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Dan G. O’Neill
Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK

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Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Animals
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Widespread media reports suggest that unusually high numbers of the public purchased, or sought to purchase, puppies following the first ‘lockdown’ phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK, dubbed “Pandemic Puppies”. This study aimed to explore this phenomenon by comparing pre-purchase motivations and behaviours, and purchase behaviours of UK owners purchasing puppies aged < 16 weeks from 23 March 2020–31 December 2020 with those of owners who purchased puppies during the same date-period in 2019. An online survey was conducted during November-December 2020, from which 5517 valid responses were analysed (2019 puppies: n = 1148; 2020 ‘Pandemic Puppies’: n = 4369). Over 1 in 10 Pandemic Puppy owners had not considered purchasing a puppy before the pandemic, and 2 in 5 felt their decision to purchase a puppy had been influenced by the pandemic, most commonly by having more time to care for a dog (86.7%). Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that Pandemic Puppy owners were more likely to be first-time dog owners and have children in their household, were less likely to seek out a breeder that performed health testing on their breeding dog(s) or view their puppy in-person, and were more likely to pay a deposit without seeing their puppy. At purchase, Pandemic Puppies were more likely to be younger, delivered or collected from outside their breeders’ property, seen without their littermates, and cost > £2000 compared with 2019 puppies. Changes in puppy purchasing during the pandemic raise welfare concerns for this unique population, including relinquishment, behavioural problems and poor health.

ACS Style

Rowena M. A. Packer; Claire L. Brand; Zoe Belshaw; Camilla L. Pegram; Kim B. Stevens; Dan G. O’Neill. Pandemic Puppies: Characterising Motivations and Behaviours of UK Owners Who Purchased Puppies during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals 2021, 11, 2500 .

AMA Style

Rowena M. A. Packer, Claire L. Brand, Zoe Belshaw, Camilla L. Pegram, Kim B. Stevens, Dan G. O’Neill. Pandemic Puppies: Characterising Motivations and Behaviours of UK Owners Who Purchased Puppies during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2500.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rowena M. A. Packer; Claire L. Brand; Zoe Belshaw; Camilla L. Pegram; Kim B. Stevens; Dan G. O’Neill. 2021. "Pandemic Puppies: Characterising Motivations and Behaviours of UK Owners Who Purchased Puppies during the 2020 COVID-19 Pandemic." Animals 11, no. 9: 2500.

Paper
Published: 16 June 2021 in Journal of Small Animal Practice
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Objectives To estimate the frequency and breed-related risk factors for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs under UK primary veterinary care. Methods Analysis of cohort electronic patient record data through the VetCompass Programme. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression. Results There were 1456 KCS cases overall from 363,898 dogs [prevalence 0.40%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38–0.42] and 430 incident cases during 2013 (1-year incidence risk 0.12%, 95% CI 0.11–0.13). Compared with crossbreds, breeds with the highest odds ratio (aOR) for KCS included American cocker spaniel (aOR 52.33: 95% CI 30.65–89.37), English bulldog (aOR 37.95: 95% CI 26.54–54.28), pug (aOR 22.09: 95% CI 15.15–32.2) and Lhasa apso (aOR 21.58: 95% CI 16.29–28.57). Conversely, Labrador retrievers (aOR 0.23: 95% CI 0.1–0.52) and border collie (aOR 0.30: 95% CI 0.11–0.82) had reduced odds. Brachycephalic dogs had 3.63 (95% CI 3.24–4.07) times odds compared to mesocephalics. Spaniels had 3.03 (95% CI 2.69–3.40) times odds compared to non-spaniels. Dogs weighing at or above the mean bodyweight for breed/sex had 1.25 (95% CI 1.12–1.39) times odds compared to body weights below. Advancing age was strongly associated with increased odds. Clinical significance Quantitative tear tests are recommended within yearly health examinations for breeds with evidence of predisposition to KCS and might also be considered in the future within eye testing for breeding in predisposed breeds. Breed predisposition to KCS suggests that breeding strategies could aim to reduce extremes of facial conformation.

ACS Style

D. G. O'Neill; D. C. Brodbelt; A. Keddy; D. B. Church; R. F. Sanchez. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK : an epidemiological study. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

D. G. O'Neill, D. C. Brodbelt, A. Keddy, D. B. Church, R. F. Sanchez. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK : an epidemiological study. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. G. O'Neill; D. C. Brodbelt; A. Keddy; D. B. Church; R. F. Sanchez. 2021. "Keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK : an epidemiological study." Journal of Small Animal Practice , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 10 March 2021 in Canine Medicine and Genetics
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Background Osteosarcoma is an aggressive and painful bone neoplasm in dogs. Previous studies have reported epidemiological associations suggesting that large body mass, long bone length and the genetics of certain breeds including the Rottweiler are associated with elevated osteosarcoma risk. However, these studies were often limited by selection bias and confounding factors, and have rarely offered insights into breed-associated protection for osteosarcoma. The current study includes 1756 appendicular and axial osteosarcoma cases presenting to VPG Histology (Bristol, UK) compared against a control population of 905,211 dogs without osteosarcoma from primary care electronic patient records in the VetCompass™ dataset. Methods and study design Retrospective, case-control study. Multivariable logistic regression analysis explored associations between demographic risk factors (including breed, chondrodystrophy, age, sex/neuter status, skull-shape, and body mass) and osteosarcoma of all anatomical sites. Results We identified several breeds with increased and reduced odds of osteosarcoma. At highest risk were the Rottweiler and Great Dane, with > 10 times the odds of osteosarcoma compared with crossbreds, and the Rhodesian Ridgeback, which has not featured in previous lists of at-risk breeds for osteosarcoma, and had an odds ratio of 11.31 (95% confidence interval 7.37–17.35). Breeds at lowest risk of osteosarcoma (protected breeds) included the Bichon Frise, the French Bulldog and the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, all with odd ratios of less than 0.30 compared with crossbreds. Body mass was strongly associated with osteosarcoma risk; dogs over 40 kg exhibited osteosarcoma odds of 45.44 (95% confidence interval 33.74–61.20) compared with dogs less than 10 kg. Chondrodystrophic breeds had an osteosarcoma odds ratio of 0.13 (95% confidence interval 0.11–0.16) compared with non-chondrodystrophic breeds. Conclusions This study provides evidence of strong breed-associated osteosarcoma risk and protection, suggesting a genetic basis for osteosarcoma pathogenesis. It highlights that breeds selected for long legs/large body mass are generally overrepresented amongst at-risk breeds, whilst those selected for short leg length/small body mass are generally protected. These findings could inform genetic studies to identify osteosarcoma risk alleles in canines and humans; as well as increasing awareness amongst veterinarians and owners, resulting in improved breeding practices and clinical management of osteosarcoma in dogs.

