The study proposes a modified version of African Vultures Optimization Algorithm (AVOA) to address the optimal power flow (OPF) issue. The developed optimizer is called Chaotic AVOA (CAVOA). Prior to applying CAVOA to the problem at hand, its accuracy is evaluated using 23 benchmark functions. The production powers of WTs that are interrupted are predicted using Weibull probability density functions (PDFs). Two additional costs, namely penalty cost and reserve cost, are incorporated into the goal function of the OPF. The simulation results of CAVOA are compared with those of the original AVOA to solve the OPF. The proposed OPF technique and its solution methodology are verified on the IEEE 30‐bus test system, taking into account the flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices, which have several benefits such as reducing active power transmission loss, regulating power flow, and improving voltage stability/profile. The research's simulation results demonstrate that CAVOA is more effective in identifying the OPF's optimal solution by reducing the overall power cost and power losses. The results indicate that the CAVOA algorithm outperforms AVOA as a metaheuristic optimization algorithm due to its superior capability in addressing challenging OPF problems with a minimal convergence rate. For example, when comparing the two algorithms, CAVOA achieved a significant improvement. It successfully reduced the cost function by approximately 0.023% in Case I and 0.035% in Case II, while also decreasing power loss by 2.57% in Case II and 0.57% in Case I. Additionally, CAVOA exhibited a remarkable reduction of 5.36% in voltage deviation compared to AVOA in Case I. Furthermore, in Case III, CAVOA demonstrated a decrease of 0.64% in gross cost when compared to AVOA.

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is a physical technology with notable effects on living organisms. In the present study, tomato seeds (Solanum lycopersicum var. Bassimo Mill.) were exposed to CAP for various time intervals, ranging from 1 to 5 min, in both continuous and intermittent periods, and were compared with a control group that received no CAP treatment. Seedlings grown from treated seeds exhibited improvements in levels of growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, and metabolite contents when compared to the control group. Seedlings from seeds treated with S04 displayed significant increases in shoot and root lengths, by 32.45% and 20.60% respectively, compared to the control group. Moreover, seedlings from seeds treated with S01 showed a 101.90% increase in total protein, whereas those treated with S02 experienced a 119.52% increase in carbohydrate content. These findings highlight the substantial improvements in growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and metabolite levels in seedlings from treated seeds relative to controls. Total antioxidant capacity was boosted by CAP exposure. The activities of enzymes including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidases were stimulated by S02 and exceeded control treatment by (177.48%, 137.41%, and 103.32%), respectively. Additionally, exposure to S04 increased the levels of non-enzymatic antioxidants like flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and tannins over the control group (38.08%, 30.10%, 117.19%, and 94.44%), respectively. Our results indicate that CAP-seed priming is an innovative and cost-effective approach to enhance the growth, bioactive components, and yield of tomato seedlings.

Plant extracts acquiring antioxidant potential have recently been used for topical applications for significant protection against ultra violet (UV)-induced sunburn. The current study was conducted for screening Pluchea discoridis (Asteracea), Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae), Aloe vera (Liliaceae) and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) for their photoprotective, antioxidant and anti-skin cancer properties. Multivariate data analysis based on spectrophotometric evaluation of major secondary metabolites was performed. Each plant had its specific pattern of metabolites. P. discoridis and E. camaldulensis were separated from other plants due to their high content of secondary metabolites where P. discoridis was discriminated by high content of flavonoids and saponins. E. camaldulensis, was discriminated by high content of phenolics and tannins. Different concentrations of plant extracts were read for absorbance at UVB spectrum. Sun protection factors (SPFs) were calculated. The highest concentration (10 mg/mL) of P. discoridis extract had the highest SPF, i.e., 23.94±0.98. The antioxidant activity using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay revealed that P. discoridis and L. inermis extracts had the best free radical scavenging activity with DPPH at 100 µg/mL of 85.69 ± 1.8 and 85.35 ± 2.5%, respectively. Human skin tumor cell line (A431) was incubated with the plant extracts. P. discoridis had the best anti-skin cancer activity of lowest LC50 value. The effect induced by the P. discoridis extract was also identical to that of the standard chemotherapeutic drug (doxorubicin). The present study revealed that P. discoridis is a promising plant for use in sunscreen formulations and anti-skin cancer treatment.