The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is used as an embryonic and larval model to perform in vitro experiments and developmental toxicity studies. Zebrafish may be used to determine the toxicity of samples in early screening assays, often in a high-throughput manner. The zebrafish embryotoxicity model is at the leading edge of toxicology research due to the short time required for analyses, transparency of embryos, short life cycle, high fertility, and genetic data similarity. Zebrafish toxicity studies range from assessing the toxicity of bioactive compounds or crude extracts from plants to determining the optimal process. Most of the studied extracts were polar, such as ethanol, methanol, and aqueous solutions, which were used to detect the toxicity and bioactivity. This review examines the latest research using zebrafish as a study model and highlights its power as a tool for detecting toxicity of medicinal plants and its effectiveness at enhancing the understanding of new drug generation. The goal of this review was to develop a link to ethnopharmacological zebrafish studies that can be used by other researchers to conduct future research.

Coumarin, a naturally occurring compound found in various plants, has a rich history of use in traditional medicine. Recent research has highlighted its anti-inflammatory properties, positioning it as a promising candidate for treating inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease. This narrative review aims to comprehensively summarize the current knowledge regarding coumarin's pharmacological effects in alleviating inflammatory conditions by analyzing preclinical and clinical studies. The review focuses on elucidating the mechanisms through which coumarin exerts its anti-inflammatory effects, including its antioxidant activity, inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and modulation of immune cell functions. Additionally, the paper addresses potential limitations of using coumarin, such as concerns about toxicity at high doses or with prolonged use. Before widespread clinical application, further investigation is needed to fully understand coumarin's potential benefits and risks.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a leading global cause of mortality, necessitating novel biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis. This review explores circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a minimally invasive tool for MI detection, focusing on its mechanistic role, diagnostic accuracy, and potential in personalized medicine. CfDNA levels rise rapidly post-ischemic event, correlating with myocardial damage and complementing troponins. Liquid biopsies using cfDNA enable dynamic monitoring of disease progression, but methodological variability and low concentrations limit its standalone use. Standardizing protocols and integrating cfDNA into multi-marker panels could enhance its clinical utility, positioning it as a transformative cardiovascular diagnostic tool.

Given the potential adverse effects of chemical drugs, utilizing natural products with diverse therapeutic and antimicrobial compounds is advisable. Countries can use indigenous flora from their regions in vegetation for medicinal purposes. Several nations exhibit distinctive indigenous flora owing to their geographic positioning and climatic conditions. These plants have been the subject of our research, which has explored their antimicrobial properties against fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Studies have investigated the therapeutic and antimicrobial effects of plants and their bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Among them are alkaloids, a diverse class of naturally occurring chemicals, such as tropanes, terpenoids, and steroids. Some of these medicinal plants have been found to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in addition to their antimicrobial effects. This chapter explores the antimicrobial potential of alkaloids found in medicinal plants.