ACS Style

Grace L. Edmunds; Matthew J. Smalley; Sam Beck; Rachel J. Errington; Sara Gould; Helen Winter; Dave C. Brodbelt; Dan G. O’Neill. Dog breeds and body conformations with predisposition to osteosarcoma in the UK: a case-control study. Canine Medicine and Genetics 2021, 8, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Grace L. Edmunds, Matthew J. Smalley, Sam Beck, Rachel J. Errington, Sara Gould, Helen Winter, Dave C. Brodbelt, Dan G. O’Neill. Dog breeds and body conformations with predisposition to osteosarcoma in the UK: a case-control study. Canine Medicine and Genetics. 2021; 8 (1):1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grace L. Edmunds; Matthew J. Smalley; Sam Beck; Rachel J. Errington; Sara Gould; Helen Winter; Dave C. Brodbelt; Dan G. O’Neill. 2021. "Dog breeds and body conformations with predisposition to osteosarcoma in the UK: a case-control study." Canine Medicine and Genetics 8, no. 1: 1-22.

Original research
Published: 01 March 2021 in Veterinary Record
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Background Non‐neoplastic anal sac disorders (ASD) are frequent presentations for dogs in primary‐care practice but evidence‐based information on disease occurrence and risk is sparse. This study estimates prevalence, breed associations and other risk factors as well as reporting on clinical management. Methods A cohort study of dogs attending VetCompass practices between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2013. Risk factor analysis used multivariable logistic regression methods. Results Of 104,212 dogs attending 110 UK practices, the 1‐year period prevalence of ASD was 4.40% (95% CI: 4.22–4.57). Compared to crossbreds, six breeds showed increased odds of ASD (Cavalier King Charles spaniel, King Charles spaniel, Cockapoo, Shih‐tzu, Bichon Frise and Cocker spaniel), and six breeds showed reduced odds (Labrador Retriever, Border collie, Staffordshire Bull Terrier, Lurcher, German Shepherd Dog and Boxer). Brachycephalic types had 2.6 times the odds for ASD compared to dolichocephalic types. Medication prescribed for ASD included antimicrobials (n = 480, 20.24%) and analgesics (n = 284, 11.97%). Anal sacculectomy was performed in under 1% of cases. Conclusions High prevalence, strong breed predispositions and evidence of severity suggested from the antimicrobial and analgesic therapies combined with current substantial knowledge gaps identify ASD as a key research‐neglected syndrome in dogs.

ACS Style

Dan G. O'Neill; Anke Hendricks; Jennifer A. Phillips; Dave C. Brodbelt; David B. Church; Anette Loeffler. Non‐neoplastic anal sac disorders in UK dogs: Epidemiology and management aspects of a research‐neglected syndrome. Veterinary Record 2021, 189, e203 .

AMA Style

Dan G. O'Neill, Anke Hendricks, Jennifer A. Phillips, Dave C. Brodbelt, David B. Church, Anette Loeffler. Non‐neoplastic anal sac disorders in UK dogs: Epidemiology and management aspects of a research‐neglected syndrome. Veterinary Record. 2021; 189 (2):e203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan G. O'Neill; Anke Hendricks; Jennifer A. Phillips; Dave C. Brodbelt; David B. Church; Anette Loeffler. 2021. "Non‐neoplastic anal sac disorders in UK dogs: Epidemiology and management aspects of a research‐neglected syndrome." Veterinary Record 189, no. 2: e203.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2021 in BMC Veterinary Research
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Background Although dogs are a commonly owned companion animal in the UK, the species experiences many health problems that are predictable from demographic information. This study aimed to use anonymised veterinary clinical data from the VetCompass™ Programme to report the frequency of common disorders of dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK during 2016 and to explore effects associated with age, sex and neuter status. Results From an available population of 905,543 dogs under veterinary care at 886 veterinary clinics during 2016, the current study included a random sample of 22,333 (2.47 %) dogs from 784 clinics. Prevalence for each disorder was calculated at the most refined level of diagnostic certainty (precise-level precision) and after grouping to a more general level of diagnostic precision (grouped-level precision). The most prevalent precise-level precision disorders recorded were periodontal disease (prevalence 12.52 %, 95 % CI: 12.09–12.97), otitis externa (7.30 %, 95 % CI: 6.97–7.65) and obesity (7.07 %, 95 % CI: 6.74–7.42). The most prevalent grouped-level disorders were dental disorder (14.10 %, 95 % CI: 13.64–14.56), skin disorder (12.58 %, 95 % CI: 12.15–13.02) and enteropathy (10.43 %, 95 % CI: 10.04–10.84). Associations were identified for many common disorders with age, sex and neuter. Conclusions The overall findings can assist veterinarians and owners to prioritise preventive care and to understand demographic risk factors in order to facilitate earlier diagnosis of common disorders in dogs. The information on associations with age, sex and neuter status provides additional contextual background to the complexity of disorder occurrence and supports targeted health controls for demographic subsets of dogs.

