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Bikarma Singh
Botanic Garden Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India

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Journal article
Published: 27 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Subtropical and temperate forests are amongst the most threatened habitats of Asia, due to large-scale habitat loss and the fragmentation of landscapes. Inspite of these, the Asiatic regions preserve their endemic biodiversity, and provide a favorable environment for the abundant growth of vegetation. In the Himalayas, many interior regions are still unexplored from a biodiversity perspective, due to remote locations and high snow-clad mountains. In this study, we investigated the unexplored Bani Valley in order to reduce the gap of uninventorized areas of rich biodiversity in the Himalayas and formulate plant conservation and management strategies. Thirteen field expedition tours were undertaken during 2017 and 2020 for data collection in different growing seasons in the study area. All plant species were collected as voucher samples, identified, and deposited in the internationally recognized Janaki Ammal Herbarium (acronym RRLH). GPS points were recorded in order to study the forest types and vegetation components of the study area. A total of 196 plant species belonging to 166 genera and 68 families were identified in Bani Valley, covering a total area of 2651 km2. Approximately 70.62% of the species were native and 29.38% were non-native. In total, 46% of species were Indo-Malayan, followed by 22% Palearctic species. In angiosperms, dicotyledon species (68.37%) dominated. Poales were the most dominant order, with 38 species (19.38%). The most abundant families were Poaceae with 29 species (14.79%), Fabaceae (17, 8.67%), Rosaceae, Cyperaceae, and Asteraceae (9, 4.59% each). The life form analysis showed 50% of species as phanerophytes, followed by therophytes (25.77%). The leaf size spectra show mesophyllous species (34.69%) as the dominant group. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants categorized Ailanthus altissima as endangered (EN), Aegle marmelos and Quercus oblongata as near threatened (NT), Ulmus wallichiana and Plantago lanceolata as vulnerable (VU), Taxus baccata and 75 other species as least concern (LC), and 2 species as data deficient (DD). The remaining 113 species of plants had not been evaluated according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This study will help to shape conservation and management plans for threatened species for future implementation, and will help in biodiversity conservation. This study will serve as a database for future reference materials in terms of biodiversity management.

ACS Style

Sumit Singh; Bikarma Singh; Opender Surmal; Mudasir Bhat; Bishander Singh; Carmelo Musarella. Fragmented Forest Patches in the Indian Himalayas Preserve Unique Components of Biodiversity: Investigation of the Floristic Composition and Phytoclimate of the Unexplored Bani Valley. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6063 .

AMA Style

Sumit Singh, Bikarma Singh, Opender Surmal, Mudasir Bhat, Bishander Singh, Carmelo Musarella. Fragmented Forest Patches in the Indian Himalayas Preserve Unique Components of Biodiversity: Investigation of the Floristic Composition and Phytoclimate of the Unexplored Bani Valley. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6063.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sumit Singh; Bikarma Singh; Opender Surmal; Mudasir Bhat; Bishander Singh; Carmelo Musarella. 2021. "Fragmented Forest Patches in the Indian Himalayas Preserve Unique Components of Biodiversity: Investigation of the Floristic Composition and Phytoclimate of the Unexplored Bani Valley." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6063.

Journal article
Published: 05 May 2021 in Phytotaxa
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Swertia patnitopiansis (Gentianaceae), a new species from Patnitop Hill, North-Western Himalaya, India is described. This new species is morphologically similar to S. cordata but differs in certain characters, which are discussed below. The population mapping and threat assessment was undertaken for the new species and the species classified as Critically Endangered.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh. Swertia patnitopiansis, a new species of Gentianaceae from North-Western Himalaya, India. Phytotaxa 2021, 498, 273 -280.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh. Swertia patnitopiansis, a new species of Gentianaceae from North-Western Himalaya, India. Phytotaxa. 2021; 498 (4):273-280.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh. 2021. "Swertia patnitopiansis, a new species of Gentianaceae from North-Western Himalaya, India." Phytotaxa 498, no. 4: 273-280.

Review article
Published: 06 April 2021 in Journal of Ethnopharmacology
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Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is a medicinal herb of the Asian countries used in many traditional medicinal systems for the treatment of diarrhea, flu, leprosy, leptospirosis, malaria, rabies, upper respiratory infections, sinusitis, syphilis, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS etc. This review aims to provide the comprehensive, accurate and authentic information on traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of various extracts/fractions as well as phytocostituents of A. paniculata. In addition, this review also aims to provide advance and sensitive analytical methods along with chemical markers used in the standardization of herbal products for quality control (QC)/quality assurance (QA). All relevant publications were considered within the years 1983–2020. The publications were searched from Google Scholar, PubChem, Chemspider, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley, Web of Science, China Knowledge Resource Integrated databases and ResearchGate using a combination of various relevant keywords. Besides, relevant published books and chapters were also considered those providing an overview of extant secondary literature related to traditional knowledge, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity of the plant. In this review, 344 compounds, including, terpenoid lactones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenes and volatile compounds were summarized out of which more than half of the compounds have no reported pharmacological activities yet. Terpenoid lactones and flavonoids are the major bioactive classes of compounds of A. paniculata which are responsible for pharmacological activities such as anticancer and antioxidant activities, respectively. Biosynthetic pathways and active sites for target proteins of both terpenoid lactones and flavonoids were considered. Analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifertility, antiinflammatory, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antipyretic, antiviral, antiretroviral, antivenom, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities have been also reported. Andrographolide is a major characteristic active principle and responsible for most of the pharmacological activities. Therefore, andrographolide has been selected as a marker for the standardization of raw and marketed herbal products by TLC, HPTLC, HPLC, GC-MS, HPLC-MS and HPLC-MS/MS methods for QC/QA. Conclusive evidence showed that the pharmacological activities reported in crude extracts and chemical markers are supporting and provides confidence in the traditional use of A. paniculata as a herbal medicine. The andrographolide could be used as a chemical marker for the QC/QA of raw and A. paniculata derived herbal products. Lactone ring in terpenoid lactone is an active site for targeted proteins. More efforts should be focused on the identification of the chemical markers from A. paniculata to provide a practical basis for QC/QA. Several aspects such as the mechanism of therapeutic potential, molecular docking technology and multi-target network pharmacology are very important for drug discovery and needed more investigation and should be considered. This compilation may be helpful in further study and QC/QA.

