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To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in farmed and feral mink in Denmark. We examined meat juice from 235 feral mink and 306 farmed mink for T. gondii antibodies, and faecal samples from 113 feral mink and 166 farmed mink for Cryptosporidium oocyst excretion. Meat juice was analysed using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and oocyst excretion was identified by a modified Ziehl–Neelsen method. All farmed mink tested sero-negative, while 53.6% of feral mink were T. gondii sero-positive. The probability of being sero-positive for T. gondii was not associated with recent escapes from farms (p = 0.468), but was significantly higher for male feral mink (64.2%) than female feral mink (42.5%) (p = 0.0008). Only one feral mink and four farmed mink (2.4%) excreted Cryptosporidium oocysts. Farmed mink were all T. gondii sero-negative, whereas approximately half the feral mink were sero-positive. Cryptosporidium prevalence in farmed and feral mink were low. Overall, the public health risk of transmission of these two parasites via mink in Denmark is low.
Mita Eva Sengupta; Sussie Pagh; Anna-Sofie Stensgaard; Mariann Chriel; Heidi Huus Petersen. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium in Feral and Farmed American Mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark. Acta Parasitologica 2021, 1 -7.
AMA StyleMita Eva Sengupta, Sussie Pagh, Anna-Sofie Stensgaard, Mariann Chriel, Heidi Huus Petersen. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium in Feral and Farmed American Mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark. Acta Parasitologica. 2021; ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMita Eva Sengupta; Sussie Pagh; Anna-Sofie Stensgaard; Mariann Chriel; Heidi Huus Petersen. 2021. "Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Cryptosporidium in Feral and Farmed American Mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark." Acta Parasitologica , no. : 1-7.
The feral mink population in Denmark consists of two groups of animals: mink born in the wild and mink that have recently escaped from farms. The aims of this study were to: (1) estimate the reproductive performance and mortality of the Danish mink born in the wild (wild-born) and mink escaped from farms (captive-born); (2) discuss the likelihood of a self-sustaining population of wild-born mink in Denmark; and (3) model the relationship between the pulp cavity width and the age of mink. During 2018, 247 wild caught mink were sent for necropsy at the Danish National Veterinary Institute. Based on body length, 112 were determined as captive-born and 96 as wild-born. The mean litter size ± SE of wild-born females was 7.6 ± 0.9 (range: 5–11 kits) and for captive-born females 5.9 ± 0.9 (range: 1–10 kits). The relationship between age (in months) of mink and pulp cavity width was highly significant. Individuals with a pulp cavity width of >35% were younger than one year. Based on fecundity, the turnover of the mink population was estimated to be 66%, and the yearly mortality was estimated at 69%. Hence, the population is slightly declining. In conclusion, a feral reproducing mink population in Denmark persists without a continuous influx of captive-born mink from farms.
Sussie Pagh; Cino Pertoldi; Mariann Chriel; Heidi Huus Petersen; Trine Hammer Jensen; Sussi Madsen; David Chr. Evar Kraft; Toke Munk Schou; Mette Sif Hansen. Estimation of the Age and Reproductive Performance of Wild-Born and Escaped Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild in Denmark. Animals 2021, 11, 162 .
AMA StyleSussie Pagh, Cino Pertoldi, Mariann Chriel, Heidi Huus Petersen, Trine Hammer Jensen, Sussi Madsen, David Chr. Evar Kraft, Toke Munk Schou, Mette Sif Hansen. Estimation of the Age and Reproductive Performance of Wild-Born and Escaped Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild in Denmark. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):162.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSussie Pagh; Cino Pertoldi; Mariann Chriel; Heidi Huus Petersen; Trine Hammer Jensen; Sussi Madsen; David Chr. Evar Kraft; Toke Munk Schou; Mette Sif Hansen. 2021. "Estimation of the Age and Reproductive Performance of Wild-Born and Escaped Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in the Wild in Denmark." Animals 11, no. 1: 162.
SARS-CoV-2 infection is the cause of COVID-19 in humans. In April 2020, SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed mink (Neovision vision) occurred in the Netherlands. The first outbreaks in Denmark were detected in June 2020 in three farms. A steep increase in the number of infected farms occurred from September and onwards. Here, we describe prevalence data collected from 215 infected mink farms to characterize spread and impact of disease in infected farms. In one third of the farms, no clinical signs were observed. In farms with clinical signs, decreased feed intake, increased mortality and respiratory symptoms were most frequently observed, during a limited time period (median of 11 days). In 65% and 69% of farms, virus and sero-conversion, respectively, were detected in 100% of sampled animals at the first sampling. SARS-CoV-2 was detected, at low levels, in air samples collected close to the mink, on mink fur, on flies, on the foot of a seagull, and in gutter water, but not in feed. Some dogs and cats from infected farms tested positive for the virus. Chickens, rabbits, and horses sampled on a few farms, and wildlife sampled in the vicinity of the infected farms did not test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, mink are highly susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2, but routes of transmission between farms, other than by direct human contact, are unclear.
Anette Boklund; Anne Sofie Hammer; Michelle Lauge Quaade; Thomas Bruun Rasmussen; Louise Lohse; Bertel Strandbygaard; Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen; Ann Sofie Olesen; Freja Broe Hjerpe; Heidi Huus Petersen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Sten Mortensen; Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia; Stine Kjær Lefèvre; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Tariq Halasa; Graham J. Belsham; Anette Bøtner. SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020. Animals 2021, 11, 164 .
