopher J. Cobos, Theophilus K. Tengey, Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Lindsay D. Williams, Hari Kishan Sudini, Rajeev K. Varshney, Hamidou Falalou, Mark D. Burow, Venugopal Mendu. Employing Peanut Seed Coat Cell Wall Mediated Resistance Against Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination. . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chrstopher J. Cobos; Theophilus K. Tengey; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Lindsay D. Williams; Hari Kishan Sudini; Rajeev K. Varshney; Hamidou Falalou; Mark D. Burow; Venugopal Mendu. 2018. "Employing Peanut Seed Coat Cell Wall Mediated Resistance Against Aspergillus flavus Infection and Aflatoxin Contamination." , no. : 1.

Article
Published: 29 June 2018 in Euphytica
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The Texas High Plains often has extended periods between rainfall events, which can lead to a reduction in the yield and fiber quality of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). It is known that cultivated cotton suffers from low levels of genetic diversity due to the over-use in breeding of similar gene pools, which may hinder breeding for drought tolerance. In this study, for the first time the novel variability or genetic diversity of morphological and agronomic traits possibly created by the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) was evaluated to improve drought tolerance in cotton by traits’ response to different irrigation regimes. EMS is a chemical mutagen that has been shown to cause point mutations in the DNA of many model plants and crop species. Three EMS treated lines were advanced from the M1 to M4 generation as bulk-harvested populations. A diverse selection scheme was applied to capture most of the genetic trait-variability or diversity and superior lines in these populations. In 2014–2016 the diversity of these populations was evaluated based on four agronomic and thirteen morphological traits to determine differences in response to multiple irrigation rates. Analyses of these traits showed statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences between and within populations when compared to the original non-treated EMS source, with most of the variability being observed in the high irrigation rate. However, none of the EMS treated populations had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better lint yield than the commercial cultivar (control) in 2016. EMS yield performance was possibly constrained by the applied diverse selection scheme of this study. Traits such as total number of bolls, bolls retained at node 7 and below, and those retained between nodes 8 and 12, and bolls retained at node of first fruiting branch may be predictors to improve cotton production (yield) in water limiting environments.

ACS Style

Travis W. Witt; Mauricio Ulloa; Mathew G. Pelletier; Venugopal Mendu; Glen L. Ritchie. Exploring ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to improve drought tolerance. Euphytica 2018, 214, 123 .

AMA Style

Travis W. Witt, Mauricio Ulloa, Mathew G. Pelletier, Venugopal Mendu, Glen L. Ritchie. Exploring ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to improve drought tolerance. Euphytica. 2018; 214 (7):123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Travis W. Witt; Mauricio Ulloa; Mathew G. Pelletier; Venugopal Mendu; Glen L. Ritchie. 2018. "Exploring ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) treated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to improve drought tolerance." Euphytica 214, no. 7: 123.

Review article
Published: 11 April 2018 in Frontiers in Plant Science
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Plant photosynthetic pigments are important in harvesting the light energy and transfer of energy during photosynthesis. There are several yellow foliar mutants discovered in soybean and chromosomal locations for about half of them have been deduced. Viable-yellow mutants are capable of surviving with decreased photosynthesis, while lethal-yellow mutants die shortly after germination. In addition to the decreased chlorophyll content, other features associated with yellow mutants include altered Chl a and Chl b ratio, reduction in chloroplast size and number, lower levels of other photosynthetic pigments, inability of thylakoids to stack into granum, lack of lamellae to interconnect granum and reduced size of the light harvesting complex. For some yellow mutants, temperature and/or light play a critical role in the manifestation of phenotype. Although yellow foliar mutants are viewed as undesirable for crop production, there is the possibility of these mutants to create a positive impact by reducing the total amount of chlorophyll and diverting resources toward increased biochemical photosynthetic capacity leading to increased yield. Recent advances in model plants led to the isolation and characterization of various genes associated with yellow foliar phenotype. Knowledge gained from the model plants can be applied using homology based cloning approach to isolate genes in soybean and understanding the modes of actions of the involved proteins. Identifying and characterizing yellow foliar mutants will not only aid in understanding the biosynthetic pathways involved in the photosynthetic machinery, but may also provide ways to increase soybean productivity.