ACS Style

Dan G. O’Neill; Hannah James; Dave C. Brodbelt; David B. Church; Camilla Pegram. Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care: results and applications. BMC Veterinary Research 2021, 17, 1 -14.

AMA Style

Dan G. O’Neill, Hannah James, Dave C. Brodbelt, David B. Church, Camilla Pegram. Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care: results and applications. BMC Veterinary Research. 2021; 17 (1):1-14.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan G. O’Neill; Hannah James; Dave C. Brodbelt; David B. Church; Camilla Pegram. 2021. "Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care: results and applications." BMC Veterinary Research 17, no. 1: 1-14.

Research article
Published: 08 February 2021 in Journal of Small Animal Practice
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Objectives To estimate the frequency, clinical approaches and risk factors of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs under UK primary veterinary care. Materials and Methods Dogs diagnosed with hypoadrenocorticism were identified from the UK VetCompass™ programme by searching anonymised electronic patient records. Pre‐existing and newly diagnosed cases of disease during 2016 were included. Cases were further sub‐categorised as having a laboratory‐confirmed or presumed diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism based on the information recorded in the electronic patient records. Descriptive data were manually extracted. Multivariable logistic regression methods were used to identify demographic risk factors. Results There were 177 hypoadrenocorticism cases identified from 905,543 dogs in 2016; 72 laboratory‐confirmed and 105 presumed. The 1‐year period prevalence for hypoadrenocorticism in all dogs was 0.06% (95% confidence interval: 0.05‐0.07%). The most common presenting clinical signs in laboratory‐confirmed dogs were lethargy (51/66, 77.3%), anorexia (48/66, 66.7%) and vomiting (48/66, 66.7%). Hyperkalaemia was reported in 47 of 53 (88.7%), hyponatraemia in 46 of 53 (86.8%). Median sodium: potassium ratio was 19.00 (interquartile range: 16.20‐20.60). Breed, age, neuter status and insurance status were associated with a laboratory‐confirmed diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism. No sex association with hypoadrenocorticism was observed in the multivariable model. The standard poodle had 51.38 times the odds (95% CI: 14.49‐182.18) of hypoadrenocorticism compared with crossbreeds. The labradoodle and West Highland white terrier also had increased odds. Clinical Significance This is the first epidemiological study to report on hypoadrenocorticism in dogs within the UK primary‐care population. These results provide benchmark data of current veterinary activity relating to hypoadrenocorticism in primary‐care practices.

ACS Style

I. Schofield; V. Woolhead; A. Johnson; D. C. Brodbelt; D. B. Church; D. G. O'Neill. Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: frequency, clinical approaches and risk factors. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2021, 62, 343 -350.

AMA Style

I. Schofield, V. Woolhead, A. Johnson, D. C. Brodbelt, D. B. Church, D. G. O'Neill. Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: frequency, clinical approaches and risk factors. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2021; 62 (5):343-350.

Chicago/Turabian Style

I. Schofield; V. Woolhead; A. Johnson; D. C. Brodbelt; D. B. Church; D. G. O'Neill. 2021. "Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: frequency, clinical approaches and risk factors." Journal of Small Animal Practice 62, no. 5: 343-350.

Standard article
Published: 31 October 2020 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Although seizures are common in dogs, limited published information is available on the classifications of seizures, diagnostic approaches, or clinical management of seizure‐affected patients in the veterinary primary care setting. Objectives Explore seizure etiology, diagnostic testing, and clinical management of seizure‐affected dogs in the primary care veterinary setting. Animals A total of 455 553 dogs in VetCompass. Methods Cross‐sectional analysis by cohort clinical data. Results From 2834 incident seizure cases, we identified 579 (20.5%) dogs with epilepsy based on the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) classification system, including 484 (17.1%) with idiopathic epilepsy, 95 (3.4%) with structural epilepsy, and 179 dogs (6.3%) with reactive seizures. In their clinical first opinion records, 245 (8.6%) cases were recorded with epilepsy. Overall, 1415 (49.9%) cases received diagnostic evaluation equivalent to or higher than IVETF Tier 1 diagnostic testing. Being <12 years of age and being insured were risk factors for receiving IVETF Tier 1 or higher diagnostic evaluation among seizure cases. Anti‐seizure drug (ASD) treatment was not prescribed for 1960/2834 (69.2%) dogs in association with the incident seizure event. Of the remainder, 719 (25.3%) dogs received 1 ASD, whereas 155 (5.5%) an ASD combination. Conclusion and clinical importance The differences between seizure classifications in the clinical records and those retrospectively assigned by the researchers support the need for clearer diagnostic guidelines in clinical practice. Insured dogs and dogs <12 years of age were more likely to receive advanced diagnostic evaluation, suggesting that financial and perceived prognostic factors influence case management.

ACS Style

Alexander Erlen; Heidrun Potschka; Holger A. Volk; Carola Sauter‐Louis; Dan G. O'neill. Seizures in dogs under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom: Etiology, diagnostic testing, and clinical management. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2020, 34, 2525 -2535.

AMA Style

Alexander Erlen, Heidrun Potschka, Holger A. Volk, Carola Sauter‐Louis, Dan G. O'neill. Seizures in dogs under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom: Etiology, diagnostic testing, and clinical management. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020; 34 (6):2525-2535.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexander Erlen; Heidrun Potschka; Holger A. Volk; Carola Sauter‐Louis; Dan G. O'neill. 2020. "Seizures in dogs under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom: Etiology, diagnostic testing, and clinical management." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34, no. 6: 2525-2535.