AMA StyleAnette Boklund, Anne Sofie Hammer, Michelle Lauge Quaade, Thomas Bruun Rasmussen, Louise Lohse, Bertel Strandbygaard, Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen, Ann Sofie Olesen, Freja Broe Hjerpe, Heidi Huus Petersen, Tim Kåre Jensen, Sten Mortensen, Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia, Stine Kjær Lefèvre, Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Tariq Halasa, Graham J. Belsham, Anette Bøtner. SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020. Animals. 2021; 11 (1):164.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnette Boklund; Anne Sofie Hammer; Michelle Lauge Quaade; Thomas Bruun Rasmussen; Louise Lohse; Bertel Strandbygaard; Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen; Ann Sofie Olesen; Freja Broe Hjerpe; Heidi Huus Petersen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Sten Mortensen; Francisco F. Calvo-Artavia; Stine Kjær Lefèvre; Søren Saxmose Nielsen; Tariq Halasa; Graham J. Belsham; Anette Bøtner. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2 in Danish Mink Farms: Course of the Epidemic and a Descriptive Analysis of the Outbreaks in 2020." Animals 11, no. 1: 164.
The feral mink population in Denmark consists of two groups of animals; mink born in the wild and mink that have recently escaped from farms. The aims of this study are; 1) to estimate the reproduction and mortality of wild-born and captive-born mink and 2) to estimate the age of mink based on the width of pulp cavity (% of tooth width) in the canine teeth. During 2018, 247 wild caught mink were sent for necropsy at the Danish National Veterinary Institute. Of these mink, 112 were determined as captive-born and 96 were determined wild-born. The mean litter size ± SE of wild-born females was 7.6 ± 0.9 (range: 5-11 kits) and for captive-born females 5.9 ± 0.9 (range: 1-10 kits). The best fitting regression line for mink age (in months) based on pulp width was y=0.42x2-11.52x+104.7, R² = 0.77, p< 0.0001. Individuals with a pulp cavity width <35% was found to be younger than one year. The turnover of mink caught in nature was estimated to 66% and the yearly mortality to 69%, therefore the population is slightly declining. In conclusion, a feral reproducing mink population in Denmark persists, besides the continues influx of captive-born mink escaped from farms.
Sussie Pagh; Cino Pertoldi; Mariann Chriel; Trine Hammer Jensen; Sussi Madsen; David Chr. Evar Kraft; Toke Munk Schou; Mette Sif Hansen. Age and Reproduction of Wild-Born and Escaped Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in Danish Nature. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleSussie Pagh, Cino Pertoldi, Mariann Chriel, Trine Hammer Jensen, Sussi Madsen, David Chr. Evar Kraft, Toke Munk Schou, Mette Sif Hansen. Age and Reproduction of Wild-Born and Escaped Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in Danish Nature. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSussie Pagh; Cino Pertoldi; Mariann Chriel; Trine Hammer Jensen; Sussi Madsen; David Chr. Evar Kraft; Toke Munk Schou; Mette Sif Hansen. 2020. "Age and Reproduction of Wild-Born and Escaped Mink (Neovison vison) Caught in Danish Nature." , no. : 1.
Aims To determine inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and reduction of Escherichia coli and enterococci in cattle slurry added aqueous ammonia. Methods and Results Escherichia coli, enterococci and non‐viable C. parvum oocysts (DAPI+ PI+) were enumerated every second day for two weeks in cattle slurry amended with 60 mmol l‐1 aq. ammonia and compared with untreated slurry at three temperatures. Regardless of temperature, the proportion of non‐viable C. parvum oocysts increased significantly faster over time in slurry with added ammonia than raw slurry (p=0.021) corresponding to 62.0% higher inactivation (P=0.001) at day 14. Additionally, 91.8% fewer E. coli and 27.3% fewer enterococci was observed slurry added ammonia at day 14 compared raw slurry. Conclusion The addition of aqueous ammonia to raw slurry significantly reduced the viability of C. parvum oocysts and numbers of bacterial indicators. Hence, ammonia is usable to lower pathogen concentrations in slurry prior before application to agricultural land. Significance and Impact of Study Livestock waste is a valuable source of plant nutrients and organic matter, but may contain high concentrations of pathogens like Escherichia coli and Cryptosporidium spp. that can be spread in the environment, and cause disease outbreaks. However, die‐off rates of pathogens in organic waste can increase following increasing ammonia concentrations.
H.H. Petersen; A. Dalsgaard; B. Vinneras; L.S. Jensen; T.T.A. Le; M.A. Petersen; H.L. Enemark; A. Forslund. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and faecal indicator bacteria in cattle slurry by addition of ammonia. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2020, 130, 1745 -1757.
AMA StyleH.H. Petersen, A. Dalsgaard, B. Vinneras, L.S. Jensen, T.T.A. Le, M.A. Petersen, H.L. Enemark, A. Forslund. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and faecal indicator bacteria in cattle slurry by addition of ammonia. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2020; 130 (5):1745-1757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH.H. Petersen; A. Dalsgaard; B. Vinneras; L.S. Jensen; T.T.A. Le; M.A. Petersen; H.L. Enemark; A. Forslund. 2020. "Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and faecal indicator bacteria in cattle slurry by addition of ammonia." Journal of Applied Microbiology 130, no. 5: 1745-1757.
The cardiopulmonary nematodes Angiostrongylus vasorum, Crenosoma vulpis, Capillaria aerophila and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, are a cause of concern in the scientific and veterinary community, potentially causing significant disease in domestic animals. To investigate the potential of wild carnivores as reservoir hosts to these parasites, a total of 1041 animals from seven regions of Denmark were sampled: 476 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), 367 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 123 American mink (Neovison vison), 31 beech martens (Martes foina), 30 Eurasian otters (Lutra lutra) and 14 polecats (Mustela putorius). Hearts and lungs were collected and examined for cardiopulmonary parasites. Capillaria aerophila was identified using morphology, whereas A. vasorum and C. vulpis were identified by a duplex real-time PCR, and A. abstrusus by conventional PCR. This is the first Danish report of A. vasorum and C. vulpis infections in raccoon dogs, mink and polecats, and of C. aerophila in raccoon dogs and beech martens. In addition, this is the first time A. vasorum and C. vulpis have been identified in wild animals from the island of Bornholm, just as it is the first report of C. vulpis in American mink, and C. vulpis and A. vasorum in polecats in Europe. The prevalence of A. vasorum appears to have increased in red foxes in Denmark compared to previous studies, while C. vulpis and C. aerophila prevalences are lower. Our data show that several wild carnivores can serve as reservoir hosts for A. vasorum, C. vulpis and C. aerophila in Denmark, and that A. vasorum appears more abundant than previously reported. It is speculated that the A. vasorum increase might relate to increased snail abundance, which may be due to a rise in mean yearly temperatures in Denmark.