ACS Style

Devinder Sandhu; Zachary Coleman; Taylor Atkinson; Krishan M. Rai; Venugopal Mendu. Genetics and Physiology of the Nuclearly Inherited Yellow Foliar Mutants in Soybean. Frontiers in Plant Science 2018, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Devinder Sandhu, Zachary Coleman, Taylor Atkinson, Krishan M. Rai, Venugopal Mendu. Genetics and Physiology of the Nuclearly Inherited Yellow Foliar Mutants in Soybean. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018; 9 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Devinder Sandhu; Zachary Coleman; Taylor Atkinson; Krishan M. Rai; Venugopal Mendu. 2018. "Genetics and Physiology of the Nuclearly Inherited Yellow Foliar Mutants in Soybean." Frontiers in Plant Science 9, no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 20 February 2018 in Plant Physiology
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Protein kinases play fundamental roles in plant development and environmental stress responses. Here, we identified the STRESS INDUCED FACTOR (SIF) gene family, which encodes four leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The four genes, SIF1 to SIF4, are clustered in the genome and highly conserved, but they have temporally and spatially distinct expression patterns. We employed Arabidopsis SIF knockout mutants and overexpression transgenics to examine SIF involvement during plant pathogen defense. SIF genes are rapidly induced by biotic or abiotic stresses, and SIF proteins localize to the plasma membrane. Simultaneous knockout of SIF1 and SIF2 led to improved plant salt tolerance, whereas SIF2 overexpression enhanced PAMP-triggered immunity and prompted basal plant defenses, significantly improving pathogen resistance. Furthermore, SIF2 overexpression plants exhibited up-regulated expression of the defense-related genes WRKY53 and flg22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1 as well as enhanced MPK3/MPK6 phosphorylation upon pathogen and elicitor treatments. The expression of the calcium signaling-related gene PHOSPHATE-INDUCED1 also was enhanced in the SIF2-overexpressing lines upon pathogen inoculation but repressed in the sif2 mutants. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation demonstrates that the BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 protein is a coreceptor of the SIF2 kinase in the signal transduction pathway during pathogen invasion. These findings characterize a stress-responsive protein kinase family and illustrate how SIF2 modulates signal transduction for effective plant pathogenic defense.

ACS Style

Ning Yuan; Shuangrong Yuan; Zhigang Li; Man Zhou; Peipei Wu; Qian Hu; Venugopal Mendu; Liangjiang Wang; Hong Luo. STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2, a Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase Regulates Basal Plant Pathogen Defense. Plant Physiology 2018, 176, 3062 -3080.

AMA Style

Ning Yuan, Shuangrong Yuan, Zhigang Li, Man Zhou, Peipei Wu, Qian Hu, Venugopal Mendu, Liangjiang Wang, Hong Luo. STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2, a Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase Regulates Basal Plant Pathogen Defense. Plant Physiology. 2018; 176 (4):3062-3080.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ning Yuan; Shuangrong Yuan; Zhigang Li; Man Zhou; Peipei Wu; Qian Hu; Venugopal Mendu; Liangjiang Wang; Hong Luo. 2018. "STRESS INDUCED FACTOR 2, a Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase Regulates Basal Plant Pathogen Defense." Plant Physiology 176, no. 4: 3062-3080.

