The plant chloroplast (cp) genome has maintained a relatively conserved structure and gene content throughout evolution. Cp genome sequences have been used widely for resolving evolutionary and phylogenetic issues at various taxonomic levels of plants. Here, we report the complete cp genome of Abies nephrolepis. The A. nephrolepis cp genome is 121,336 base pairs (bp) in length including a pair of short inverted repeat regions (IRa and IRb) of 139 bp each separated by a small single copy (SSC) region of 54,323 bp (SSC) and a large single copy region of 66,735 bp (LSC). It contains 114 genes, 68 of which are protein coding genes, 35 tRNA and four rRNA genes, six open reading frames, and one pseudogene. Seventeen repeat units and 64 simple sequence repeats (SSR) have been detected in A. nephrolepis cp genome. Large IR sequences locate in 42-kb inversion points (1186 bp). The A. nephrolepis cp genome is identical to Abies koreana’s which is closely related to taxa. Pairwise comparison between two cp genomes revealed 140 polymorphic sites in each. Complete cp genome sequence of A. nephrolepis has a significant potential to provide information on the evolutionary pattern of Abietoideae and valuable data for development of DNA markers for easy identification and classification

Prangos fedtschenkoi(Regel & Schmalh.) Korovin andP. lipskyiKorovin (Apiaceae) are rare plant species endemic to mountainous regions of Middle Asia. Both are edificators of biotic communities and valuable resource plants. The results of recent phylogenetic analyses place them inPrangossubgen.Koelzella(M. Hiroe) Lyskov & Pimenov and suggest they may possibly represent sister species. To aid in development of molecular markers useful for intraspecific phylogeographic and population‐level genetic studies of these ecologically and economically important plants, we determined their complete plastid genome sequences and compared the results obtained to several previously published plastomes of Apiaceae. The plastomes ofP. fedtschenkoiandP. lipskyiare typical of Apiaceae and most other higher plant plastid DNAs in their sizes (153,626 and 154,143 bp, respectively), structural organization, gene arrangement, and gene content (with 113 unique genes). A total of 49 and 48 short sequence repeat (SSR) loci of 10 bp or longer were detected inP. fedtschenkoiandP. lipskyiplastomes, respectively, representing 42–43 mononucleotides and 6 AT dinucleotides. Seven tandem repeats of 30 bp or longer with a sequence identity ≥90% were identified in each plastome. Further comparisons revealed 319 polymorphic sites between the plastomes (IR, 21; LSC, 234; SSC, 64), representing 43.8% transitions (Ts), 56.1% transversions (Tv), and a Ts/Tv ratio of 0.78. Within genic regions, two indel events were observed inrpoA (6 and 51 bp) andycf1 (3 and 12 bp), and one inndhF (6 bp). The most variable intergenic spacer region was that ofaccD/psaI, with 21.1% nucleotide divergence. EachPrangosspecies possessed one of two separate inversions (either 5 bp inndhB intron or 9 bp inpetB intron), and these were predicted to form hairpin structures with flanking repeat sequences of 18 and 19 bp, respectively. Both species have also incorporated novel DNA in the LSC region adjacent to the LSC/IRa junction, and BLAST searches revealed it had a 100 bp match (86% sequence identity) to noncoding mitochondrial DNA.Prangos‐specific primers were developed for the variableaccD/psaI intergenic spacer and preliminary PCR‐surveys suggest that this region will be useful for future phylogeographic and population‐level studies.

Mean Nm = 0.3954 (Nm* = 0.5(1 – Gst)/Gst (McDermott and McDonald, 1993). Mean Gst Nei (1973) = 0.5584.

Ungernia sewertzowii (US) and U. victoris (UV) are medicinal plants and sources of biologically active compounds for pharmaceutical needs. The leaves of US contain 0.29–0.81% sum of alkaloids with a predominance of lycorine, which is 0.04–0.46% in leaves and 0.15–0.38% in bulbs. Lycorine is used to treat acute and chronic bronchitis. The leaves of UV contain 0.27–0.71% sum of alkaloids with a predominance of galanthamine—0.13–1.15%. Galanthamine is used to treat mild-to-moderate dementia (Alzheimer’s disease). The natural populations of US and UV are in danger as sources of income for local people. To resolve this problem, two protocols for microclonal propagation were developed to replace natural raw materials with in vitro regenerated plants. Callusogenesis of US and UV was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient media with 2.4D (0.5 mg/L) in combination with BAP (0.5 mg/L), Kin (0.5 mg/L), or Zea (0.5 mg/L). Direct (for US) and indirect (for US and UN) organogenesis were observed on MS with BAP (0.5 mg/L) or Kin (0.5 mg/L) in combination with IAA (0.5 mg/L) or NAA (0.5 mg/L). Direct organogenesis resulted in 3–5 bulbs of US on one explant; indirect organogenesis resulted in up to 100–150 bulbs of US and UV on one explant within 6 months, or five to six subcultures after transferring the callus to the nutrient medium. The tissue cultures of US and UV were characterized by very low data on antioxidant activity based on IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, whereas in vitro regenerated plants (leaves and bulbs) had higher data. We concluded that in vitro regenerated plants are valuable sources of lycorine and galanthamine, which allow the protection of the natural populations of these two species from extinction.