Louise Lemming; Ann Cholewa Jørgensen; Linette Buxbom Nielsen; Stine Thorsø Nielsen; Helena Mejer; Mariann Chriél; Heidi Huus Petersen. Cardiopulmonary nematodes of wild carnivores from Denmark: Do they serve as reservoir hosts for infections in domestic animals? International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2020, 13, 90 -97.
AMA StyleLouise Lemming, Ann Cholewa Jørgensen, Linette Buxbom Nielsen, Stine Thorsø Nielsen, Helena Mejer, Mariann Chriél, Heidi Huus Petersen. Cardiopulmonary nematodes of wild carnivores from Denmark: Do they serve as reservoir hosts for infections in domestic animals? International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 2020; 13 ():90-97.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLouise Lemming; Ann Cholewa Jørgensen; Linette Buxbom Nielsen; Stine Thorsø Nielsen; Helena Mejer; Mariann Chriél; Heidi Huus Petersen. 2020. "Cardiopulmonary nematodes of wild carnivores from Denmark: Do they serve as reservoir hosts for infections in domestic animals?" International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 13, no. : 90-97.
From a longitudinal survey conducted on 30 Danish mink farms in 2016, 11.0% of faecal samples (456/4140) were positive for Cystoisospora laidlawi oocysts by microscopy, with 60% (189/315) of mink being positive at least once during the study period. Morphological analysis of sporulated oocysts identified Cystoisospora oocysts measuring 34.3 × 29.5 μm with an oocyst length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.2. The morphological features of the oocysts were identical to Isospora laidlawi previously morphological identified in farmed mink from Denmark and elsewhere. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequences (1221 bp) from three positive mink indicated that Cystoisospora from mink shared the highest genetic similarity to C. canis from a Canadian dog (99.6%). The phylogenetic analysis placed Cystoisospora from mink in a clade with other Cystoisospora isolates.
H. H. Petersen; R. Yang; M. Chriel; D. Liu; M. S. Hansen; U. M. Ryan. Morphological and molecular characterization of Cystoisospora laidlawi oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in farmed American mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark. Parasitology Research 2020, 119, 1 -5.
AMA StyleH. H. Petersen, R. Yang, M. Chriel, D. Liu, M. S. Hansen, U. M. Ryan. Morphological and molecular characterization of Cystoisospora laidlawi oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in farmed American mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark. Parasitology Research. 2020; 119 (10):1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. H. Petersen; R. Yang; M. Chriel; D. Liu; M. S. Hansen; U. M. Ryan. 2020. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Cystoisospora laidlawi oocysts (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in farmed American mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark." Parasitology Research 119, no. 10: 1-5.
Background Similar to the situation in other European countries, Danish wild boars may harbour a wide range of pathogens infectious to humans and domestic pigs. Although wild boars must be kept behind fences in Denmark, hunting and consumption of the meat may cause zoonotic transmission. Moreover, most infections of wild boars are transmissible to domestic pigs, which may have important economic consequences. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Danish wild boars were infected with bacteria and parasites transmissible to humans or domestic pigs: Brucella suis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella spp., Trichinella spp., lungworms and gastrointestinal parasites, especially Ascaris suum. This is the first study to investigate the prevalence of these important pathogens in Danish wild boars. Results Wild boars from eight enclosures were analysed over a 5-year period. All tested wild boars were negative for B. suis (n = 240), MRSA (n = 244), Salmonella spp. (n = 115) and Trichinella spp. (n = 232), while eight parasite genera were identified in the faeces (n = 254): Ascaris suum, Capillaria sp., Cystoisospora suis, Eimeria spp., Metastrongylus sp. (lungworm), Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis and strongylid eggs, i.e. strongyles not identified to the genera. Eimeria spp. and Metastrongylus sp. had the highest prevalence (92.3 and 79.5%, respectively) and were identified in wild boars from all eight enclosures, while the remaining parasite genera were present more sporadically. Conclusions Wild boars from Denmark constitute a low risk of transmitting B. suis, MRSA, Salmonella spp. and Trichinella spp. to humans or domestic pigs, while economically important parasites transmissible to domestic pigs are highly prevalent in the wild boar population.
Heidi Huus Petersen; Nao Takeuchi-Storm; Heidi Larsen Enemark; Stine Thorsø Nielsen; Gitte Larsen; Mariann Chriél. Surveillance of important bacterial and parasitic infections in Danish wild boars (Sus scrofa). Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2020, 62, 1 -10.
AMA StyleHeidi Huus Petersen, Nao Takeuchi-Storm, Heidi Larsen Enemark, Stine Thorsø Nielsen, Gitte Larsen, Mariann Chriél. Surveillance of important bacterial and parasitic infections in Danish wild boars (Sus scrofa). Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2020; 62 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidi Huus Petersen; Nao Takeuchi-Storm; Heidi Larsen Enemark; Stine Thorsø Nielsen; Gitte Larsen; Mariann Chriél. 2020. "Surveillance of important bacterial and parasitic infections in Danish wild boars (Sus scrofa)." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 62, no. 1: 1-10.