Research article
Published: 18 January 2018 in Sugar Tech
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The non-renewability and greenhouse gas emission nature of crude oil led to the use of renewable plant-based biofuels as alternative energy. Sweet sorghum offers one of the best plant-based bioethanol production from its sugary stalk. Identification and mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with sugar-related traits in sorghum is a crucial step toward the improvement of the sugar content of the crop. The present study was carried out to identify and map QTLs associated with °Brix, stalk diameter and plant height using F2:3 segregating mapping populations derived from a cross between grain sorghum (Sorcoll 163) and sweet sorghum (Gambella). Phenotypic evaluation was conducted in two different environments. A genetic map was constructed using 192 F2 populations genotyped using 76 SSR markers. Estimated heritability for °Brix, stem diameter and plant height amounted to 0.88, 0.41 and 0.65, respectively. A total of seven QTLs distributed across five linkage groups that controls °Brix content were detected using Inclusive Composite Interval Mapping. Each QTL contributed 17.2–44.3% of the total phenotypic variation. The two QTLs located on linkage group SBI-05 and SBI-06 repeated in both environments. These QTLs can be the target of the breeding programs in the future due to high heritability as well as stability in two different environments. The number of SSR markers used in present study is relatively fewer and fine mapping of the target regions should be considered in order to further dissecting the region. All the detected QTLs in this study are categorized as major QTLs, and it could be used further in sweet sorghum improvement program.

ACS Style

Tesfaye Disasa; Tileye Feyissa; Belayneh Admassu; Masresha Fetene; Venugopal Mendu. Mapping of QTLs Associated with °Brix and Biomass-Related Traits in Sorghum Using SSR Markers. Sugar Tech 2018, 20, 275 -285.

AMA Style

Tesfaye Disasa, Tileye Feyissa, Belayneh Admassu, Masresha Fetene, Venugopal Mendu. Mapping of QTLs Associated with °Brix and Biomass-Related Traits in Sorghum Using SSR Markers. Sugar Tech. 2018; 20 (3):275-285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tesfaye Disasa; Tileye Feyissa; Belayneh Admassu; Masresha Fetene; Venugopal Mendu. 2018. "Mapping of QTLs Associated with °Brix and Biomass-Related Traits in Sorghum Using SSR Markers." Sugar Tech 20, no. 3: 275-285.

Journal article
Published: 20 May 2017 in Australian Journal of Crop Science
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Tesfaye Disasa; Tileye Feyissa; Belayneh Admassu; Masresha Fetene; Santie M. Devillers; Venugopal Mendu. Screening, compiling and validation of informative microsatellite sets for marker-assisted breeding of key Ethiopian sorghum cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science 2017, 11, 557 -566.

AMA Style

Tesfaye Disasa, Tileye Feyissa, Belayneh Admassu, Masresha Fetene, Santie M. Devillers, Venugopal Mendu. Screening, compiling and validation of informative microsatellite sets for marker-assisted breeding of key Ethiopian sorghum cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2017; 11 (5):557-566.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tesfaye Disasa; Tileye Feyissa; Belayneh Admassu; Masresha Fetene; Santie M. Devillers; Venugopal Mendu. 2017. "Screening, compiling and validation of informative microsatellite sets for marker-assisted breeding of key Ethiopian sorghum cultivars." Australian Journal of Crop Science 11, no. 5: 557-566.

Journal article
Published: 29 September 2016 in Scientific Reports
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The single-celled cotton fibers, produced from seed coat epidermal cells are the largest natural source of textile fibers. The economic value of cotton fiber lies in its length and quality. The multifunctional laccase enzymes play important roles in cell elongation, lignification and pigmentation in plants and could play crucial role in cotton fiber quality. Genome-wide analysis of cultivated allotetraploid (G. hirsutum) and its progenitor diploid (G. arboreum and G. raimondii) cotton species identified 84, 44 and 46 laccase genes, respectively. Analysis of chromosomal location, phylogeny, conserved domain and physical properties showed highly conserved nature of laccases across three cotton species. Gene expression, enzymatic activity and biochemical analysis of developing cotton fibers was performed using G. arboreum species. Of the total 44, 40 laccases showed expression during different stages of fiber development. The higher enzymatic activity of laccases correlated with higher lignin content at 25 DPA (Days Post Anthesis). Further, analysis of cotton fiber phenolic compounds showed an overall decrease at 25 DPA indicating possible incorporation of these substrates into lignin polymer during secondary cell wall biosynthesis. Overall data indicate significant roles of laccases in cotton fiber development, and presents an excellent opportunity for manipulation of fiber development and quality.