Journal article
Published: 14 October 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Brachycephalic dog breeds are regularly asserted as being less healthy than non-brachycephalic breeds. Using primary-care veterinary clinical data, this study aimed to identify predispositions and protections in brachycephalic dogs and explore differing inferences between univariable and multivariable results. All disorders during 2016 were extracted from a random sample of 22,333 dogs within the VetCompass Programme from a sampling frame of 955,554 dogs under UK veterinary care in 2016. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression modelling explored brachycephaly as a risk factor for each of a series of common disorders. Brachycephalic dogs were younger, lighter and less likely to be neutered than mesocephalic, dolichocephalic and crossbred dogs. Brachycephalic differed to non-brachycephalic types in their odds for 10/30 (33.33%) common disorders. Of these, brachycephalic types were predisposed for eight disorders and were protected for two disorders. Univariable and multivariable analyses generated differing inference for 11/30 (30.67%) disorders. This study provides strong evidence that brachycephalic breeds are generally less healthy than their non-brachycephalic counterparts. Results from studies that report only univariable methods should be treated with extreme caution due to potential confounding effects that have not been accounted for during univariable study design or analysis.

ACS Style

D. G. O’Neill; C. Pegram; P. Crocker; D. C. Brodbelt; D. B. Church; R. M. A. Packer. Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -13.

AMA Style

D. G. O’Neill, C. Pegram, P. Crocker, D. C. Brodbelt, D. B. Church, R. M. A. Packer. Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. G. O’Neill; C. Pegram; P. Crocker; D. C. Brodbelt; D. B. Church; R. M. A. Packer. 2020. "Unravelling the health status of brachycephalic dogs in the UK using multivariable analysis." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-13.

Standard article
Published: 25 September 2020 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Little epidemiological evaluation of recurrent seizure disorders in cats currently exists in veterinary literature. Objectives To report the prevalence and risk factors for recurrent seizure disorders (RSD) and epilepsy in cats presented to primary care veterinary practices in the United Kingdom (UK). Animals A total of 285 547 cats under veterinary care during 2013 presenting to 282 primary care clinics in the UK. Methods Cohort study using multivariable logistic regression modeling for risk factor analysis. Results There were 458 confirmed RSD cases, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.16% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15‐0.18). A subset of 114 (24.89%) cases was recorded as having epilepsy, giving a 1‐year period prevalence of 0.04% (95% CI, 0.03‐0.5). Increasing age was significantly associated with increasing odds of RSD. Breed, sex, neuter status, and body weight were not associated with RSD. Epilepsy was most frequently diagnosed in adult to middle‐aged cats. Cats aged 3.0 to <6.0 years had 3.32 times higher odds of epilepsy diagnosis compared to cats <3.0 years of age. Insured cats were more likely to be diagnosed with epilepsy compared to noninsured cats. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Although less common than in dogs, RSD and epilepsy still comprise an important disorder group in the UK cat population. Aging is a significant risk factor for these disorders in cats.

ACS Style

Dan Gerard O'neill; Stephanie A. Phillipps; Jordon R. Egan; David Brodbelt; David B. Church; Holger A. Volk. Epidemiology of recurrent seizure disorders and epilepsy in cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2020, 34, 2582 -2594.

AMA Style

Dan Gerard O'neill, Stephanie A. Phillipps, Jordon R. Egan, David Brodbelt, David B. Church, Holger A. Volk. Epidemiology of recurrent seizure disorders and epilepsy in cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020; 34 (6):2582-2594.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dan Gerard O'neill; Stephanie A. Phillipps; Jordon R. Egan; David Brodbelt; David B. Church; Holger A. Volk. 2020. "Epidemiology of recurrent seizure disorders and epilepsy in cats under primary veterinary care in the United Kingdom." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34, no. 6: 2582-2594.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Canine Medicine and Genetics
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Background The Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a popular dog breed in the UK but there is limited reliable evidence on disorder predispositions and protections within the breed. Using anonymised veterinary clinical data from the VetCompass™ Programme, this study aimed to identify common disorders with predisposition and protection in the Staffordshire Bull Terrier. The study hypothesised that Staffordshire Bull Terriers would have higher odds of aggression compared with non-Staffordshire Bull Terriers. Results The clinical records of a random sample of dogs of all types were reviewed to extract the most definitive diagnoses for all disorders existing during 2016. A combined list from the 30 most common disorders in Staffordshire Bull Terriers and the 30 most common disorders in non-Staffordshire Bull Terriers was generated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to report the odds of each of these disorders in 1304 (5.8%) Staffordshire Bull Terriers compared with 21,029 (94.2%) non-Staffordshire Bull Terriers. After accounting for confounding, Staffordshire Bull Terriers had significantly increased odds of 4/36 (11.1%) disorders compared to non-Staffordshire Bull Terriers with highest odds for seizure disorder (OR 2.06; 95% CI 1.24 to 3.40;p = 0.005). Conversely, Staffordshire Bull Terriers had reduced odds of 5/36 (13.9%) disorders, with lowest odds for patellar luxation (OR 0.15; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.61;p = 0.008). There was no significant difference in the odds of aggression between Staffordshire Bull Terriers compared with non-Staffordshire Bull Terriers (OR 1.09; 95% CI 0.75 to 1.58;p = 0.644). Conclusions This study provides a reliable evidence base of breed-specific disorder predispositions and protections that can be used by breeders to optimise breeding decisions. The findings can assist prospective owners of Staffordshire Bull Terriers to make informed decisions when acquiring a dog. From the relative number of predispositions to protections identified, there is no evidence that Staffordshire Bull Terriers have higher overall health problems than non-Staffordshire Bull Terriers.

ACS Style

Camilla Pegram; Katie Wonham; Dave C. Brodbelt; David B. Church; Dan G. O’Neill. Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the UK: their disorder predispositions and protections. Canine Medicine and Genetics 2020, 7, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Camilla Pegram, Katie Wonham, Dave C. Brodbelt, David B. Church, Dan G. O’Neill. Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the UK: their disorder predispositions and protections. Canine Medicine and Genetics. 2020; 7 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camilla Pegram; Katie Wonham; Dave C. Brodbelt; David B. Church; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Staffordshire Bull Terriers in the UK: their disorder predispositions and protections." Canine Medicine and Genetics 7, no. 1: 1-11.