In Denmark, American mink (Neovison vison) have been bred for their fur since the mid-1920s. Mink escaping from farms may supply the feral population. Often, it is of biological and management interest to separate the population of feral mink (i.e. mink caught in the wild) in two groups: 1) mink born on farms i.e., escapees, and 2) mink born in the wild. In this study, two methods were used for separating feral mink into the two groups: a) Comparison of body length of farmed mink and feral mink, and b) Presence of a biomarker (tetracycline: an oral antibiotic used on mink farms). A total of 367 wild caught mink (from the mainland of Denmark and the island of Bornholm), and 147 mink from farms, collected during the period 2014-2018, were used for the analysis of body length. For the testing of tetracycline (TC) as a biomarker, 78 mink from farms where there was knowledge about TC treatment (with or without) were examined for fluorescent markings in the canine teeth. Results from both univariate analyses and Gaussian mixture model analysis demonstrated clear divisions between the mean body length (mean ± S.E., range) of farmed males (52.1 cm ± 0.4, 48-68) and farmed females (mean 44.0 ± 0.2, 40-50), and between farmed mink and wild caught mink. Mixture analysis identified two groups within each sex of the wild caught mink, one assigned to farmed mink (born in captivity) and another group of smaller mink suspected of being born in the wild. On Bornholm, the mean (±SD, range) length of males born in the wild was 43.7cm (± 0.3, 36-57) and for females 37.5cm (± 0.3, 32-45). The mean length (±SD, range) of males born in the wild in the mainland of Denmark was 42.5cm (± 2.3, 36-46) and for females 36.1cm (± 1.0, 34-37). Among the feral mink from mainland Denmark, 28.4% of males and 21.6% of females were identified as escapees, while 0% of the males and 1% of the females were identified as escapees among the wild caught mink on Bornholm. Eight percent of mink from farms using tetracycline were false negatives, while no false positives were found among mink from farms not using TC. TC fluorescence was found in five of 217 mink caught in the wild equivalent to 22% escapees in mainland Denmark. No TC markings were found in mink caught in the wild on Bornholm. In conclusion, both methods a) the body length of mink, and b) fluorescent biomarkers in canine teeth are considered as useful tools to identifing mink that have escaped from farms.
Sussie Pagh; Cino Pertoldi; Heidi Huus Petersen; Trine Hammer Jensen; Mette Sif Hansen; Sussi Madsen; David Chr. Evar Kraft; Niels Iversen; Peter Roslev; Mariann Chriel. Methods for the identification of farm escapees in feral mink (Neovison vison) populations. PLOS ONE 2019, 14, e0224559 .
AMA StyleSussie Pagh, Cino Pertoldi, Heidi Huus Petersen, Trine Hammer Jensen, Mette Sif Hansen, Sussi Madsen, David Chr. Evar Kraft, Niels Iversen, Peter Roslev, Mariann Chriel. Methods for the identification of farm escapees in feral mink (Neovison vison) populations. PLOS ONE. 2019; 14 (11):e0224559.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSussie Pagh; Cino Pertoldi; Heidi Huus Petersen; Trine Hammer Jensen; Mette Sif Hansen; Sussi Madsen; David Chr. Evar Kraft; Niels Iversen; Peter Roslev; Mariann Chriel. 2019. "Methods for the identification of farm escapees in feral mink (Neovison vison) populations." PLOS ONE 14, no. 11: e0224559.
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide importance. In this study, we estimated T. gondii seroprevalence in extensively farmed wild boars in Denmark, where little is known about T. gondii in animal hosts. Our study focused on wild boars because they are considered good indicator species for the presence of T. gondii, and wild boar meat is used for human consumption. Serum samples from 101 wild boars collected in 2016–2018 from five different locations from the continental part of Denmark, Jutland, were screened for anti-T. gondii antibodies. The samples were analysed using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples from 28 (27.7%) of the 101 wild boars tested positive with the ELISA. The odds for a wild boar to test seropositive were higher if it was sampled during the hunting season 2017–2018 than during 2016–2017 and if it was reported to be at least 1 year old than if it was younger (logistic regression model with the two variables: odds ratios 17.5 and 3.9, respectively). A substantial proportion of the investigated extensively farmed wild boars had been exposed to T. gondii. Moreover, the parasite appeared widespread, at least in the continental part of Denmark, Jutland, as seropositive wild boars were found from all five sampled locations. Assuming seropositivity indicates hosting viable parasites, consumption of undercooked wild boar meat from Denmark is a potential source of T. gondii infections to other hosts, including humans.
Celine Kaae Laforet; Gunita Deksne; Heidi Huus Petersen; Pikka Jokelainen; Maria Vang Johansen; Brian Lassen. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in extensively farmed wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Denmark. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 2019, 61, 4 .
AMA StyleCeline Kaae Laforet, Gunita Deksne, Heidi Huus Petersen, Pikka Jokelainen, Maria Vang Johansen, Brian Lassen. Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in extensively farmed wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Denmark. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. 2019; 61 (1):4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCeline Kaae Laforet; Gunita Deksne; Heidi Huus Petersen; Pikka Jokelainen; Maria Vang Johansen; Brian Lassen. 2019. "Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in extensively farmed wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Denmark." Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 61, no. 1: 4.