ACS Style

Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Krishan Mohan Rai; Sandi Win Thu; Mei Mei Hii; Venugopal Mendu. Genome-wide identification of multifunctional laccase gene family in cotton (Gossypium spp.); expression and biochemical analysis during fiber development. Scientific Reports 2016, 6, 34309 .

AMA Style

Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Krishan Mohan Rai, Sandi Win Thu, Mei Mei Hii, Venugopal Mendu. Genome-wide identification of multifunctional laccase gene family in cotton (Gossypium spp.); expression and biochemical analysis during fiber development. Scientific Reports. 2016; 6 (1):34309.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Krishan Mohan Rai; Sandi Win Thu; Mei Mei Hii; Venugopal Mendu. 2016. "Genome-wide identification of multifunctional laccase gene family in cotton (Gossypium spp.); expression and biochemical analysis during fiber development." Scientific Reports 6, no. 1: 34309.

Original research article
Published: 22 September 2016 in Frontiers in Plant Science
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The leucine rich repeat receptor like kinases (LRRK) constitute the largest subfamily of receptor like kinases (RLK), which play critical roles in plant development and stress responses. Herein, we identified 531 TaLRRK genes in Triticum aestivum (bread wheat), which were distributed throughout the A, B, and D sub-genomes and chromosomes. These were clustered into 233 homologous groups, which were mostly located on either homeologous chromosomes from various sub-genomes or in proximity on the same chromosome. A total of 255 paralogous genes were predicted which depicted the role of duplication events in expansion of this gene family. Majority of TaLRRKs consisted of trans-membrane region and localized on plasma-membrane. The TaLRRKs were further categorized into eight phylogenetic groups with numerous subgroups on the basis of sequence homology. The gene and protein structure in terms of exon/intron ratio, domains and motifs organization were found to be variably conserved across the different phylogenetic groups/subgroups, which indicated a potential divergence and neofunctionalization during evolution. High-throughput transcriptome data and quantitative real time PCR analyses in various developmental stages, and biotic and abiotic (heat, drought and salt) stresses provided insight into modus operandi of TaLRRKs during these conditions. Distinct expression of majority of stress responsive TaLRRKs homologous genes suggested their specified role in a particular condition. These results provided a comprehensive analysis of various characteristic features including functional divergence, which may provide the way for future functional characterization of this important gene family in bread wheat.

ACS Style

Null Shumayla; Shailesh Sharma; Rohit Kumar; Venugopal Mendu; Kashmir Singh; Santosh K. Upadhyay. Genomic Dissection and Expression Profiling Revealed Functional Divergence in Triticum aestivum Leucine Rich Repeat Receptor Like Kinases (TaLRRKs). Frontiers in Plant Science 2016, 7, 1374 -1374.

AMA Style

Null Shumayla, Shailesh Sharma, Rohit Kumar, Venugopal Mendu, Kashmir Singh, Santosh K. Upadhyay. Genomic Dissection and Expression Profiling Revealed Functional Divergence in Triticum aestivum Leucine Rich Repeat Receptor Like Kinases (TaLRRKs). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016; 7 ():1374-1374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Null Shumayla; Shailesh Sharma; Rohit Kumar; Venugopal Mendu; Kashmir Singh; Santosh K. Upadhyay. 2016. "Genomic Dissection and Expression Profiling Revealed Functional Divergence in Triticum aestivum Leucine Rich Repeat Receptor Like Kinases (TaLRRKs)." Frontiers in Plant Science 7, no. : 1374-1374.