ACS Style

Sunil Kumar; Bikarma Singh; Vikas Bajpai. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and quality control/quality assurance. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2021, 275, 114054 .

AMA Style

Sunil Kumar, Bikarma Singh, Vikas Bajpai. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and quality control/quality assurance. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2021; 275 ():114054.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sunil Kumar; Bikarma Singh; Vikas Bajpai. 2021. "Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and quality control/quality assurance." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 275, no. : 114054.

Research article
Published: 27 January 2021 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
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Authentic certification, documentation, and ecological characterization of weed flora are of paramount importance for future studies that would help to formulate strategies for their management and conservation. Alien plants used to pose severe threats to ecosystems, and qualitative studies on weed flora in many interior regions of the Himalaya are still scarce. Patterns of species diversity, biological spectrum, and phenology of weeds growing in the Himalayas with invasive nature were investigated from 2017 to 2019 in thirty-eight localities of interior Kupwara district of Kashmir Himalaya from different agroecological zones. A hierarchical cluster analysis using the presence or absence data of flowering among plant species was performed and a complex Heatmap package was used. Data collected revealed a total of 158 plant species belonging to 115 genera and 35 families identified from a high altitude district Kupwara in India. The species distribution pattern across the families was unequal, with three families share more than half of the species documented, while fifteen families were monotypic. The family Asteraceae, Poaceae, and Brassicaceae were the most important weeds in terms of species abundance and species richness. Asteraceae represented by 35 species, as the dominant family followed by Poaceae with 19 species, and Brassicaceae by 14 species. In terms of functional trait diversity, the annual growth form was dominant over other forms such perennial or biannual. The phytogeographical analysis revealed that the maximum 91 species collected were native, while a minimum of 67 species reported as alien. Of the alien species, 25 were invasive, 35 naturalized, and 7 casual. The biological spectrum revealed the dominance of therophyte life form indicating the disturbed vegetation. The phenological spectrum revealed the maximum flowering period of weeds is between April and September where about 73% of species were observed in full bloom. This research adds an important way to the basic information of biodiversity patterns in the Himalayas and constitutes baseline data for the planned implementation of conservation. The outcomes also provide the baseline information on alien weeds, their invasive nature as well as in for better prediction of phenological shifts associated with these species due to contemporary climate change. It also would help to design conservation and management plans for threatened or otherwise important species for future implementation.

ACS Style

Shiekh Marifatul Haq; Maroof Hamid; Fayaz A. Lone; Bikarma Singh. Himalayan Hotspot with Alien Weeds: A Case Study of Biological Spectrum, Phenology, and Diversity of Weedy Plants of High Altitude Mountains in District Kupwara of J&K Himalaya, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 2021, 91, 139 -152.

AMA Style

Shiekh Marifatul Haq, Maroof Hamid, Fayaz A. Lone, Bikarma Singh. Himalayan Hotspot with Alien Weeds: A Case Study of Biological Spectrum, Phenology, and Diversity of Weedy Plants of High Altitude Mountains in District Kupwara of J&K Himalaya, India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 2021; 91 (1):139-152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shiekh Marifatul Haq; Maroof Hamid; Fayaz A. Lone; Bikarma Singh. 2021. "Himalayan Hotspot with Alien Weeds: A Case Study of Biological Spectrum, Phenology, and Diversity of Weedy Plants of High Altitude Mountains in District Kupwara of J&K Himalaya, India." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 91, no. 1: 139-152.

Chapter
Published: 06 October 2020 in Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery
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Investigating traditional knowledge is a science of preserving age-old practices, and now new drugs and nutraceutical products are formulated based on traditional inventory. From 2017 to 2019, an ethnobotanical documentation of the plants growing in district Reasi (a part of Jammu Himalaya) was carried out to collect information regarding different usages of the plant species growing in the region through questionnaire and interviews. Floristically, a total of 90 species belonging to 80 genera and 48 families were investigated to be used as economic plants for medicine, food, herbal tea, fire and tanning purposes. The species distribution patterns across the families were unequal, with half of the species contributed by 12 families, 5 families with 2–3 members, and 31 families were monotypic. In terms of the functional trait diversity, herbaceous and perennial woody forms were dominant over the other forms. Out of 90 plant species, 10% were used as single usage, 27% double usage and 63% multi-usage. PAST software, a multivariate ecological community analysis software, was used to find the relationship between ethnobotanical usage and plant species. Four plant usages (clusters) were determined at a vertical distance value of 0.5, where the clusters are distinctly separated. The present study will provide a baseline data for the future researchers, policymakers, common public, land managers and other stakeholders to develop scientifically informed strategies for conservation of natural resources and sustainable use of plant diversity in hotspot regions like Himalayas and other similar biodiversity-rich sites elsewhere in the world.