Bovine fasciolosis is an economically important livestock disease in Europe, and represents a particular challenge for organic farms, where cattle are grazed extensively and the use of anthelmintic is limited. A two-year longitudinal study was conducted on two conventional and two organic Danish dairy farms to examine the current temporal trend of F. hepatica infection on-farm, and to gather data of practical relevance for parasite control. Data were collected both at the herd and individual level using currently available diagnostic methods: a commercial serum antibody ELISA, a commercial copro-antigen ELISA, faecal egg counts, and monthly bulk tank milk (BTM) ELISA. The temporal patterns (animal age, farm-level temporal trends and seasonality) in the animal-level test results were analysed by generalised additive mixed models (GAMM). Patterns of infection differed substantially between the farms, due to different grazing management and anthelmintic use. However, animals were first infected at the age of 1.5–2 years (heifers), and most at-risk animals sero-converted in autumn, suggesting that summer infections in snails prevail in Denmark. Our results also suggest that the lifespan of the parasite could be over 2 years, as several cows showed signs of low grade infection even after several years of continuous indoor housing without access to freshly-cut grass. The serum antibody ELISA was able to detect infection first, whereas both copro-antigen ELISA and faecal egg counts tended to increase in the same animals at a later point. Decreasing BTM antibody levels were seen on the two farms that started anthelmintic treatment during the study. While important differences between farms and over time were seen due to varying grazing management, anthelmintic treatment and climatic conditions, the young stock was consistently seen as the main high-risk group and at least one farm also had suspected transmission (re-infection) within the lactating herd. Careful interpretation of test results is necessary for older cows as they can show persistent infections several years after exposure has stopped. Rigorous treatment regimens can reduce BTM ELISA values, but further research is needed to develop a non-medicinal approach for sustainable management of bovine fasciolosis. The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3248-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Nao Takeuchi-Storm; Matthew Denwood; Heidi Huus Petersen; Heidi Larsen Enemark; Anna-Sofie Stensgaard; Mita Eva Sengupta; Nicola Jane Beesley; Jane Hodgkinson; Diana Williams; Stig Milan Thamsborg. Patterns of Fasciola hepatica infection in Danish dairy cattle: implications for on-farm control of the parasite based on different diagnostic methods. Parasites & Vectors 2018, 11, 674 .
AMA StyleNao Takeuchi-Storm, Matthew Denwood, Heidi Huus Petersen, Heidi Larsen Enemark, Anna-Sofie Stensgaard, Mita Eva Sengupta, Nicola Jane Beesley, Jane Hodgkinson, Diana Williams, Stig Milan Thamsborg. Patterns of Fasciola hepatica infection in Danish dairy cattle: implications for on-farm control of the parasite based on different diagnostic methods. Parasites & Vectors. 2018; 11 (1):674.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNao Takeuchi-Storm; Matthew Denwood; Heidi Huus Petersen; Heidi Larsen Enemark; Anna-Sofie Stensgaard; Mita Eva Sengupta; Nicola Jane Beesley; Jane Hodgkinson; Diana Williams; Stig Milan Thamsborg. 2018. "Patterns of Fasciola hepatica infection in Danish dairy cattle: implications for on-farm control of the parasite based on different diagnostic methods." Parasites & Vectors 11, no. 1: 674.
Capillaria plica is a parasitic nematode belonging to the family Capillariidae. The adult parasites reside in the urinary tract of wild and domestic canines. The infection is most often asymptomatic, but can cause a wide range of symptoms including urinary bladder inflammation, pollacisuria, dysuria and hematuria. Canines acquire the infection by ingesting the intermediate host, the earthworm (Lumbricidae). Epidemiological studies on C. plica infection in wildlife are few and only one previous Danish study examined the prevalence in red foxes, while studies on prevalence in other animals are limited. We examined the urine sediment or urinary bladder from 375 Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), 247 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 20 beech martens (Martes foina), 16 wild mink (Neovison vison), 14 otters (Lutra lutra), nine European polecats (Mustela putorius), three European badgers (Meles meles) and one golden jackal (Canis aureus) received as a part of Danish wildlife surveillance. Capillaria plica was detected in 73.7% of red foxes, 20.0% of beech martens, 0.5% of raccoon dogs, and in the Golden jackal. Red foxes originating from all 5 regions of Denmark were infected, although with a significantly higher prevalence in the three regions in Jutland compared to Region Zealand.
Heidi H. Petersen; Stine T. Nielsen; Gitte Larsen; Elisabeth Holm; Mariann Chriél. Prevalence of Capillaria plica in Danish wild carnivores. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 2018, 7, 360 -363.
AMA StyleHeidi H. Petersen, Stine T. Nielsen, Gitte Larsen, Elisabeth Holm, Mariann Chriél. Prevalence of Capillaria plica in Danish wild carnivores. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife. 2018; 7 (3):360-363.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidi H. Petersen; Stine T. Nielsen; Gitte Larsen; Elisabeth Holm; Mariann Chriél. 2018. "Prevalence of Capillaria plica in Danish wild carnivores." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 7, no. 3: 360-363.
A survey was conducted on 30 Danish mink farms from April to October 2016 to determine the prevalence and species of Eimeria in Danish farmed mink. In total, 2.6% of mink faecal samples (108/4140) were positive for Eimeria vison-like oocysts by microscopy, with 24.8% (78/315) of mink being positive at least once during the study period. Morphological analysis of sporulated oocysts (n = 20) identified Eimeria vison-like oocysts measuring 21.0 × 13.8 μm with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.5. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA sequences (1221 bp) from three positive mink indicated that Eimeria vison-like shared the highest genetic similarity to Eimeria sp. ex Apodemus agrarius from a Striped field mouse (A. agrarius) from the Czech Republic (99.6%). Analysis of a shorter region of 18S (531 bp) revealed that the E. vison-like genotype sequences grouped in the same clade and shared 97.7% similarity with E. furonis. At the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) locus, mink-derived sequences were not available from GenBank and phylogenetic analysis placed the novel E. vison-like in a clade with E. cf. ictidea (99.4% similarity) from a black footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) from Canada.
H. H. Petersen; R. Yang; M. Chriél; M. S. Hansen; Una Ryan. Morphological and molecular characterisation of Eimeria vison-like oocysts (Apicomplexa:Eimeriidae) in farmed mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark. Parasitology Research 2018, 117, 2933 -2939.
AMA StyleH. H. Petersen, R. Yang, M. Chriél, M. S. Hansen, Una Ryan. Morphological and molecular characterisation of Eimeria vison-like oocysts (Apicomplexa:Eimeriidae) in farmed mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark. Parasitology Research. 2018; 117 (9):2933-2939.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. H. Petersen; R. Yang; M. Chriél; M. S. Hansen; Una Ryan. 2018. "Morphological and molecular characterisation of Eimeria vison-like oocysts (Apicomplexa:Eimeriidae) in farmed mink (Neovison vison) in Denmark." Parasitology Research 117, no. 9: 2933-2939.