Original research
Published: 21 September 2020 in Veterinary Record
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Background Since the epidemiology of canine and feline dermatophytosis might evolve in response to chronological, sociological and ecological factors, the authors studied the occurrence of dermatophyte pathogens over 27 years subsequent to the last major UK survey. Methods Dermatophyte culture submission records from dogs and cats to the Royal Veterinary College Diagnostic Laboratory in England between 1991 and 2017 were reviewed. Samples were routinely cultured aerobically at 26°C for up to four weeks on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol; dermatophytes were identified using conventional phenotypic methods. Results Proportional isolation from cats (15.9 per cent of 1389) exceeded that of dogs (8.1 per cent of 2193) (P<0.001). Together, Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes accounted for 91.9 per cent (n=203) and 80.2 per cent (n=142) of isolations from cats and dogs, respectively. M canis was more frequently (P<0.001) isolated from cats and dogs under two years of age. Dermatophytes were more frequent (P≤0.001) in samples from first-opinion rather than referral practice, and from Jack Russell and Yorkshire terriers and from Persian and chinchilla cats (P≤0.002). Conclusions M canis and T mentagrophytes remain the most common agents of canine and feline dermatophytosis in the South of England; continued clinical vigilance is required.

ACS Style

Sarah Long; Hope Carveth; Yu‐Mei Chang; Dan O'Neill; Ross Bond. Isolation of dermatophytes from dogs and cats in the South of England between 1991 and 2017. Veterinary Record 2020, 187, 1 .

AMA Style

Sarah Long, Hope Carveth, Yu‐Mei Chang, Dan O'Neill, Ross Bond. Isolation of dermatophytes from dogs and cats in the South of England between 1991 and 2017. Veterinary Record. 2020; 187 (10):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sarah Long; Hope Carveth; Yu‐Mei Chang; Dan O'Neill; Ross Bond. 2020. "Isolation of dermatophytes from dogs and cats in the South of England between 1991 and 2017." Veterinary Record 187, no. 10: 1.

Standard article
Published: 16 September 2020 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Novel methods to aid identification of dogs with spontaneous Cushing's syndrome are warranted to optimize case selection for diagnostics, avoid unnecessary testing, and ultimately aid decision‐making for veterinarians. Hypothesis/Objectives To develop and internally validate a prediction tool for dogs receiving a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome using primary‐care electronic health records. Animals Three hundred and ninety‐eight dogs diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome and 541 noncase dogs, tested for but not diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome, from a cohort of 905 544 dogs attending VetCompass participating practices. Methods A cross‐sectional study design was performed. A prediction model was developed using multivariable binary logistic regression taking the demography, presenting clinical signs and some routine laboratory results into consideration. Predictive performance of each model was assessed and internally validated through bootstrap resampling. A novel clinical prediction tool was developed from the final model. Results The final model included predictor variables sex, age, breed, polydipsia, vomiting, potbelly/hepatomegaly, alopecia, pruritus, alkaline phosphatase, and urine specific gravity. The model demonstrated good discrimination (area under the receiver operating curve [AUROC] = 0.78 [95% CI = 0.75‐0.81]; optimism‐adjusted AUROC = 0.76) and calibration (C‐slope = 0.86). A tool was developed from the model which calculates the predicted likelihood of a dog having Cushing's syndrome from 0% (score = −13) to 96% (score = 10). Conclusions and Clinical Importance A tool to predict a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome at the point of first suspicion in dogs was developed, with good predictive performance. This tool can be used in practice to support decision‐making and increase confidence in diagnosis.

ACS Style

Imogen Schofield; David C. Brodbelt; Stijn J. M. Niessen; David B. Church; Rebecca F. Geddes; Noel Kennedy; Dan G. O'neill. Development and internal validation of a prediction tool to aid the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs attending primary‐care practice. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2020, 34, 2306 -2318.

AMA Style

Imogen Schofield, David C. Brodbelt, Stijn J. M. Niessen, David B. Church, Rebecca F. Geddes, Noel Kennedy, Dan G. O'neill. Development and internal validation of a prediction tool to aid the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs attending primary‐care practice. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020; 34 (6):2306-2318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Imogen Schofield; David C. Brodbelt; Stijn J. M. Niessen; David B. Church; Rebecca F. Geddes; Noel Kennedy; Dan G. O'neill. 2020. "Development and internal validation of a prediction tool to aid the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs attending primary‐care practice." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34, no. 6: 2306-2318.

Paper
Published: 07 September 2020 in Journal of Small Animal Practice
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Objective To describe responses of cats prescribed a hydrolysed diet with or without concurrent medication for chronic vomiting and/or diarrhoea of undetermined aetiology. Materials and Methods Anonymised records of 512,213 cats under UK veterinary care in 2016 from the VetCompass database were searched using relevant terms for hydrolysed diets. The records of 5000 (90%) of 5569 cats with evidence of receiving a hydrolysed diet were randomly reviewed for gastrointestinal indication, prior and concurrent medication and response after hydrolysed dietary intervention. A poor response was defined as evidence of receiving antibiotic or glucocorticoid treatment for vomiting/diarrhoea at visits after the onset of the diet or death from gastrointestinal signs for at least 6 months follow‐up. Results Of 977 cats prescribed a hydrolysed diet for chronic vomiting/diarrhoea, 697 (71%) were first prescribed the diet without concurrent antibiotics or glucocorticoids while 280 (29%) first received the diet with these medications. Thirty‐four per cent of cats in the former group and 61% in the latter had a poor response. Cats older than 6 years and cats prescribed antibiotic and/or glucocorticoid for vomiting/diarrhoea before and concurrently with the diet had higher odds of poor response. Clinical Significance Although variations in our observations may reflect severity of signs or prescribing habits of primary‐care veterinary surgeons, our study suggests there is merit in trialling a hydrolysed diet first as a sole therapy in cats with chronic vomiting/diarrhoea when diagnostic investigations do not reveal a cause, before resorting to antibiotic and/or glucocorticoid therapy for cases that respond poorly.