ACS Style

Shiekh Marifatul Haq; Bikarma Singh. Ethnobotany as a Science of Preserving Traditional Knowledge: Traditional Uses of Wild Medicinal Plants from District Reasi, J&K (Northwestern Himalaya), India. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery 2020, 277 -293.

AMA Style

Shiekh Marifatul Haq, Bikarma Singh. Ethnobotany as a Science of Preserving Traditional Knowledge: Traditional Uses of Wild Medicinal Plants from District Reasi, J&K (Northwestern Himalaya), India. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery. 2020; ():277-293.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shiekh Marifatul Haq; Bikarma Singh. 2020. "Ethnobotany as a Science of Preserving Traditional Knowledge: Traditional Uses of Wild Medicinal Plants from District Reasi, J&K (Northwestern Himalaya), India." Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery , no. : 277-293.

Chapter
Published: 06 October 2020 in Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery
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Plants are essential for any ecosystem and are considered as the most important source of herbal medicine. They have been used for treatment of different diseases of human beings worldwide since the beginning of human civilization. Among the plant community, one of the genus Ocimum L. belonging to the family Lamiaceae is of high value in terms of economic upliftment and product development. Most of the species under this genus are cultivated throughout the tropical and the subtropical agro-climatic zones for medicine and for extraction of essential oils for product development in aroma-based pharmaceutical industries. The growth form of this aromatic genus Ocimum can be categorized as herbs, under-shrubs or shrubs that on distillation yield essential oils of various active aroma chemicals, such as eugenol, methyl eugenol, linalool, methyl chavicol, germacrene A and D, elemicin, ß-elmene and (Z)-ocimine, and several other active constituents. These volatile compounds have a tremendous value in pharmaceutical, modern perfumery and food processing industries. Evaluation of biological activities of active ingredients of Ocimum indicated great medicinal properties, such as anti-biotic, anti-cancerous, anti-ageing, anti-stress, anti-pyretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachic, anti-microbial and insecticidal, and other similar importance in herbal formulations. A survey on 40 genetic stocks (or accessions) of Ocimum available at the CSIR-CIMAP belonging to five species, viz. Ocimum basilicum L. (25: French basil 7, Sweet basil 6, Zanzibar basil 1, Indian basil 10 and Thai basil 1), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (9: Krishna/holy basil 4 and Shyam tulsi 5), Ocimum kilimandscharicum Baker ex Gurke (1: Champhor tulsi), Ocimum africanum Lour. (2: Hoary basil) and Ocimum gratissimum L. (3: African basil/van tulsi/tree basil/clove basil), was undertaken for study. It has been observed that some selected lines of Ocimum produce high quantities of essential oils, like Ocimum tenuiflorum (O. sanctum L.) CIM-Ayu (80% eugenol) and EOH-1 (89.75% methyl chavicol). These active ingredients have high international demand for aroma-based value additions and product development from essential oils. Extension and promotion of these Ocimum species will add and contribute to the economic upliftment of the developing countries like India and elsewhere in the world.

ACS Style

Smita Singh; Raj Kishori Lal; Bikarma Singh. Genetic Variability in Ocimum L. Germplasm: Medicinal and Economic Potential for Value Addition and Product Development. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery 2020, 243 -253.

AMA Style

Smita Singh, Raj Kishori Lal, Bikarma Singh. Genetic Variability in Ocimum L. Germplasm: Medicinal and Economic Potential for Value Addition and Product Development. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery. 2020; ():243-253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smita Singh; Raj Kishori Lal; Bikarma Singh. 2020. "Genetic Variability in Ocimum L. Germplasm: Medicinal and Economic Potential for Value Addition and Product Development." Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery , no. : 243-253.

Chapter
Published: 06 October 2020 in Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery
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Alkaloid berberine is chemically represented as quaternary nitrogen structure, first isolated from Xanthoxylon cava Wall. long ago in the eighteenth century. Currently, this alkaloid is regarded as the most bioactive compound used by pharma industries for research and development of drugs and herbal formulations, and it is extensively employed for hundreds of years in curing numerous infectious diseases and in traditional Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for curing diarrhoea as a detoxifying agent. Since long time, this compound is detected, isolated, and quantified from different families of plants such as Annonaceae (e.g. Xylopia L.), Berberidaceae (e.g. Berberis L.), Menispermaceae (e.g. Tinospora Miers), Papaveraceae (e.g. Argemone L.), Ranunculaceae (e.g. Coptis Salisb.) and Rutaceae (e.g. Zanthoxylum L.); most of these plants are growing in high-altitude regions of the Himalaya. Reported studies indicate that berberine possesses several pharmacological activities and cure inflammation, diabetes, cancer etc., thereby multiple of mechanisms, as the case may be halting cycle of the cell progression or triggers apoptosis. This chemical constituent shows significant activities such as antimicrobial (bacterial, fungal, protozoans, viral, helminthes), antidiarrhoeal, antitumor and apoptosis, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, antihyperglycaemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular and several miscellaneous biological functions associated with human healthcare. This communication reviews and provided various undated information on the botanical sources, berberine extraction techniques and quantification methods, chemistry and several biological functions coupled with different clinical studies undertaken associated with berberine and allied research. This one place data will serve as future baseline data for researchers interested to work more on berberine and pharma industry for drug discovery and medicine development.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh; Anil Kumar Katare. Botanical Sources, Chemistry Aspects and Biological Functions of Berberine: An Updated Critical Review. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery 2020, 421 -462.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, Anil Kumar Katare. Botanical Sources, Chemistry Aspects and Biological Functions of Berberine: An Updated Critical Review. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery. 2020; ():421-462.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; Anil Kumar Katare. 2020. "Botanical Sources, Chemistry Aspects and Biological Functions of Berberine: An Updated Critical Review." Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery , no. : 421-462.

