Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a restrictive bariatric surgery technique that was first used as part of restrictive horizontal gastrectomy in the original Scopinaro type biliopancreatic diversion. Its good results as a single technique have led to a rise in its use, and it is currently the second most performed technique worldwide. SG achieves clearly better results than other restrictive techniques and is comparable in some aspects to the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the current gold standard in bariatric surgery. These benefits have been associated with different pathophysiologic mechanisms unrelated to weight loss such as increased gastric emptying and intestinal transit, and activation of hormonal mechanisms such as increased GLP-1 hormone and decreased ghrelin. The aim of this review was to highlight the salient aspects of SG regarding its historical evolution, pathophysiologic mechanisms, main results, clinical applications and perioperative complications.

Objective: The objective of the study was to quantify insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes patients by estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR), according to the presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome, and its relationship with chronic complications. Design: This was a cross-sectional study in 91 patients with type 1 immune-mediated diabetes managed at an outpatient endocrinology clinic. All participants were Caucasians aged 18 yr or older with type 1 diabetes duration of more than 6 months who had completed the study protocol. Results: Twenty-nine patients met metabolic syndrome criteria, yielding a prevalence of 31.9%. Although no differences in insulin requirements were found between diabetic patients with and without metabolic syndrome, lower eGDR levels, indicating greater insulin resistance, were observed in metabolic syndrome patients compared with those without (6.19 ± 1.5 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹vs. 9.93 ± 1.6 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹) (P < 0.001). An eGDR level less than 8.77 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹ showed 100% sensitivity and 85.2% specificity for metabolic syndrome diagnosis. All patients with diabetes complications had eGDR values below 8.16 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹. eGDR level was significantly lower in patients with diabetic retinopathy (5.97 ± 1.2 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹), diabetic neuropathy (5.06 ± 0.4 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹), or diabetic nephropathy (5.79 ± 1.5 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹) compared with those without (9.38 ± 2.0 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹, P < 0.001; 9.26 ± 2.0 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹, P < 0.001; and 9.19 ± 2.2 mg/kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Insulin resistance is common in type 1 diabetes patients and is associated with microvascular complications. eGDR, as an insulin resistance marker, provides more useful information than other classical variables such as insulin requirements. Estimated glucose disposal rate, as an insulin resistance marker, provides more useful information than other classical variables such as insulin requirements.