Chronic subjective tinnitus is a prevalent condition that causes significant distress to millions of Americans. Effective tinnitus treatments are urgently needed, but evaluating them is hampered by the lack of standardized measures that are validated for both intake assessment and evaluation of treatment outcomes. This work was designed to develop a new self-report questionnaire, the Tinnitus Functional Index (TFI), that would have documented validity both for scaling the severity and negative impact of tinnitus for use in intake assessment and for measuring treatment-related changes in tinnitus (responsiveness) and that would provide comprehensive coverage of multiple tinnitus severity domains. To use preexisting knowledge concerning tinnitus-related problems, an Item Selection Panel (17 expert judges) surveyed the content (175 items) of nine widely used tinnitus questionnaires. From those items, the Panel identified 13 separate domains of tinnitus distress and selected 70 items most likely to be responsive to treatment effects. Eliminating redundant items while retaining good content validity and adding new items to achieve the recommended minimum of 3 to 4 items per domain yielded 43 items, which were then used for constructing TFI Prototype 1.Prototype 1 was tested at five clinics. The 326 participants included consecutive patients receiving tinnitus treatment who provided informed consent-constituting a convenience sample. Construct validity of Prototype 1 as an outcome measure was evaluated by measuring responsiveness of the overall scale and its individual items at 3 and 6 mo follow-up with 65 and 42 participants, respectively. Using a predetermined list of criteria, the 30 best-functioning items were selected for constructing TFI Prototype 2.Prototype 2 was tested at four clinics with 347 participants, including 155 and 86 who provided 3 and 6 mo follow-up data, respectively. Analyses were the same as for Prototype 1. Results were used to select the 25 best-functioning items for the final TFI. Both prototypes and the final TFI displayed strong measurement properties, with few missing data, high validity for scaling of tinnitus severity, and good reliability. All TFI versions exhibited the same eight factors characterizing tinnitus severity and negative impact. Responsiveness, evaluated by computing effect sizes for responses at follow-up, was satisfactory in all TFI versions.In the final TFI, Cronbach's alpha was 0.97 and test-retest reliability 0.78. Convergent validity (r = 0.86 with Tinnitus Handicap Inventory [THI]; r = 0.75 with Visual Analog Scale [VAS]) and discriminant validity (r = 0.56 with Beck Depression Inventory-Primary Care [BDI-PC]) were good. The final TFI was successful at detecting improvement from the initial clinic visit to 3 mo with moderate to large effect sizes and from initial to 6 mo with large effect sizes. Effect sizes for the TFI were generally larger than those obtained for the VAS and THI. After careful evaluation, a 13-point reduction was considered a preliminary criterion for meaningful reduction in TFI outcome scores. The TFI should be useful in both clinical and research settings because of its responsiveness to treatment-related change, validity for scaling the overall severity of tinnitus, and comprehensive coverage of multiple domains of tinnitus severity.

Editorial: Towards an Understanding of Tinnitus Heterogeneity

Background:The authors reviewed practicable options of sound therapy for tinnitus, the evidence base for each option, and the implications of each option for the patient and for clinical practice.Purpose:To provide a general guide to selecting sound therapy options in clinical practice.Intervention:Practicable sound therapy options.Data Collection and Analysis:Where available, peer-reviewed empirical studies, conference proceedings, and review studies were examined. Material relevant to the purpose was summarized in a narrative.Results:The number of peer-reviewed publications pertaining to each sound therapy option reviewed varied significantly (from none to over 10). Overall there is currently insufficient evidence to support or refute the routine use of individual sound therapy options. It is likely, however, that sound therapy combined with education and counseling is generally helpful to patients.Conclusions:Clinicians need to be guided by the patient’s point of care, patient motivation and expectations of sound therapy, and the acceptability of the intervention both in terms of the sound stimuli they are to use and whether they are willing to use sound extensively or intermittently. Clinicians should also clarify to patients the role sound therapy is expected to play in the management plan.

Objective: Scoping reviews of existing literature were conducted to identify key personality traits relevant to tinnitus, and examine the relationship between affective disorders and tinnitus. Design: The methodological framework of Arksey and O’Malley was followed. Study sample: Sixty studies were chosen for charting the data, 14 studies examined personality traits exclusively, 31 studies examined affective disorders exclusively, and 15 studies investigated both. Results: The presence of one or more specific personality traits of high neuroticism, low extraversion, high stress reaction, higher alienation, lower social closeness, lower well-being, lower self control, lower psychological acceptance, presence of a type D personality, and externalized locus of control were associated with tinnitus distress. Anxiety and depression were more prevalent among the tinnitus clinical population and at elevated levels. Conclusions: Personality traits have a consistent association with the distress experienced by adult tinnitus help-seekers, and help-seekers are also more likely to experience affective symptoms and/or disorders.

Hearing aids are commonly used for tinnitus management ( <!--RIDCIT0016--> 16. Kochkin S., Tyler R. 2008. Tinnitus treatment and the effectiveness of hearing aids: Hearing care professional perceptions. Hear Rev, 15, 14–18. View all references ) but there is limited evidence to support their use. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effectiveness of hearing aids and counseling as a tinnitus treatment option. This study is a retrospective analysis of tinnitus handicap questionnaire (THQ, <!--RIDCIT0017--> 17. Kuk F.K., Tyler R.S., Russell D., Jordan H. 1990. The psychometric properties of a tinnitus handicap questionnaire. Ear Hear, 11, 434–445. [CrossRef], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] View all references ) results from 58 tinnitus patients with hearing loss who received counseling, and (1) chose to follow recommendations of hearing aid fitting, or (2) chose not to have hearing aids. The groups (N = 29 each) had similar audiometric configuration, tinnitus duration, and age. It was hypothesized that the use of hearing aids would provide greater reduction in THQ scores than counseling alone. THQ scores were reduced 12 months following counseling but improvement in THQ only reached statistical significance for the group that received hearing aids (p < 0.0001). The hearing aid group had reduced; psychosocial handicap (p < 0.0002); and tinnitus-hearing handicap (p < 0.0005). It is concluded that patients with hearing loss and tinnitus should trial amplification. Sumario Los auxiliares auditivos son usados comúnmente para el manejo del acúfeno ( <!--RIDCIT0016--> 16. Kochkin S., Tyler R. 2008. Tinnitus treatment and the effectiveness of hearing aids: Hearing care professional perceptions. Hear Rev, 15, 14–18. View all references ) pero existe evidencia limitada para apoyar su uso. El propósito de este estudio fue cuantificar la efectividad de los auxiliares auditivos y de la consejería como una opción de tratamiento del acúfeno. Este estudio es un análisis retrospectivo del los resultados del cuestionario de desventaja por acúfeno (TQH, Luky col, 1990) de 58 pacientes con acúfeno y con hipoacusia, que recibieron orientación, y (1) escogieron seguir la recomendación de adaptación de un auxiliar auditivo, o (2) escogieron no utilizar auxiliares auditivos. Los grupos (N = 29 cada uno) tenían configuraciones audiométricas, duración del acúfeno y edades similares. Se estableció la hipótesis de que el uso de auxiliares auditivos proporcionaría una mayor reducción en los puntajes THQ que la orientación sola. Los puntajes THQ se redujeron 12 meses después de recibir consejería, pero la mejoría en THQ sólo alcanzó significancia estadística para el grupo que utilizó auxiliares auditivos (p < 0.0001). El grupo con auxiliares auditivos tuvo un impedimento psico-social reducido (p < 0.0002) y un impedimento acúfeno-audición reducido (p < 0.0005). Se concluye que los pacientes con hipoacusia y acúfeno deberían intentar la amplificación.