Chapter
Published: 06 October 2020 in Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery
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Exploration and documentation of plants for novel active ingredients as a means of resource mapping and introduction of new species of plants in new environments are among one of the oldest activities of mankind. Since the beginning of human civilization, researchers have collected much new useful information on plants far away from different geographical locations. With respect to the total land cover, the Kashmir Valleys in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) region of Himalaya are floristically little less explored due to international boarder problems, especially along the LoC regions of India, China, and Pakistan. There is no doubt that the Himalayan ecosystem contains rich resources of unique medicinal and otherwise economically valued plants, and more than 50% of India’s documented biodiversity is from these regions. District Kupwara is one of the twenty-two districts of the J&K Union Territory and is situated in the Northwestern part of the Kashmir Himalayas. Review of literatures and search for deposited herbarium samples in Janaki Ammal Herbarium (RRLH) at the CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (Jammu) indicated that the Kupwara region is taxonomically very less explored and there is no evidence of plant collection deposited at RRLH. However, since the district is part of the Himalaya, we can predict that it is also a rich repository of biodiversity and has very unique natural resources in the form of food, medicine and otherwise economically beneficial plants. While studying the phytodiversity composition of Kupwara, a total of 159 species of plants with unique constituents of chemical compounds were documented. These medicinal-value species include 17.61% tree species, 5.03% shrub, 75.47% herbs and 1.8% climbers/or lianas. The dominant families include Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae and Plantaginaceae. Some of the common high-value medicinal plants growing in the region are Artemisia absinthium, Euphorbia wallichii, Rheum australe, Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, Saussurea costus, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, and several other typical high-altitude Himalayan plant species. These medicinal plants are used in the treatment of obesity, liver infection, diabetes, intestinal infections, rheumatism, tumors, stomach-ache, insomnia, nerve troubles, skin infection, aphrodisiac, memory-related disorders, and asthma. Several studies have highlighted the pharmacological activities of these plants as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-cancerous, and other properties that have immense importance in drug research. Therefore, there is an urgent need for proper documentation and research on valuable plants growing in hotspots like Kupwara in the Himalaya and elsewhere across the globe for conservation of biodiversity and for knowledge enrichment through value addition and product development from plants.

ACS Style

Mudasir Nazir Bhat; Bikarma Singh; Mohammed Asif Chowdhary; Sumit Singh; Opender Surmal; Rajendra Bhanwaria; Bishander Singh. Medicinal Plants of District Kupwara Used in the Treatment of Human Diseases and Their Associated Biological Functions. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery 2020, 325 -347.

AMA Style

Mudasir Nazir Bhat, Bikarma Singh, Mohammed Asif Chowdhary, Sumit Singh, Opender Surmal, Rajendra Bhanwaria, Bishander Singh. Medicinal Plants of District Kupwara Used in the Treatment of Human Diseases and Their Associated Biological Functions. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery. 2020; ():325-347.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mudasir Nazir Bhat; Bikarma Singh; Mohammed Asif Chowdhary; Sumit Singh; Opender Surmal; Rajendra Bhanwaria; Bishander Singh. 2020. "Medicinal Plants of District Kupwara Used in the Treatment of Human Diseases and Their Associated Biological Functions." Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery , no. : 325-347.

Chapter
Published: 06 October 2020 in Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery
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Wild plants and unseen microbes of undisturbed ecosystems are considered as rich repository sites of active ingredients, and these natural constituents often provide new leads and opportunity to characterized new natural product compounds having wide applications in drug-discovery programmes. Government recognized natural biomes and protected areas such as national parks, and wildlife sanctuaries often provide opportunity for new discovery or chances to get un-described plants, microbes or their derivatives natural products. Several far-flung regions in Himalayas are still less explored, and protected areas in these regions are hub of medicinal and aromatic plants. Considering importance of natural resources, a research study on documentation of medicinal plants of Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary (JWS) and adjoining areas in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) union territory was carried out as this area is floristically and ethnobotanically less explored. A total of 125 species belonging to 57 families of medicinal plants were documented subjected to preliminary investigation, which includes 41.60% herbs, 32.80% trees, 20% shrubs and 5.60% lianas. Dominant members belong to family Fabaceae (11 genera and 12 species), Lamiaceae (7 genera and 8 species), Asteraceae (6 genera and 7 species), Caesalpiniaceae (6 genera and 6 species), Euphorbiaceae (4 genera and 5 species), Moraceae (2 genera and 5 species), Rosaceae (5 genera and 5 species), Apocynaceae (4 genera and 4 species), Brassicaceae (4 genera and 4 species) and Convolvulaceae (4 genera and 4 species). While studying and analysing ethnobotanical information, high frequency index (FI) of medicinal plants recorded was of Boerhavia diffusa (93.83%), Mallotus philippensis (82.72%), Viola odorata (70.37%), Tridax procumbens (65.43%), Cissampelos pareira (65.43%), Tinospora cordifolia (62.96%), Grewia optiva (62.96%), Morus alba (59.26%), Justicia adhatoda (58.02%), Cannabis sativa (58.02%), Butea monosperma (56.79%) and Solanum nigrum (52.09%). Lesser used plants among local populace were Cyperus rotundus (9.88%), Robinia pseudoacacia (11.11%), Commelina benghalensis (13.81%), Ficus racemosa (14.81%), Amaranthus spinosus(14.81%), Dioscorea deltoidea (14.81%), Xanthium strumarium (16.05%), Senna occidentalis (16.05%), Albizia lebbeck (16.05%), Syzygium cumini (18.52%) and Senegalia catechu (18.52%) in the study area. These medicinal plants are used in treatment of obesity, liver infection, diabetes, intestinal infections, rheumatism, tumours, stomach ache, insomnia, nerve troubles, skin infection, eye problem, dental care, memory related disorders, skin infection, joint pain and bone fracture. Species with high frequency index should be analysed for pharmacological research and for discovering new medicines.

