Zero watermarking does not alter the original information contained in vector map data and provides perfect imperceptibility. The use of zero watermarking for data copyright protection has become a significant trend in digital watermarking research. However, zero watermarking encounters tremendous obstacles to its development and application because of its requirement to store copyright information with a third party and its difficulty in confirming copyright ownership. Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing zero watermarking technology, this paper proposes a new zero watermarking construction method based on the angular features of vector data that store the zero watermarking and copyright information on the blockchain after an XOR operation. When the watermark is being extracted, the copyright information can be extracted with the XOR operation to obtain the information stored on the blockchain. Experimental results show that the combination of zero watermarking and blockchain proposed in this paper gives full play to the advantages of the two technologies and protects the copyright of data in a lossless fashion. Compared with the traditional zero watermarking algorithms, the proposed zero watermarking algorithm exhibits stronger robustness. Moreover, the proposed data copyright protection framework with a combination of zero watermarking and blockchain can also be applied to other data types, such as images, audio, video, and remote sensing images.

Existing zero-watermarking algorithms for remote sensing images heavily rely on traditional feature extraction techniques, which are vulnerable to targeted attacks and lack discriminability for images captured by different sensors or at different time periods in the same geographical area. To address these limitations, this article proposes a novel watermarking algorithm based on blockchain and stacked denoising autoencoder (SDAE) to achieve lossless copyright protection for high-resolution remote sensing images. The algorithm utilizes SDAE to extract deep and robust features from local square feature regions for watermark construction. Moreover, the algorithm incorporates a watermark registration scheme designed with Hyperledger Fabric and InterPlanetary file system to ensure secure and trustworthy registration of watermarks and associated parameter information, enhancing the algorithm's uniqueness. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm against various watermark attacks and its high discriminability for similar images. This algorithm holds significant potential for wide-ranging applications in the field of lossless copyright protection for high resolution remote sensing images (HRRS), effectively safeguarding the commercial interests of data providers.

The screen-cam process, which is taking pictures of the content displayed on a screen with mobile phones or cameras, is one of the main ways that image information is leaked. However, traditional image watermarking methods are not resilient to screen-cam processes with severe distortion. In this paper, a screen-cam robust watermarking scheme with a feature-based synchronization method is proposed. First, the distortions caused by the screen-cam process are investigated. These distortions can be summarized into the five categories of linear distortion, gamma tweaking, geometric distortion, noise attack, and low-pass filtering attack. Then, a local square feature region (LSFR) construction method based on a Gaussian function, modified Harris–Laplace detector, and speeded-up robust feature (SURF) orientation descriptor is developed for watermark synchronization. Next, the message is repeatedly embedded in each selected LSFR by an improved embedding algorithm, which employs a non-rotating embedding method and a preprocessing method, to modulate the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) coefficients. In the process of watermark detection, we fully utilize the captured information and extract the message based on a local statistical feature. Finally, the experimental results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the method against common attacks and screen-cam attacks. Compared to the previous schemes, our scheme has not only good robustness against screen-cam attack, but is also effective against screen-cam with additional common desynchronization attacks.

Zero watermarking is an important part of copyright protection of vector geographic data. However, how to improve the robustness of zero watermarking is still a critical challenge, especially in resisting attacks with significant distortion. We proposed a zero watermarking method for vector geographic data based on the number of neighboring features. The method makes full use of spatial characteristics of vector geographic data, including topological characteristics and statistical characteristics. First, the number of first-order neighboring features (NFNF) and the number of second-order neighboring features (NSNF) of every feature in vector geographic data are counted. Then, the watermark bit is determined by the NFNF value, and the watermark index is determined by the NSNF value. Finally, combine the watermark bits and the watermark indices to construct a watermark. Experiments verify the theoretical achievements and good robustness of this method. Simulation results also demonstrate that the normalized coefficient of the method is always kept at 1.00 under the attacks that distort data significantly, which has the superior performance in comparison to other methods.

To achieve watermark synchronization from an image with perspective distortion is a challenge. This paper proposes a screen-cam robust and blind watermarking scheme for tile satellite images, which means we do not need any user interaction or additional information in watermark detection. To achieve this, at the watermark embedding side, we divide tiles into synchronization tiles and message tiles, and propose a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) based embedding method to cope with the quality degradation caused by screen-cam process. At the extraction side, based on the idea of template matching, we first use a synchronization response index to estimate an appropriate scale level and positions of embedded synchronization watermarks from the noise component, which is estimated by Wiener filter. Then, we propose verification, selection, and precise locations methods to ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of synchronization detection results. After that, we can extract the regions of message tiles. Finally, we extract watermark message based on the local max value from the DFT domain of the noise component. Experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed scheme against common attacks and screen-cam attack with a tripod as well as handhold shooting.