Original research article
Published: 31 August 2016 in Frontiers in Plant Science
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Biomass based alternative fuels offer a solution to the world’s ever-increasing energy demand. With the ability to produce high biomass in marginal lands with low inputs, sorghum has a great potential to meet second-generation biofuel needs. Despite the sorghum crop importance in biofuel and fodder industry, there is no comprehensive information available on the cell wall related genes and gene families (biosynthetic and modification). It is important to identify the cell wall related genes to understand the cell wall biosynthetic process as well as to facilitate biomass manipulation. Genome-wide analysis using gene family specific Hidden Markov Model of conserved domains identified 520 genes distributed among 20 gene families related to biosynthesis/modification of various cell wall polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and lignin. Chromosomal localization analysis of these genes revealed that about 65% of cell wall related genes were confined to four chromosomes (Chr. 1-4). Further, 53 tandem duplication events involving 146 genes were identified in these gene families which could be associated with expansion of genes within families in sorghum. Additionally, we also identified 137 Simple Sequence Repeats related to 112 genes and target sites for 10 miRNAs in some important families such as cellulose synthase, cellulose synthase-like and laccases, etc. To gain further insight into potential functional roles, expression analysis of these gene families was performed using publicly available data sets in various tissues and under abiotic stress conditions. Expression analysis showed tissue specificity as well as differential expression under abiotic stress conditions. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive information on cell wall related genes families in sorghum which offers a valuable resource to develop strategies for altering biomass composition by plant breeding and genetic engineering approaches.

ACS Style

Krishan Mohan Rai; Sandi W. Thu; Vimal K. Balasubramanian; Christopher J. Cobos; Tesfaye Disasa; Venugopal Mendu. Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Cell Wall Related Genes in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a Food, Fodder, and Biofuel Crop. Frontiers in Plant Science 2016, 7, 1287 .

AMA Style

Krishan Mohan Rai, Sandi W. Thu, Vimal K. Balasubramanian, Christopher J. Cobos, Tesfaye Disasa, Venugopal Mendu. Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Cell Wall Related Genes in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a Food, Fodder, and Biofuel Crop. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016; 7 ():1287.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krishan Mohan Rai; Sandi W. Thu; Vimal K. Balasubramanian; Christopher J. Cobos; Tesfaye Disasa; Venugopal Mendu. 2016. "Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of Cell Wall Related Genes in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, a Food, Fodder, and Biofuel Crop." Frontiers in Plant Science 7, no. : 1287.

Journal article
Published: 09 May 2016 in PLoS ONE
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Vitellogenin (Vg) plays vital role in oocytes and embryo development in insects. Vg is synthesized in the fat body, moves through haemolymph and accumulates in oocytes. Vitellogenin receptors (VgR) present on the surface of oocytes, are responsible for Vg transportation from haemolymph to oocytes. Here, we cloned and characterized these genes from Bemisia tabaci Asia1 (BtA1) species. The cloned BtA1Vg and BtA1VgR genes consisted of 6,330 and 5,430 bp long open reading frames, which encoded 2,109 and 1,809 amino acid (AA) residues long protein. The BtA1Vg protein comprised LPD_N, DUF1943 and VWFD domains, typical R/KXXR/K, DGXR and GL/ICG motifs, and polyserine tracts. BtA1VgR protein contained 12 LDLa, 10 LDLb and 7 EGF domains, and a trans-membrane and cytoplasmic region at C-terminus. Phylogenetic analyses indicated evolutionary association of BtA1Vg and BtA1VgR with the homologous proteins from various insect species. Silencing of BtA1VgR by siRNA did not affect the transcript level of BtA1Vg. However, BtA1Vg protein accumulation in oocytes was directly influenced with the expression level of BtA1VgR. Further, BtA1VgR silencing caused significant mortality and reduced fecundity in adult whiteflies. The results established the role of BtA1VgR in transportation of BtA1Vg in oocytes. Further, these proteins are essential for fecundity, and therefore these can be potential RNAi targets for insect control in crop plants.