ACS Style

Bishander Singh; Anand Kishor; Bikarma Singh. Indigenous Plant Knowledge for Human Health Care from Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Himalaya), India. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery 2020, 363 -387.

AMA Style

Bishander Singh, Anand Kishor, Bikarma Singh. Indigenous Plant Knowledge for Human Health Care from Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Himalaya), India. Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery. 2020; ():363-387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishander Singh; Anand Kishor; Bikarma Singh. 2020. "Indigenous Plant Knowledge for Human Health Care from Jasrota Wildlife Sanctuary (Western Himalaya), India." Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery , no. : 363-387.

Chapter
Published: 06 October 2020 in Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery
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Genus Lantana L. comprises of 129 species under the family Verbenaceae and Lantana camara L. is a significant invasive weed species whose growth form is bushy scandent shrub. Inspite of being one of the World's worse invader, this plant species is used in Indian traditional system of medicine to treat ulcers, skin rashes, leprosy, asthma, and various viral disease such as rabies, chicken pox, and measles. Extract of L. camara has cytotoxic effect against certain cancer cell lines. Leaves of L. camara show insecticidal, antibacterial, and fungicidal properties. This species possesses essential oils and different type of phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, proteins, alkaloids, and carbohydrates (glycosides, oligosaccharides, iridoid glycosides, phenylethanoid, quinine, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, and tannin) present in different parts of the plant. In addition to these phytochemicals, L. camara also contains flavonoids that have reductive ability indicating antioxidant and anticancerous activities. This communication deals with ethnobotany and phytochemistry of L. camara and its scope in future research for medicine and herbal formulation development.

ACS Style

Satyendra Kumar; Bikarma Singh; Anand Yadav. Ethanobotany and Phytochemistry of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery 2020, 389 -404.

AMA Style

Satyendra Kumar, Bikarma Singh, Anand Yadav. Ethanobotany and Phytochemistry of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery. 2020; ():389-404.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satyendra Kumar; Bikarma Singh; Anand Yadav. 2020. "Ethanobotany and Phytochemistry of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae)." Botanical Leads for Drug Discovery , no. : 389-404.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2020 in Phytotaxa
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Neoconopodium paddarensis, belonging to the family Apiaceae from the Paddar valley, Himalayan Jammu & Kashmir, India is described here as a new species. It shows restricted distributional range and so far, is only known from the Atholi mountain, Paddar valley, within the Himalayan centre of endemism. It is a pinkish white flowered species, and unusual in being a small herb with tripinnate leaves. Other diagnostic features include pubescent stem and leaf base, root hairs, leaflet size and structure, defined carpel and fruit size. The species shows certain similarities with N. capnoides, but differs in both vegetative and reproductive characters.

ACS Style

Sajan Thakur; Bikarma Singh; Nawang Tashi; Harish Chander Dutt. Neoconopodium paddarensis, a new species of Apiaceae from Jammu and Kashmir, Western Himalaya, India. Phytotaxa 2020, 459, 285 -290.

AMA Style

Sajan Thakur, Bikarma Singh, Nawang Tashi, Harish Chander Dutt. Neoconopodium paddarensis, a new species of Apiaceae from Jammu and Kashmir, Western Himalaya, India. Phytotaxa. 2020; 459 (4):285-290.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sajan Thakur; Bikarma Singh; Nawang Tashi; Harish Chander Dutt. 2020. "Neoconopodium paddarensis, a new species of Apiaceae from Jammu and Kashmir, Western Himalaya, India." Phytotaxa 459, no. 4: 285-290.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Sustainability
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Plants and natural products have played a significant role in curing and preventing a variety of ailments occurring in humans and animals, and continue to provide new bioactive leads for researchers in therapeutic discovery. This study was conducted with the aim to identify and document local healers’ practices of treating human diseases and quantitatively document indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants, as well as to highlight the species of public interest for bioprospecting potential. A total of 17 field tours were carried out in 12 regions of Jasrota hill and its adjoining areas of Himalaya. Informants (113) were interviewed using semi-structured interviews and discussions and local guided collections. The results were analyzed using ethnobotanical indices—use-reports (URs) and the informant consensus factor (ICF)—and the data were statistically analyzed. The ethnopharmacological uses of 121 plant species belonging to 105 genera and 53 families were reported for use as medicine for treating 93 types of ailments. A total of 4987 URs were mentioned by 113 informants. Fabaceae (90.09%) and Asteraceae (6.62%) were the most represented families. Herbs (46.28%) were the primary sources of medicine, decoction (33.88%) was the most common use method for utilization, and leaves (43.80%) were the most frequently used plant parts. The ICF values ranged from 0.667 to 0.974, with the highest number of species (1314UR, 55 species) being used for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments (GIA), followed by dermatological disorders (38 species). This result showed that the exchange of knowledge could be evident among the different communities, and their medicinal uses and practices could be correlated.