ACS Style

A. Kathrani; D. B. Church; D. C. Brodbelt; C. Pegram; D. G. O'neill. The use of hydrolysed diets for vomiting and/or diarrhoea in cats in primary veterinary practice. Journal of Small Animal Practice 2020, 61, 723 -731.

AMA Style

A. Kathrani, D. B. Church, D. C. Brodbelt, C. Pegram, D. G. O'neill. The use of hydrolysed diets for vomiting and/or diarrhoea in cats in primary veterinary practice. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2020; 61 (12):723-731.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Kathrani; D. B. Church; D. C. Brodbelt; C. Pegram; D. G. O'neill. 2020. "The use of hydrolysed diets for vomiting and/or diarrhoea in cats in primary veterinary practice." Journal of Small Animal Practice 61, no. 12: 723-731.

Research article
Published: 26 August 2020 in PLOS ONE
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Brachycephalic breeds are proliferating internationally, with dramatic rises in popularity juxtaposed with common and severe breed-related health problems. Physical appearance is as a dominant factor attracting owners to brachycephalic breeds; however, whether these owners will choose their current breed for future ownership and develop ‘breed-loyalty’ in the face of health problems is not yet known. The aims of this study were (1) to quantify levels of, and explore factors associated with, brachycephalic dog owners’ intentions to: (i) reacquire and/or (ii) recommend their current breed to potential first-time dog owners, and (2) to use qualitative methods to explore why brachycephalic dog owners would or would not recommend their current breed. This large mixed methods study reports on 2168 owners of brachycephalic breeds (Pugs: n = 789; French Bulldog: n = 741; Bulldogs: n = 638). Owners were highly likely to want to own their breed again in the future (93.0%) and recommend their breed to other owners (65.5%). Statistical modelling identified that first-time ownership and increased strength of the dog-owner relationship increased the likelihood of reacquisition and/or recommendation. In contrast, an increased number of health problems, positive perception of their dog’s health compared with the rest of their breed, and dog behaviour being worse than expected decreased the likelihood of reacquisition and/or recommendation. Thematic analyses constructed three themes describing why owners recommend their breed: positive behavioural attributes for a companion dog, breed suited to a sedentary lifestyle with limited space, and suitability for households with children. Five themes described why owners recommended against their breed: high prevalence of health problems, expense of ownership, ethical and welfare issues associated with breeding brachycephalic dogs, negative effects upon owner lifestyle and negative behavioural attributes. Understanding how breed-loyalty develops, and whether it can be attenuated, will be key to controlling the current population boom in brachycephalic breeds in the long-term.

ACS Style

Rowena M. A. Packer; Dan G. O’Neill; Francesca Fletcher; Mark J. Farnworth. Come for the looks, stay for the personality? A mixed methods investigation of reacquisition and owner recommendation of Bulldogs, French Bulldogs and Pugs. PLOS ONE 2020, 15, e0237276 .

AMA Style

Rowena M. A. Packer, Dan G. O’Neill, Francesca Fletcher, Mark J. Farnworth. Come for the looks, stay for the personality? A mixed methods investigation of reacquisition and owner recommendation of Bulldogs, French Bulldogs and Pugs. PLOS ONE. 2020; 15 (8):e0237276.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rowena M. A. Packer; Dan G. O’Neill; Francesca Fletcher; Mark J. Farnworth. 2020. "Come for the looks, stay for the personality? A mixed methods investigation of reacquisition and owner recommendation of Bulldogs, French Bulldogs and Pugs." PLOS ONE 15, no. 8: e0237276.

Standard article
Published: 10 August 2020 in Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
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Background Vestibular disease (VD), central or peripheral, can be a dramatic primary‐care presentation. Current literature describes mostly dogs examined in referral centers. Hypothesis/Objectives Describe the prevalence, presentation, clinical management, and outcomes of VD in dogs under primary veterinary care at UK practices participating in VetCompass. Animals Seven hundred and fifty‐nine vestibular cases identified out of 905 544 study dogs. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Potential VD cases clinically examined during 2016 were verified by reviewing clinical records for signalment, presenting clinical signs, treatments, and outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with VD. Results The overall prevalence of VD was 8 per 10 000 dogs (95% CI = 7‐9). Median age at first diagnosis was 12.68 years (interquartile range [IQR], 11.28‐14.64). Compared with crossbreeds, breeds with the highest odds of VD diagnosis included French Bulldogs (odds ratio [OR] = 9.25, 95% CI = 4.81‐17.76, P < .001), Bulldogs (OR = 6.53, 95% CI = 2.66‐16.15, P < .001), King Charles Spaniels (OR = 4.96, 95% CI = 2.52‐9.78, P < .001), Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (OR = 3.56, 95% CI = 2.50‐5.06, P < .001), and Springer Spaniels (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 2.52‐4.52, P < .001). The most common presenting signs were head tilt (69.8%), nystagmus (68.1%), and ataxia (64.5%). The most frequently used treatments were antiemetics (43.2%), systemic glucocorticoids (33.1%), antimicrobials (25%), and propentofylline (23.25%). There were 3.6% of cases referred. Improvement was recorded in 41.8% cases after a median of 4 days (IQR, 2‐10.25). Conclusions Our study identifies strong breed predispositions for VD. The low referral rates suggest that primary‐care data sources offer more generalizable information for benchmarking to help clinicians review their own clinical activities.

ACS Style

Sinziana Maria Radulescu; Karen Humm; Louis Mark Eramanis; Holger A. Volk; David B. Church; David Brodbelt; Dan Gerard O'neill. Vestibular disease in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: Epidemiology and clinical management. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2020, 34, 1993 -2004.