ACS Style

Santosh Kumar Upadhyay; Harpal Singh; Sameer Dixit; Venugopal Mendu; Praveen C. Verma. Molecular Characterization of Vitellogenin and Vitellogenin Receptor of Bemisia tabaci. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0155306 -e0155306.

AMA Style

Santosh Kumar Upadhyay, Harpal Singh, Sameer Dixit, Venugopal Mendu, Praveen C. Verma. Molecular Characterization of Vitellogenin and Vitellogenin Receptor of Bemisia tabaci. PLoS ONE. 2016; 11 (5):e0155306-e0155306.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Santosh Kumar Upadhyay; Harpal Singh; Sameer Dixit; Venugopal Mendu; Praveen C. Verma. 2016. "Molecular Characterization of Vitellogenin and Vitellogenin Receptor of Bemisia tabaci." PLoS ONE 11, no. 5: e0155306-e0155306.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in BMC Plant Biology
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The plant cell wall serves as a primary barrier against pathogen invasion. The success of a plant pathogen largely depends on its ability to overcome this barrier. During the infection process, plant parasitic nematodes secrete cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) apart from piercing with their stylet, a sharp and hard mouthpart used for successful infection. CWDEs typically consist of cellulases, hemicellulases, and pectinases, which help the nematode to infect and establish the feeding structure or form a cyst. The study of nematode cell wall degrading enzymes not only enhance our understanding of the interaction between nematodes and their host, but also provides information on a novel source of enzymes for their potential use in biomass based biofuel/bioproduct industries. Although there is comprehensive information available on genome wide analysis of CWDEs for bacteria, fungi, termites and plants, but no comprehensive information available for plant pathogenic nematodes. Herein we have performed a genome wide analysis of CWDEs from the genome sequenced phyto pathogenic nematode species and developed a comprehensive publicly available database. In the present study, we have performed a genome wide analysis for the presence of CWDEs from five plant parasitic nematode species with fully sequenced genomes covering three genera viz. Bursaphelenchus, Glorodera and Meloidogyne. Using the Hidden Markov Models (HMM) conserved domain profiles of the respective gene families, we have identified 530 genes encoding CWDEs that are distributed among 24 gene families of glycoside hydrolases (412) and polysaccharide lyases (118). Furthermore, expression profiles of these genes were analyzed across the life cycle of a potato cyst nematode. Most genes were found to have moderate to high expression from early to late infectious stages, while some clusters were invasion stage specific, indicating the role of these enzymes in the nematode's infection and establishment process. Additionally, we have also developed a Nematode's Plant Cell Wall Degrading Enzyme (NCWDE) database as a platform to provide a comprehensive outcome of the present study. Our study provides collective information about different families of CWDEs from five different sequenced plant pathogenic nematode species. The outcomes of this study will help in developing better strategies to curtail the nematode infection, as well as help in identification of novel cell wall degrading enzymes for biofuel/bioproduct industries.

ACS Style

Krishan Mohan Rai; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Cassie Marie Welker; Mingxiong Pang; Mei Mei Hii; Venugopal Mendu. Genome wide comprehensive analysis and web resource development on cell wall degrading enzymes from phyto-parasitic nematodes. BMC Plant Biology 2015, 15, 187 .

AMA Style

Krishan Mohan Rai, Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian, Cassie Marie Welker, Mingxiong Pang, Mei Mei Hii, Venugopal Mendu. Genome wide comprehensive analysis and web resource development on cell wall degrading enzymes from phyto-parasitic nematodes. BMC Plant Biology. 2015; 15 (1):187.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Krishan Mohan Rai; Vimal Kumar Balasubramanian; Cassie Marie Welker; Mingxiong Pang; Mei Mei Hii; Venugopal Mendu. 2015. "Genome wide comprehensive analysis and web resource development on cell wall degrading enzymes from phyto-parasitic nematodes." BMC Plant Biology 15, no. 1: 187.