ACS Style

Bishander Singh; Bikarma Singh; Anand Kishor; Sumit Singh; Mudasir Bhat; Opender Surmal; Carmelo Musarella. Exploring Plant-Based Ethnomedicine and Quantitative Ethnopharmacology: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7526 .

AMA Style

Bishander Singh, Bikarma Singh, Anand Kishor, Sumit Singh, Mudasir Bhat, Opender Surmal, Carmelo Musarella. Exploring Plant-Based Ethnomedicine and Quantitative Ethnopharmacology: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7526.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bishander Singh; Bikarma Singh; Anand Kishor; Sumit Singh; Mudasir Bhat; Opender Surmal; Carmelo Musarella. 2020. "Exploring Plant-Based Ethnomedicine and Quantitative Ethnopharmacology: Medicinal Plants Utilized by the Population of Jasrota Hill in Western Himalaya." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7526.

Short communication
Published: 13 August 2020 in Natural Product Research
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SARS-CoV-2 (or COVID-19) has become a global risk and scientists are attempting to investigate antiviral vaccine. Berberis are important plants due to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals, especially berberine from the protoberberine group of benzylisoquinoline and recent studies have shown its potential in treating COVID-19. B. lycium Royle growing in subtropical regions of Asia had wide applications in Indian system of medicine. Rapid determination and novel optimisation method for berberine extraction has been developed by Soxhlet extraction utilising central composite design-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). Berberine was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the highest yield (13.39%) was obtained by maintaining optimal extraction conditions i.e., extraction time (7.28 hrs), ethyl alcohol (52.21%) and solvent to sample ratio (21.78 v/w). Investigation of two geographic regions (Ramnagar and Srinagar) showed high berberine content in lower altitude. This novel optimisation technique has placed berberine as a potential candidate for developing pharmaceutical products for human health care.

ACS Style

Anil Kumar Katare; Bikarma Singh; Pooja Shukla; Sandeep Gupta; Bishander Singh; Kavya Yalamanchili; Nitin Kulshrestha; Rajendra Bhanwaria; Ashok Kumar Sharma; Sarita Sharma; Sneha; Durga Prasad Mindala; Sumit Roy; Rahul Kalgotra. Rapid determination and optimisation of berberine from Himalayan Berberis lycium by soxhlet apparatus using CCD-RSM and its quality control as a potential candidate for COVID-19. Natural Product Research 2020, 1 -6.

AMA Style

Anil Kumar Katare, Bikarma Singh, Pooja Shukla, Sandeep Gupta, Bishander Singh, Kavya Yalamanchili, Nitin Kulshrestha, Rajendra Bhanwaria, Ashok Kumar Sharma, Sarita Sharma, Sneha, Durga Prasad Mindala, Sumit Roy, Rahul Kalgotra. Rapid determination and optimisation of berberine from Himalayan Berberis lycium by soxhlet apparatus using CCD-RSM and its quality control as a potential candidate for COVID-19. Natural Product Research. 2020; ():1-6.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Kumar Katare; Bikarma Singh; Pooja Shukla; Sandeep Gupta; Bishander Singh; Kavya Yalamanchili; Nitin Kulshrestha; Rajendra Bhanwaria; Ashok Kumar Sharma; Sarita Sharma; Sneha; Durga Prasad Mindala; Sumit Roy; Rahul Kalgotra. 2020. "Rapid determination and optimisation of berberine from Himalayan Berberis lycium by soxhlet apparatus using CCD-RSM and its quality control as a potential candidate for COVID-19." Natural Product Research , no. : 1-6.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2018 in Journal of Threatened Taxa
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Two leopard plant taxa, Ligularia amplexicaulis DC. and L. sibirica (L.) Cass., are reported for the first time from Bandipora District of Jammu & Kashmir in India and are taxonomically enumerated. Ligularia amplexicaulis is a new record for the district Bandipora of the Kashmir Himalaya, which was previously reported in the elevation range of 2700–4800 m from the states of Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, and Sikkim in India. The specimens from Bandipora extends the geographic distribution of L. amplexicaulis in Jammu & Kashmir State, from Paddar Valley of district Kishtwar to the extreme northern range of the western Himalaya. Ligularia sibirica is reported for the first time from the Kashmir Himalaya of India and its known distribution extended to southeastern Asia. The specimens from Lidder Valley represents the first report of L. sibirica from the Kashmir Himalaya and extends its distribution range from Europe, Russia, and China to northern India. The present paper deals with the taxonomic description, phenology, ecological notes, associated vegetation components, and a note on the history of species discovery of these two leopard plant taxa. This finding also presents an updated distribution map of these two Indian species in the western Himalaya.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh; Sumit Singh; Bishander Singh. New distribution records of the leopard plants Ligularia amplexicaulis DC. and Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae) in the Indian Himalaya. Journal of Threatened Taxa 2018, 10, 12854 -12858.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, Sumit Singh, Bishander Singh. New distribution records of the leopard plants Ligularia amplexicaulis DC. and Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae) in the Indian Himalaya. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2018; 10 (13):12854-12858.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; Sumit Singh; Bishander Singh. 2018. "New distribution records of the leopard plants Ligularia amplexicaulis DC. and Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. (Asteraceae) in the Indian Himalaya." Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, no. 13: 12854-12858.