In Western Europe, the Echinococcus multilocularis lifecycle is predominantly sylvatic, typically involving red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as the main definitive hosts with Microtus spp. and Arvicola spp. as intermediate hosts. During a 4-year surveillance study (2012–2015), Danish red foxes and raccoon dogs (n = 1345) were examined for E. multilocularis. Moreover, 134 insectivores and rodents collected in South Jutland during spring and summer 2016 were examined for the presence of metacestodes. The sedimentation and counting technique and molecular typing were used to identify E. multilocularis infections in the carnivores, while the rodent livers were examined macro- and microscopically for parasite lesions. Following morphological identification of E. multilocularis adult worms, the identity was verified by sequence analysis of the 12S rRNA gene in most cases (n = 13). Echinococcus multilocularis infection was demonstrated in 19 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) originating from only two specific areas of South Jutland, namely Højer and Grindsted, and in two raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides), originating from Højer. In Højer, 28.5% (CI 95% 11.7–45.3) of the examined red foxes were E. multilocularis positive per year. Moreover, positive red foxes were identified each year from 2012 to 2015, while E. multilocularis positive red foxes were only identified in Grindsted in 2013 (4.0%) and 2014 (6.4%). In contrast, all collected rodents were negative for E. multilocularis. We conclude that E. multilocularis is locally endemic in South Jutland with a high local prevalence in Højer.
H. H. Petersen; M. N. S. Al-Sabi; H. L. Enemark; Christian Kapel; J. A. Jørgensen; M. Chriél. Echinococcus multilocularis in Denmark 2012–2015: high local prevalence in red foxes. Parasitology Research 2018, 117, 2577 -2584.
AMA StyleH. H. Petersen, M. N. S. Al-Sabi, H. L. Enemark, Christian Kapel, J. A. Jørgensen, M. Chriél. Echinococcus multilocularis in Denmark 2012–2015: high local prevalence in red foxes. Parasitology Research. 2018; 117 (8):2577-2584.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH. H. Petersen; M. N. S. Al-Sabi; H. L. Enemark; Christian Kapel; J. A. Jørgensen; M. Chriél. 2018. "Echinococcus multilocularis in Denmark 2012–2015: high local prevalence in red foxes." Parasitology Research 117, no. 8: 2577-2584.
The nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia can degrade ascarid (e.g. Ascaridia galli) eggs in agar and soil in vitro. However, it has not been investigated how this translates to reduced infection levels in naturally exposed chickens. We thus tested the infectivity of soil artificially contaminated with A. galli (and a few Heterakis gallinarum) eggs and treated with P. chlamydosporia. Sterilised and non-sterilised soils were used to examine any influence of natural soil biota. Unembryonated eggs were mixed with sterilised (S)/non-sterilised (N) soil, either treated with the fungus (F) or left as untreated controls (C) and incubated (22 °C, 35 days) to allow eggs to embryonate and fungus to grow. Egg number in soil was estimated on days 0 and 35 post-incubation. Hens were exposed to the soil (SC/SF/NC/NF) four times over 12 days by mixing soil into the feed. On day 42 post-first-exposure (p.f.e.), the hens were euthanized and parasites were recovered. Serum A. galli IgY level and ascarid eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) were examined on days -1 and 36 (IgY) or 40 p.f.e. (EPG). Egg recovery in SF soil was substantially lower than in SC soil, but recovery was not significantly different between NF and NC soils. SF hens had a mean worm count of 76 whereas the other groups had means of 355–453. Early mature/mature A. galli were recovered from SF hens whereas hens in the other groups harboured mainly immature A. galli. Heterakis gallinarum counts were low overall, especially in SF. The SF post-exposure IgY response was significantly lower while EPG was significantly higher compared to the other groups. Pochonia chlamydosporia was very effective in reducing ascarid egg numbers in sterilised soil and thus worm burdens in the exposed hens. However, reduced exposure of hens shifted A. galli populations toward a higher proportion of mature worms and resulted in a higher faecal egg excretion within the study period. This highlights a fundamental problem in ascarid control: if not all eggs in the farm environment are inactivated, the resulting low level infections may result in higher contamination levels with associated negative long-term consequences.
Sundar Thapa; Stig M. Thamsborg; Rui Wang; Nicolai V. Meyling; Tina S. Dalgaard; Heidi H. Petersen; Helena Mejer. Effect of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on soil content of ascarid eggs and infection levels in exposed hens. Parasites & Vectors 2018, 11, 1 -11.
AMA StyleSundar Thapa, Stig M. Thamsborg, Rui Wang, Nicolai V. Meyling, Tina S. Dalgaard, Heidi H. Petersen, Helena Mejer. Effect of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on soil content of ascarid eggs and infection levels in exposed hens. Parasites & Vectors. 2018; 11 (1):1-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSundar Thapa; Stig M. Thamsborg; Rui Wang; Nicolai V. Meyling; Tina S. Dalgaard; Heidi H. Petersen; Helena Mejer. 2018. "Effect of the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia on soil content of ascarid eggs and infection levels in exposed hens." Parasites & Vectors 11, no. 1: 1-11.
Viability assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is crucial for evaluation of the public health significance of this important zoonotic protozoon. Viability is commonly assessed in wet mounts after acid pretreatment and staining with fluorogenic vital dyes. However, in some studies, oocyst viability is evaluated in dry mounts after staining in suspension. Here, we evaluate the effect of acid pretreatment in nine replicate samples and compare the assessment of oocyst viability after evaluation in wet and dry mounts, respectively. Although acid pretreatment had no significant effect on the viability scores, data obtained by scoring oocysts in dry mounts resulted in ∼25% underestimation of the proportion of viable oocyst (82.5% ± 0.9% [wet mount +acid], 57.7% ± 2.3% [dry mount, ÷ acid], 76.0% ± 1.7% [wet mount, ÷ acid]), while the proportions of nonviable oocysts (DAPI+/PI+) were comparable for wet and dry mounts (9.7% ± 0.4% [wet mount +acid], 12.1 ± 1.5% [dry mount, ÷ acid], 15.5% ± 1.1% [wet mount, ÷ acid]).
