Rules determine how team sport matches occur. Match-induced fatigue is specific to each sport, and may be associated with injury incidence. For example, the injury rate in soccer is distinctly higher during matches than in training sessions. Understanding the differences between team sports rules might be useful for enhancing rules (e.g., safer sport). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of the rule-induced physical demands between soccer, futsal, basketball, and handball, focusing on substitution rules. Data from the elite team sports’ rules (e.g., absolute and relative court dimensions; the number of players, substitutions allowed, total game time, time-outs) were collected, including the changes due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in soccer substitutions, and comparisons were performed. The data showed that soccer has higher rule-induced physical demands: e.g., substantially lower substitution rate, higher dimensions in absolute (eight to fifteen times), and relative (four to eight times) values. Simulations also showed that soccer has extremely large differences, even considering COVID-19 substitution changes (from three to up to five). We conclude that elite soccer has remarkably higher overall rule-induced physical demands than elite futsal, basketball and handball, and increasing soccer substitutions permanently (e.g., unlimited) might mitigate overall soccer demands.

The acute improvement of performance after photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been reported in different types of exercise. However, the effect on high-intensity and intermittent exercises that are relevant for team sports is unknown. Thus, we evaluated the effect of prior acute application of PBMT on high-intensity and intermittent exercise performance, muscle oxygenation, and physiological/perceptual indicators in amateur female futsal players. Thirteen players (24.1 ± 3.7 years) performed a testing battery (countermovement jump (CMJ), Illinois agility and YoYo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1)) preceded by 15 min of PBMT (1 min 30 s each muscular point; five muscular points in each lower limbs) or 15 min of placebo (SHAM), in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design (one-week in-between PBMT/SHAM). All test performance did not differ (p > 0.05) between PBMT and SHAM, as well as blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, and muscle oxygenation (via near infrared spectroscopy) responses. The acute application of PBMT prior to a physical testing battery does not influence high-intensity and intermittent exercises performance, neither physiological nor perceptual responses in amateur female futsal players.

Wearable resistance (WR) and weighted vests (WV) can be used in almost all training conditions to enhance sprint performance; however, positioning and additional mass are different in WV and WR strategies, affecting performance and kinematics differently. We aimed to systematically review the literature, searching for intervention studies that reported the acute or chronic kinematic and performance impact of WV and WR and comparing them. We analyzed Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, and SPORTDiscuss databases for longitudinal and cross-over studies investigating sprint performance or kinematics using an inverse-variance with a random-effect method for meta-analysis. After the eligibility assessment, 25 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Cross-over WR and WV studies found significantly higher sprint times and higher ground contact times (CT) compared to unloaded (UL) conditions. However, WR presented a lower step frequency (SF) compared to UL, whereas WV presented a lower step length (SL). Only one study investigated the chronic adaptations for WR, indicating a superiority of the WR group on sprint time compared to the control group. However, no difference was found chronically for WV regarding sprint time, CT, and flight time (FT). Our findings suggest that using WV and WR in field sports demonstrates overload sprint gesture through kinematic changes, however, WR can be more suitable for SF-reliant athletes and WV for SL-reliant athletes. Although promising for chronic performance improvement, coaches and athletes should carefully consider WV and WR use since there is no supporting evidence that WV or WR will impact sprint performance, CT, and FT.

The soccer injury rate is distinctly higher during matches than the training sessions. Rules determine how to play, generating specific kinds of fatigue which is associated with the injury incidence. No research has evaluated the impact of potential rule-induced physical demands in soccer or comparing sports. Understanding the differences might be useful for enhancing rules (e.g., safer sport). Therefore, the aims of this study were: a) to described the differences in the rule-induced physical demands of soccer, futsal, basketball, and handball; and b) to evaluate whether soccer rule-induced physical demands are different than the other invasion intermittent team sports, focusing the impact of the substitutions rules. Data were collected from different sports rules (i.e., soccer, futsal, basketball, and handball), and performed hypothetical corrections to equate the other team sports to the soccer (i.e., court dimensions/number of players). The data showed that soccer has higher rule-induced physical demands: lower substitutions, higher dimensions in absolute (eight to 15 times), and relative (four to eight times) values. Hypothetical corrections showed that soccer has remarkably large differences. Therefore, we conclude that soccer has remarkably higher rule-induced physical demands than other team sports, and allowing unlimited substitutions in soccer is a must.

This study investigated the associations between total and regional body composition with performance in the special judo fitness test (SJFT), as well as strength and power tests (countermovement vertical jump—CMJ, squat jump—SJ, plyometric push-up—PPU, and force push-up—FPU). Twenty-three high-level judo athletes participated in this study. Initially, they underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, after which they performed the CMJ, SJ, PPU, and FPU tests. On another day, the SJFT was carried out. Correlations were tested using Pearson’s test. The performance in the SJFT was correlated with the total and arm %fat mass (r = −0.759), torso fat mass (r = −0.802), torso %fat mass (r = −0.822) and in the lower limb regions with the leg fat mass (r = −0.803) and leg %fat (r = −0.745). In the strength and power tests, there were also negative correlations observed between regional fat and performance. There was a negative correlation between the percentage of total fat and performance in the SJFT (r = −0.824), SJ (r = −0.750), CMJ (r = −0.742), PPU (r = −0.609), and FPU (r = −0.736). Fat, both total fat and regional fat in the arms, torso, and legs, is strongly correlated with a poor performance in the SJFT and poor strength and power.

Purpose: We investigated whether an active protocol of ischemic preconditioning (IPC-A) would improve high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in youth team sport players. Methods: Fifteen male amateur team sport players (15.5 ± 0.5 yrs) attended four different preconditioning sessions before the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1) interspersed by seven days in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design. IPC protocol consisted of three cycles of 5 min occlusion (220 mmHg) and 5 min reperfusion (0 mmHg) in both thighs. SHAM was similar to the IPC protocol, but ‘occlusion’ pressure was set up at 20 mmHg. Active protocols (IPC-A/ SHAM-A) were similar to the IPC/SHAM, but participants exercised (intermittent run) during the ‘reperfusion’ phases instead of resting. Six minutes after the protocol, the participants performed the YYIR1. Results: The distance covered in the YYIR1 did not differ ( p = 0.46) among the protocols: IPC (917 ± 204 m) vs. IPC-A (931 ± 211 m) vs. SHAM (968 ± 201 m) vs. SHAM-A (933 ± 204 m). Blood lactate concentration, and mean heart rate did not differ either ( p > 0.05) among the protocols. Conclusions: Active ischemic preconditioning involving exercise during reperfusion phase does not improve high-intensity intermittent exercise performance nor alter physiological or perceptual responses in youth team sport players.