AMA Style

Sinziana Maria Radulescu, Karen Humm, Louis Mark Eramanis, Holger A. Volk, David B. Church, David Brodbelt, Dan Gerard O'neill. Vestibular disease in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: Epidemiology and clinical management. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2020; 34 (5):1993-2004.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sinziana Maria Radulescu; Karen Humm; Louis Mark Eramanis; Holger A. Volk; David B. Church; David Brodbelt; Dan Gerard O'neill. 2020. "Vestibular disease in dogs under UK primary veterinary care: Epidemiology and clinical management." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 34, no. 5: 1993-2004.

Journal article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Preventive Veterinary Medicine
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Antimicrobial use in companion animals is a largely overlooked contributor to the complex problem of antimicrobial resistance. Humans and companion animals share living spaces and some classes of antimicrobials, including those categorised as Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HPCIAs). Veterinary guidelines recommend that these agents are not used as routine first line treatment and their frequent deployment could offer a surrogate measure of ‘inappropriate’ antimicrobial use. Anthropological methods provide a complementary means to understand how medicines use makes sense ‘on-the-ground’ and situated in the broader social context. This mixed-methods study sought to investigate antimicrobial use in companion animals whilst considering the organisational context in which increasing numbers of veterinarians work. Its aims were to i) to epidemiologically analyse the variation in the percentage of antimicrobial events comprising of HPCIAs in companion animal dogs attending UK clinics belonging to large veterinary groups and, ii) to analyse how the organisational structure of companion animal practice influences antimicrobial use, based on insight gained from anthropological fieldwork. A VetCompassTM dataset composed of 468,665 antimicrobial dispensing events in 240,998 dogs from June 2012 to June 2014 was analysed. A hierarchical model for HPCIA usage was built using a backwards elimination approach with clinic and dog identity numbers included as random effects, whilst veterinary group, age quartile, breed and clinic region were included as fixed effects. The largest odds ratio of an antimicrobial event comprising of a HPCIA by veterinary group was 7.34 (95% confidence interval 5.14 – 10.49), compared to the lowest group (p < 0.001). Intraclass correlation was more strongly clustered at dog (0.710, 95% confidence interval 0.701 - 0.719) than clinic level (0.089, 95% confidence interval 0.076 -0.104). This suggests that veterinarians working in the same clinic do not automatically share ways of working with antimicrobials. Fieldwork revealed how the structure of the companion animal veterinary sector was more fluid than that depicted in the statistical model, and identified opportunities and challenges regarding altering antimicrobial use. These findings were organised into the following themes: “Highest priority what?”; “He’s just not himself”; “Oh no – here comes the antibiotics police”; “We’re like ships that pass in the night”; and “There’s not enough hours in the day”. This rigorous mixed-methods study demonstrates the importance of working across disciplinary silos when tackling the complex problem of antimicrobial resistance. The findings can help inform the design of sustainable stewardship schemes for the companion animal veterinary sector.

ACS Style

Alice C. Tompson; Clare I.R. Chandler; Ana L.P. Mateus; Dan G. O’Neill; Yui-Mei Chang; Dave C. Brodbelt. What drives antimicrobial prescribing for companion animals? A mixed-methods study of UK veterinary clinics. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2020, 183, 105117 .

AMA Style

Alice C. Tompson, Clare I.R. Chandler, Ana L.P. Mateus, Dan G. O’Neill, Yui-Mei Chang, Dave C. Brodbelt. What drives antimicrobial prescribing for companion animals? A mixed-methods study of UK veterinary clinics. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2020; 183 ():105117.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alice C. Tompson; Clare I.R. Chandler; Ana L.P. Mateus; Dan G. O’Neill; Yui-Mei Chang; Dave C. Brodbelt. 2020. "What drives antimicrobial prescribing for companion animals? A mixed-methods study of UK veterinary clinics." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 183, no. : 105117.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2020 in Animals
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Heat-related illness will affect increasing numbers of dogs as global temperatures rise unless effective mitigation strategies are implemented. This study aimed to identify the key triggers of heat-related illness in dogs and investigate canine risk factors for the most common triggers in UK dogs. Using the VetCompassTM programme, de-identified electronic patient records of 905,543 dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016 were reviewed to identify 1259 heat-related illness events from 1222 dogs. Exertional heat-related illness was the predominant trigger (74.2% of events), followed by environmental (12.9%) and vehicular confinement (5.2%). Canine and human risk factors appear similar; young male dogs had greater odds of exertional heat-related illness, older dogs and dogs with respiratory compromise had the greatest odds of environmental heat-related illness. Brachycephalic dogs had greater odds of all three types of heat-related illness compared with mesocephalic dogs. The odds of death following vehicular heat-related illness (OR 1.47, p = 0.492) was similar to that of exertional heat-related illness. In the UK, exertional heat-related illness affects more dogs, and kills more dogs, than confinement in a hot vehicle. Campaigns to raise public awareness about heat-related illness in dogs need to highlight that dogs don’t die just in hot cars.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs. Animals 2020, 10, 1324 .

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Dan G. O’Neill. Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs. Animals. 2020; 10 (8):1324.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Dogs Don’t Die Just in Hot Cars—Exertional Heat-Related Illness (Heatstroke) Is a Greater Threat to UK Dogs." Animals 10, no. 8: 1324.