This study investigated the antioxidant potential of callus cultures derived from the endangered medicinal plant Ferula tadshikorum Pimenov (Apiaceae Lindl.), an endemic species in Central Asia. The plant’s long life cycle and overharvesting threaten its survival, necessitating the development of in vitro microclonal propagation protocols as a sustainable solution for bioactive compound production. Two propagation methods, indirect organogenesis and indirect somatic embryogenesis, were optimized using zygotic embryos as explants. Callus cultures at early stages, cultivated on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, demonstrated antioxidant activity, with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) values as low as 15.41 µg/mL, comparable to ascorbic acid (15.17 µg/mL), while the radical-scavenging activity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay was even higher. Optimal bioactivity and extract yields were achieved on a Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.5 mg/l) and Kinetin or Thidiazuron. Statistical analysis confirmed the influence of hormonal treatments on antioxidant properties. These findings highlight the dual potential of in vitro propagation for conserving F. tadshikorum and providing a sustainable source of bioactive compounds with significant antioxidant properties, supporting pharmaceutical applications. However, challenges in translating these findings into large-scale production or commercial applications must be addressed, including the optimization of protocols for industrial scalability and cost-effectiveness.

Acer platanoides L. is widely used in ornamental landscaping throughout the steppe zone of Ukraine and in Uzbekistan with a temperate continental climate. Due to its striking dark purple foliage, it creates a striking contrast in gardens, parks and urban green spaces. As a shade tree, it provides aesthetic appeal and excellent canopy cover, where it affects cooling, regulating the microclimate, making it a popular choice for streets, residential yards and public spaces. Its resistance to pollution, compacted soil and urban conditions makes it particularly suitable for urban environments, where it is often planted along roads and in public parks. Microclonal propagation of the ornamental species Acer platanoides L. “Crimson King” was achieved through indirect organogenesis and microcutting.Indirect organogenesis was induced on leaf petioles using DKW medium with 2.4D (0.5 mg/l) + Kin (0.5 mg/l) or 2.4D (0.5 mg/l) + BAP (0.5 mg/l), followed by subculturing onto BAP-supplemented medium (0.01–1.0 mg/l).Microcutting was performed on hormone-free WPM medium with 20 % sucrose, then subcultured onto BAP (0.01–1.0 mg/l) before transferring to a medium containing NAA (2 mg/l) + BAP (0.5 mg/l) + TDZ (0.5 mg/l). Acer platanoides L. широко використовується в декоративному озелененні по всій степовій зоні України та в Узбекистані з помірно-континентальним кліматом. Завдяки яскравому темно-пурпуровому листю створює разючий контраст у садах, парках та міських зелених насадженнях. Як тіньове дерево, воно забезпечує естетичну привабливість і чудове покриття для навісу, де впливає на охолодження, регулюючи мікроклімат, що робить його популярним вибором для вулиць, житлових дворів і громадських просторів. Стійкість до забруднення, ущільненого ґрунту та міських умов робить його особливо придатним для міського середовища, де його часто висаджують уздовж доріг і в громадських парках. Мікроклональне розмноження декоративного виду Acer platanoides L. «Crimson King» було досягнуто шляхом непрямого органогенезу та мікроживцювання. Непрямий органогенез індукували на черешках листків за допомогою середовища DKW з 2,4D (0,5 мг/л) + Kin (0,5 мг/л) або 2,4D (0,5 мг/л) + BAP (0,5 мг/л) з наступним пересівом на середовище з додаванням BAP (0,01-1,0 мг/л). Мікропрепарування проводили на безгормональному середовищі WPM з 20 % сахарози, потім субкультивували на БАП (0,01–1,0 мг/л) перед перенесенням на середовище, що містить NAA (2 мг/л) + БАП (0,5 мг/л) + TDZ (0,5 мг/л).