Exercise training is well known to enhance adipocyte lipolysis in response to hormone challenge. However, the existence of a relationship between the timing of exercise training and its effect on adipocyte lipolysis is unknown. To clarify this issue, Wistar rats were run on a treadmill for 9 weeks in either the early part (E-EX) or late part of the active phase (L-EX). L-EX rats exhibited greater isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis expressed as fold induction over basal lipolysis, with greater protein expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylated at Ser 660 compared to E-EX rats. Furthermore, we discovered that Brain and muscle Arnt-like (BMAL)1 protein can associate directly with several protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory units (RIα, RIβ, and RIIβ) of protein kinase, its anchoring protein (AKAP)150, and HSL, and that the association of BMAL1 with the regulatory subunits of PKA, AKAP150, and HSL was greater in L-EX than in E-EX rats. In contrast, comparison between E-EX and their counterpart sedentary control rats showed a greater co-immunoprecipitation only between BMAL1 and ATGL. Thus, both E-EX and L-EX showed an enhanced lipolytic response to isoproterenol, but the mechanisms underlying exercise training-enhanced lipolytic response to isoproterenol were different in each group.

Controlling the differentiation potential of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) is attracting attention as a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity. Here, we aimed to observe the effect of exercise training (TR) and high-fat diet (HFD) on the metabolic profiles of ADSCs-derived adipocytes. The rats were divided into four groups: normal diet (ND)-fed control (ND-SED), ND-fed TR (ND-TR), HFD-fed control (HFD-SED), and HFD-fed TR (HFD-TR). After 9 weeks of intervention, ADSCs of epididymal and inguinal adipose tissues were differentiated into adipocytes. In the metabolome analysis of adipocytes after isoproterenol stimulation, 116 metabolites were detected. The principal component analysis demonstrated that ADSCs-derived adipocytes segregated into four clusters in each fat pad. Amino acid accumulation was greater in epididymal ADSCs-derived adipocytes of ND-TR and HFD-TR, but lower in inguinal ADSCs-derived adipocytes of ND-TR, than in the respective controls. HFD accumulated several metabolites including amino acids in inguinal ADSCs-derived adipocytes and more other metabolites in epididymal ones. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed that TR mainly affected the pathways related to amino acid metabolism, except in inguinal ADSCs-derived adipocytes of HFD-TR rats. These findings provide a new way to understand the mechanisms underlying possible changes in the differentiation of ADSCs due to TR or HFD.

Background/Objectives: Cognicise (multicomponent exercise) and Chlorella (microbial food) improve cognitive function independently. However, their combined effect and underlying mechanisms, including antioxidant capacity and metabolite fluctuations, remains unelucidated. We investigated the effect of multicomponent exercise combined with Chlorella intake on cognitive function in community-dwelling older adults and assessed changes in reactive oxygen species (ROS), free radical scavenging activity, and blood metabolites. Methods: In this double-blind comparative study conducted over 6 months, 16 older adults randomly received either Chlorella (Ex+C group) or a placebo (Ex+P group) alongside performing multicomponent exercise. Cognitive function (memory, attention, executive, and information processing) was assessed using the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology-Functional Assessment Tool. The scavenging activity against various ROS and free radicals was measured, and a comprehensive metabolomic analysis was performed. Results: A significant interaction was observed for information processing function, improving significantly in both groups post-intervention. The Ex+P group showed a significant executive function decline; no such change was observed in the Ex+C group. The Ex+C group exhibited significantly improved OH· scavenging activity post-intervention. Free radical scavenging activity increased in both groups. Metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in 29 and 25 metabolites in the Ex+C and Ex+P groups, respectively, between before and after the intervention. Conclusions: Combining multicomponent exercise and Chlorella intake may increase metabolites, thereby improving the scavenging activity of ROS and free radicals. This approach can improve information processing ability while preventing the significant executive function decline of exercise alone.