Heidi Huus Petersen; Heidi L. Enemark. Viability Assessment ofCryptosporidium parvumOocysts by Vital Dyes: Dry Mounts Overestimate the Number of “Ghost” Oocysts. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2018, 15, 141 -144.
AMA StyleHeidi Huus Petersen, Heidi L. Enemark. Viability Assessment ofCryptosporidium parvumOocysts by Vital Dyes: Dry Mounts Overestimate the Number of “Ghost” Oocysts. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2018; 15 (3):141-144.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidi Huus Petersen; Heidi L. Enemark. 2018. "Viability Assessment ofCryptosporidium parvumOocysts by Vital Dyes: Dry Mounts Overestimate the Number of “Ghost” Oocysts." Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 15, no. 3: 141-144.
We report Taenia ovis infection in Danish sheep for the first time. In spring 2016, the metacestode stage of T. ovis was at slaughter observed in heart muscles, diaphragm and skeletal muscles from approx. a third of all sheep from one specific farm localised in South Jutland. The diagnosis was confirmed by molecular typing of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) gene. Three newly imported dogs were suspected but the definitive host was unidentifiable. The finding is not regulated in the meat control procedures. However, infected meat is usually condemned due to aesthetic reasons causing economic losses. Thus, finding of T. ovis is of concern to sheep meat producers in the area, as the infection could have spread further on to other farms.
Heidi Huus Petersen; Mohammad N.S. Al-Sabi; Gitte Larsen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Mariann Chriél. First report of Taenia ovis infection in Danish sheep (Ovis aries). Veterinary Parasitology 2018, 251, 3 -6.
AMA StyleHeidi Huus Petersen, Mohammad N.S. Al-Sabi, Gitte Larsen, Tim Kåre Jensen, Mariann Chriél. First report of Taenia ovis infection in Danish sheep (Ovis aries). Veterinary Parasitology. 2018; 251 ():3-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidi Huus Petersen; Mohammad N.S. Al-Sabi; Gitte Larsen; Tim Kåre Jensen; Mariann Chriél. 2018. "First report of Taenia ovis infection in Danish sheep (Ovis aries)." Veterinary Parasitology 251, no. : 3-6.
The use of different types of low quality water for irrigation in agriculture is common practice in many countries due to limited freshwater resources. Pathogens may contaminate fruit and vegetables when feces contaminated water is used for irrigation or postharvest processing. A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the effect of a coagulant produced from seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree (MO) in reducing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and turbidity in wastewater and stream water. Glass jars (n = 60) containing 500 mL wastewater obtained from the inlet to the primary settling tanks from a Danish sewage treatment plant were spiked with 6.1 x 105 ± 6.2 x 104 oocysts L− 1, while glass jars (n = 18) containing 500 mL stream water were spiked with approx. 100, 1000 or 10,000 oocysts. To half of the wastewater and stream water 4 mL L− 1 of a 5% w/v MO seed extract was added, while the remaining water was left untreated. The water was stirred slowly for 20 min and subsequently left to sediment for 15, 30, 45, 60 or 90 min (wastewater) or 60 min (stream water), with three (stream water) or six (wastewater) replicate glass jars representing each time point. In wastewater, MO seed extracts reduced the C. parvum oocyst load significantly (p = 0.03) by 38% in the interval 15 to 90 min compared to a 0.02% reduction in the untreated wastewater. Furthermore, the number of oocysts L− 1 was significantly (p > 0.0001 – p = 0.041) reduced in the treated wastewater at all five sampling times compared to untreated wastewater. Likewise, the oocyst loads in the supernatant of MO treated stream water were noticeably lower compared with untreated stream water at all three spikes. The turbidity was reduced to 10.9 ± 0.3 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) (i.e. 94.7% reduction) and 13.7 ± 2.1 NTU (i.e. 91.7% reduction) in the treated wastewater and stream water, respectively. In contrast, the turbidity was 55.3 ± 4.4 NTU and 46.2 ± 1.6 NTU in untreated wastewater and stream water, respectively. M. oleifera seeds are readily available in many tropical countries where the tree is common, and our results clearly demonstrate that MO seed extract may be used by farmers for treatment of different types of surface water prior to irrigation use. Yet, adding MO seed extract to the low quality water did not successfully remove all oocyst. However, treatment of wastewater with MO seed extract significantly improved the water quality with regard to number of oocysts present and turbidity of the water. Further experiments with addition of higher concentrations of MO are needed to establish whether MO seed extract can be used to obtain safe irrigation water free of C. parvum oocysts and other protozoan parasites.
Heidi Huus Petersen; T.B. Petersen; H.L. Enemark; Annette Olsen; A. Dalsgaard. Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in low quality water using Moringa oleifera seed extract as coagulant. Food and Waterborne Parasitology 2016, 3, 1 -8.
AMA StyleHeidi Huus Petersen, T.B. Petersen, H.L. Enemark, Annette Olsen, A. Dalsgaard. Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in low quality water using Moringa oleifera seed extract as coagulant. Food and Waterborne Parasitology. 2016; 3 ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidi Huus Petersen; T.B. Petersen; H.L. Enemark; Annette Olsen; A. Dalsgaard. 2016. "Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in low quality water using Moringa oleifera seed extract as coagulant." Food and Waterborne Parasitology 3, no. : 1-8.