Research article
Published: 19 September 2018 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
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Tribal communities have a long history of association living in close contact with nature as herdsmen, and their mode of use of natural products as food and medicine dates reverse to ancient time. Usually, the folklore knowledge transfers from one generation to next generation by the way of living and the mode of usage of available resources. There is less known information on taxonomy, ethnic traditional knowledge, nutrient contents and chemistry of Lepidium didymum L., a leafy wild edible Himalayan culinary herb. The authors have documented such folklore knowledge for the first time from two Himalayan nomadic and pastoral communities—Gujjars and Bakarwals, from seven regions (Patnitop, Sanasar, Kud, Batote, Bani, Nathatop and Mantalai) of Jammu and Kashmir, India. Investigations were carried out using snowball technique from 167 people both the male and the female, aged 17–68 years. As per knowledge investigated, L. didymum is commonly used as seasonal cooked vegetable, local medicine, fodder for animals, salad, chapati making and traditional dish Wazwan preparation. The field data analysis shows high use value of this species. The plant prefers to grow in subtropical and temperate climate and has high nutritive values due to the presence of high glucose, unsaturated fatty acids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. This finding will lead to the formulation of new nutraceutical products as value addition from wild edible plants for people residing in the high-altitude regions of Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere in the world.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh; Sumit Singh; Bishander Singh; Surinder Kitchlu; Vikash Babu. Assessing Ethnic Traditional Knowledge, Biology and Chemistry of Lepidium didymum L., Lesser-Known Wild Plants of Western Himalaya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 2018, 89, 1087 -1094.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, Sumit Singh, Bishander Singh, Surinder Kitchlu, Vikash Babu. Assessing Ethnic Traditional Knowledge, Biology and Chemistry of Lepidium didymum L., Lesser-Known Wild Plants of Western Himalaya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 2018; 89 (3):1087-1094.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; Sumit Singh; Bishander Singh; Surinder Kitchlu; Vikash Babu. 2018. "Assessing Ethnic Traditional Knowledge, Biology and Chemistry of Lepidium didymum L., Lesser-Known Wild Plants of Western Himalaya." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 89, no. 3: 1087-1094.

Short communication
Published: 21 February 2018 in National Academy Science Letters
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The present communication reports an extended distribution of Juniperus chinensis L. in the Indian Himalaya where it has been collected from Gurez valley of Jammu and Kashmir state. This record extends the known geographic distribution from Central and Southeast Asia to South Asia. Current finding strongly supports a relationship between northern Himalayan range of India and southern hill ranges of China. A detailed revised description, photographs, cone phenology, associated species and threat status as per IUCN have been provided for easy identification.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh; Phalisteen Sultan; Yashbir Singh Bedi. Juniperus chinensis L. (Cupressaceae): A New Taxa Record for Himalaya and Extension of Geographic Distribution in South Asia. National Academy Science Letters 2018, 41, 69 -73.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, Phalisteen Sultan, Yashbir Singh Bedi. Juniperus chinensis L. (Cupressaceae): A New Taxa Record for Himalaya and Extension of Geographic Distribution in South Asia. National Academy Science Letters. 2018; 41 (1):69-73.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; Phalisteen Sultan; Yashbir Singh Bedi. 2018. "Juniperus chinensis L. (Cupressaceae): A New Taxa Record for Himalaya and Extension of Geographic Distribution in South Asia." National Academy Science Letters 41, no. 1: 69-73.