Although pigs are commonly infected with Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis, including potentially zoonotic species or genotypes, little is known about age-related infection levels, seasonal differences and genetic variation in naturally infected pigs raised in organic management systems. Therefore, the current study was conducted to assess seasonal and age-related variations in prevalence and infection intensity of Cryptosporidium and Giardia, evaluate zoonotic potential and uncover correlations between species/genotypes, infection intensity and faecal consistency. Shedding of oocysts and cysts ((oo-)cysts) was monitored at quarterly intervals (September 2011–June 2012) in piglets (n = 152), starter pigs (n = 234), fatteners (n = 230) and sows (n = 240) from three organic farms in Denmark. (oo-)Cysts were quantified by immunofluorescence microscopy; and 56/75 subsamples from Cryptosporidium infected pigs were successfully analysed by PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the small subunit (SSU) 18S rRNA and hsp70genes, while 13/67 Giardia subsamples were successfully analysed by amplification and partial sequencing of the 18S rRNA and the gdh genes. Altogether, Cryptosporidium or Giardia infections were observed in 40.9% (350/856) and 14.0% (120/856) of the pigs, respectively, including 8.2% (70/856) infected with both parasites. Prevalence, intensity of infections and presence of Cryptosporidium species varied significantly between age-groups; 53.3% piglets, 72.2% starter pigs, 40.4% fatteners and 2.9% sows were infected with Cryptosporidium, whereas 2.0% piglets, 27.4% starter pigs, 17.8% fatteners and 5.0% sows were infected with Giardia. The overall prevalence was stable throughout the year, except for dual-infections that were more prevalent in September and December (p < 0.05). The infection intensity was age-related for both parasites, and dual-infected pigs tended to excrete lower levels of oocysts compared to pigs harbouring only Cryptosporidium. Likewise, pigs infected with Cryptosporidium scrofarum excreted fewer oocysts (mean CPG: 54,848 ± 194,508CI: 9085–118,781) compared to pigs infected with Cryptosporidium suis (mean OPG: 351,035 ± 351,035CI: 67,953–634,117). No correlation between faecal consistency and (oo-)cyst excretion levels was observed. Of the successfully genotyped isolates, 38/56 (67.9%) were C. scrofarum and 18/56 (32.1%) were C. suis, while the livestock specific G. duodenalis Assemblage E was detected in 11/13 (84.6%) isolates and the potentially zoonotic Assemblage A was identified in 2/13 (15.4%) isolates. Piglets exclusively hosted C. suis, with one exception, while starter pigs and fatteners predominantly hosted C. scrofarum. As organic pigs are partly reared outdoors, environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium and Giardia is inevitable. Nevertheless, the present data indicate that the potential public health risk associated with both of these parasites in Danish organic pig production seems to be negligible.
Heidi Huus Petersen; Wang Jianmin; Kiran K. Katakam; Helena Mejer; Stig Milan Thamsborg; Anders Dalsgaard; Annette Olsen; Heidi L. Enemark. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes. Veterinary Parasitology 2015, 214, 29 -39.
AMA StyleHeidi Huus Petersen, Wang Jianmin, Kiran K. Katakam, Helena Mejer, Stig Milan Thamsborg, Anders Dalsgaard, Annette Olsen, Heidi L. Enemark. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes. Veterinary Parasitology. 2015; 214 (1-2):29-39.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeidi Huus Petersen; Wang Jianmin; Kiran K. Katakam; Helena Mejer; Stig Milan Thamsborg; Anders Dalsgaard; Annette Olsen; Heidi L. Enemark. 2015. "Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Danish organic pig farms: Seasonal and age-related variation in prevalence, infection intensity and species/genotypes." Veterinary Parasitology 214, no. 1-2: 29-39.
A humoral immune response following helminth infection in pigs is well documented. However, it has been difficult to confirm the existence of antibody mediated resistance against the large roundworm, Ascaris suum, and whipworm, Trichuris suis, in experimental settings by correlating worm burdens or egg excretion with specific antibody levels. We set out to investigate the association between worm load and T. suis and A. suum specific serum antibody levels (IgG1, IgG2 and IgA) against excretory-secretory products of adults and third stage larvae, respectively, measured at 0, 7 and 14 weeks p.i. in a trickle-infected F1-resource-population of crossbred pigs (n=195). Furthermore, we wanted to determine the heritability of these antibody isotypes during the course of infection. Most pigs remained infected with A. suum throughout the experiment while they expelled T. suis between 7 and 14 weeks post infection (p.i.). Parasite specific IgG1 and IgA were significantly (P<0.001) elevated after 7 and 14 weeks of infection, whereas parasite specific IgG2 levels only changed slightly at 14 weeks p.i.. However, the observed association between specific antibody isotype levels and faecal egg counts and macroscopic worm load was weak. The relative heritabilities of the different parasite specific isotypes were assessed and resulted in significant heritability estimates for parasite specific IgG1 and IgA. The highest heritabilities were found for A. suum specific IgG1 (h(2)=0.41 and 0.46 at 7 and 14 weeks p.i., respectively). Thus, the present study demonstrates that host genetic factors influence the IgG1 and IgA antibody isotype responses specific to two of the most common gastrointestinal nematodes of swine whereas specific antibody levels were poorly associated with egg excretion and the presence of macroscopic worms.
Helene Kringel; Stig Milan Thamsborg; Heidi Huus Petersen; Harald Heinz Herbert Göring; Per Skallerup; Peter Nejsum. Serum antibody responses in pigs trickle-infected with Ascaris and Trichuris: Heritabilities and associations with parasitological findings. Veterinary Parasitology 2015, 211, 306 -311.
AMA StyleHelene Kringel, Stig Milan Thamsborg, Heidi Huus Petersen, Harald Heinz Herbert Göring, Per Skallerup, Peter Nejsum. Serum antibody responses in pigs trickle-infected with Ascaris and Trichuris: Heritabilities and associations with parasitological findings. Veterinary Parasitology. 2015; 211 (3-4):306-311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelene Kringel; Stig Milan Thamsborg; Heidi Huus Petersen; Harald Heinz Herbert Göring; Per Skallerup; Peter Nejsum. 2015. "Serum antibody responses in pigs trickle-infected with Ascaris and Trichuris: Heritabilities and associations with parasitological findings." Veterinary Parasitology 211, no. 3-4: 306-311.