Articles
Published: 02 July 2016 in Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants
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This study explored the diversity of traditional knowledge, collected data on utilization, and identified and analyzed the wild edible plants and fungi of Kashmir Himalaya (India). Information was collected by interviews with 113 individuals during 2012–2014 from nine rural and mountainous areas. Data were classified as cooked vegetables, salads, spices, chutneys, herbal teas, home-made alcoholic drinks, soups, raw fruits, and underground snacks. Information was analyzed using use reports (UR), use values (UV), informant consensus (Fic), fidelity level (FL), and cultural importance index (CI) metrics. In total, 111 phytotaxa, distributed into 87 genera and 43 families, were identified as local edible resources. Overall, 94.25% of angiosperms, 3.45% gymnosperms, and 2.30% of cryptogams were documented as being used traditionally. Several taxa were highly cited (Amaranthus caudatus, Angelica archangelica, Asparagus racemosus, Berberis lycium, Fragaria vesca, Hippophae rhamnoides, Oxyria digyna, Juglans regia). Frequently used parts were young leaves (19.82%), fruits (15.32%), young twigs (9.01%), roots (8.11%), and tubers (6.31%). The most usage was mentioned for leafy vegetables (27.93%), followed by raw fruits (22.52%), herbal teas (14.41%), salads (9.91%), alcoholic drinks (6.31%), and snacks (4.50%). The high fidelity scores and informant consensus factors suggest that ethnobotanical knowledge could potentially guide the search for developing new nutraceutical products in the future.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh; Phalisteen Sultan; Qazi Parvaiz Hassan; Sumeet Gairola; Yashbir Singh Bedi. Ethnobotany, Traditional Knowledge, and Diversity of Wild Edible Plants and Fungi: A Case Study in the Bandipora District of Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2016, 22, 247 -278.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, Phalisteen Sultan, Qazi Parvaiz Hassan, Sumeet Gairola, Yashbir Singh Bedi. Ethnobotany, Traditional Knowledge, and Diversity of Wild Edible Plants and Fungi: A Case Study in the Bandipora District of Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2016; 22 (3):247-278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; Phalisteen Sultan; Qazi Parvaiz Hassan; Sumeet Gairola; Yashbir Singh Bedi. 2016. "Ethnobotany, Traditional Knowledge, and Diversity of Wild Edible Plants and Fungi: A Case Study in the Bandipora District of Kashmir Himalaya, India." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 22, no. 3: 247-278.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2016 in National Academy Science Letters
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Haematocarpus validus Bakh.f. ex Forman (Menispermaceae), a species critically endangered, was rediscovered after a gap of 100 years from India, and added new location to Indo-Myanmar biodiversity hotspot province. After critical scrutiny of herbarium and review of published literature on its distribution, its natural occurrence was known only from Borail Reserve Forest (Assam) from India and the recent discovery of its habitats in Mawlakhieng village (Meghalaya) add new locality. The present report deals with its collection history, extended taxonomic description, habitat characteristic, associated species, population threat status and potential of this species for economic use.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh; Yashbir Singh Bedi. Rediscovery, Taxonomic History and Extended Enumeration of Haematocarpus validus Bakh.f. ex Forman (Menispermaceae) to Indo-Myanmar Biodiversity Hotspot. National Academy Science Letters 2016, 39, 383 -387.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, Yashbir Singh Bedi. Rediscovery, Taxonomic History and Extended Enumeration of Haematocarpus validus Bakh.f. ex Forman (Menispermaceae) to Indo-Myanmar Biodiversity Hotspot. National Academy Science Letters. 2016; 39 (5):383-387.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; Yashbir Singh Bedi. 2016. "Rediscovery, Taxonomic History and Extended Enumeration of Haematocarpus validus Bakh.f. ex Forman (Menispermaceae) to Indo-Myanmar Biodiversity Hotspot." National Academy Science Letters 39, no. 5: 383-387.

Conference paper
Published: 10 April 2014 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences
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Tropical and subtropical hilly vegetation in Himalayan regions are well suited for the taxonomical research because of the diverse habitat available in close proximity and the regions promote high species richness and endemism due to variation in slopes, soils, rocks, microclimate, exposure, latitude and altitude. Pteridophytes have evolved to fill the ecological niche between the angiosperms and the gymnosperms. During the course of recent study towards the pteridophytes of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in eastern Himalaya, a few new taxa are described and geographical distribution extension of several previously reported species have also come to light. Studies based mainly on collections made during the last 6 years have resulted in the revised description of the 19 species of lycophyta and ferns viz. Asplenium gueinzianum, Argostemma perakense, Asplenium sinense, Cyclosorus crinipes, Diplazium pseudosetigerum, Hymenasplenium cheilosorum, Lemmaphyllum microphyllum, , Lemmaphyllum rostratum, Loxogramme chinensis, Lygodium microphyllum, Microlepia hancei, Microlepia rhomboidia, Neocheiropteris zippelii, Pleopeltis macrosphaera, Pseudocyclosorus falcilobus, Pteris cadieri var. hainanensis, Pyrrosia lanceolata, Pyrrosia longifolia and Tectaria paradoxa from the Meghalaya state recorded for the first time. Full species citations, taxonomic notes, phenology time, chromosome counts, ecology, specimen studied, previously known distributions and citation records are given for all taxa. Recent collections show the richness of the flora of Meghalaya and permit more accurate taxonomic and phytogeographic comparisons with lycophyta and fern flora from adjacent areas.

ACS Style

Bikarma Singh; S. K. Borthakur. Phenology and Geographic Extension of Lycophyta and Fern flora in Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Eastern Himalaya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 2014, 85, 291 -301.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, S. K. Borthakur. Phenology and Geographic Extension of Lycophyta and Fern flora in Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Eastern Himalaya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences. 2014; 85 (1):291-301.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; S. K. Borthakur. 2014. "Phenology and Geographic Extension of Lycophyta and Fern flora in Nokrek Biosphere Reserve of Eastern Himalaya." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences 85, no. 1: 291-301.

Journal article
Published: 27 November 2013 in Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants
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Bikarma Singh; S. K. Borthakur; S. J. Phukan. A Survey of Ethnomedicinal Plants Utilized by the Indigenous People of Garo Hills with Special Reference to the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (Meghalaya), India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2013, 20, 1 -30.

AMA Style

Bikarma Singh, S. K. Borthakur, S. J. Phukan. A Survey of Ethnomedicinal Plants Utilized by the Indigenous People of Garo Hills with Special Reference to the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (Meghalaya), India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2013; 20 (1):1-30.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bikarma Singh; S. K. Borthakur; S. J. Phukan. 2013. "A Survey of Ethnomedicinal Plants Utilized by the Indigenous People of Garo Hills with Special Reference to the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (Meghalaya), India." Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 20, no. 1: 1-30.