Short communication
Published: 13 July 2020 in Veterinary Record
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Lipomas are relatively common and biologically benign masses of mesenchymal origin consisting of adipocytes. This study reports benchmark data on the clinical management and outcomes of lipomas in dogs under UK primary veterinary care. The study used a cross-sectional analysis of cohort clinical data from dogs that were under veterinary care at practices participating within VetCompass from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2013. Descriptive and analytic statistics characterised the clinical management and outcomes following presumptive lipoma diagnosis. The study included 2765 lipoma cases from 384 284 dogs under UK veterinary care during 2013. Diagnostics included fine needle aspirate in 1119 (40.5 per cent) cases, biopsy in 215 (7.8 per cent) cases and diagnostic imaging in 11 (0.4 per cent) cases. Overall, 525 (19.0 per cent) cases were managed surgically. Of the surgical cases, 307 (58.5 per cent) solely had mass removal whilst 218 (41.5 per cent) included another procedure during the same surgical episode. A surgical drain was placed during surgery in 90 (17.1 per cent) cases. Wound breakdown was reported in 14 (2.7 per cent) surgical procedures. Wound infection followed surgery in 11 (2.1 per cent) dogs. The findings provide veterinarians with an evidence base that benchmarks how lipoma cases are currently managed in the UK, but these results do not necessarily reflect optimal management or best practice.

ACS Style

Camilla Leonie Pegram; Lynda Rutherford; Caroline Corah; David B Church; David C Brodbelt; Dan G O'neill. Clinical management of lipomas in dogs under primary care in the UK. Veterinary Record 2020, 187, e83 -e83.

AMA Style

Camilla Leonie Pegram, Lynda Rutherford, Caroline Corah, David B Church, David C Brodbelt, Dan G O'neill. Clinical management of lipomas in dogs under primary care in the UK. Veterinary Record. 2020; 187 (10):e83-e83.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camilla Leonie Pegram; Lynda Rutherford; Caroline Corah; David B Church; David C Brodbelt; Dan G O'neill. 2020. "Clinical management of lipomas in dogs under primary care in the UK." Veterinary Record 187, no. 10: e83-e83.

Journal article
Published: 18 June 2020 in Scientific Reports
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As climate change causes global temperatures to rise, heat-related illness, a potentially fatal condition in dogs, will become an ever-greater threat. This study aimed to report the incidence, fatality and canine risk factors of heat-related illness in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. The VetCompassTM programme collects de-identified electronic patient records from UK veterinary practices for research. From the clinical records of 905,543 dogs under veterinary care in 2016, 395 confirmed heat-related illness events were identified. The estimated 2016 incidence of heat-related illness was 0.04% (95% CI 0.04-0.05%), with an event fatality rate of 14.18% (95% CI 11.08 – 17.96%). Multivariable analysis identified significant risk factors including breed (e.g. Chow Chow, Bulldog and French Bulldog), higher bodyweight relative to the breed/sex mean and being over two years of age. Dogs with a brachycephalic skull shape and dogs weighing over 50 kg were also at greater risk. As we move into an ever-warmer world, veterinary professionals may need to include resistance to heat-related illness amongst their rationales when advising owners on breed selection. Breeding for good respiratory function and maintaining a healthy bodyweight should be considered key welfare priorities for all dogs to limit the risk of heat-related illness.

ACS Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -12.

AMA Style

Emily J. Hall, Anne J. Carter, Dan G. O’Neill. Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emily J. Hall; Anne J. Carter; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Incidence and risk factors for heat-related illness (heatstroke) in UK dogs under primary veterinary care in 2016." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-12.

Meeting report
Published: 07 May 2020 in Canine Medicine and Genetics
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Background Dogs are the most popular mammal kept as a companion animal globally. Positive human-dog relationships can benefit both the human owners as well as the dogs. However, popularity as a companion animal species does not universally benefit dogs in reverse. Breed-related health problems in dogs have received increasing attention over the last decade, sparking increased concerns for dog welfare across many stakeholders. Progress towards improved welfare requires meaningful collaboration between all those working in dog health, science and welfare. The International Partnership for Dogs (IPFD), together with an alternating host organisation, holds biennial meetings called the International Dog Health Workshops (IDHW). The IPFD 4th IDHW was hosted by the UK Kennel Club in Windsor, UK in May 2019. With the aim of encouraging international and multi-stakeholder collaborations that are effective and ongoing, the 4th IDHW 2019 provided a forum to identify specific needs and actions that could improve health, well-being and welfare in dogs, building on outcomes and evaluating actions of previous IDHWs. Results The workshop included 126 decision-leaders from 16 countries and was structured around five key themes identified as needing international, multi-stakeholder attention. These included the concept of “breed”, supply and demand, breed-specific strategies for health and breeding, genetic testing and extreme conformations. The review of progress made since the 3rd IDHW 2017 and the comprehensive lists of actions agreed upon during the current meeting suggest that movement from information and collaboration to action has been achieved. Working groups with specific tasks were identified and many plan to continue to communicate through forum communities on DogWellNet.com. Conclusions The IDHW provides a forum for formal and informal discussion between relevant groups so that key dog health and welfare issues can be identified and defined, and plans can be agreed for effective actions to address them. The 3rd IDHW 2017 resulted in a number of significant outcomes. New and continuing actions were laid down at the 4th IDHW 2019, which will be re-evaluated at the 5th IDHW facilitating continual progress.

ACS Style

Camilla L. Pegram; Brenda N. Bonnett; Helena Skarp; Gareth Arnott; Hannah James; Åke Hedhammar; Gregoire Leroy; Aimée Llewellyn-Zaidi; Ian J. Seath; Dan G. O’Neill. Moving from information and collaboration to action: report from the 4th international dog health workshop, Windsor in May 2019. Canine Medicine and Genetics 2020, 7, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Camilla L. Pegram, Brenda N. Bonnett, Helena Skarp, Gareth Arnott, Hannah James, Åke Hedhammar, Gregoire Leroy, Aimée Llewellyn-Zaidi, Ian J. Seath, Dan G. O’Neill. Moving from information and collaboration to action: report from the 4th international dog health workshop, Windsor in May 2019. Canine Medicine and Genetics. 2020; 7 (1):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camilla L. Pegram; Brenda N. Bonnett; Helena Skarp; Gareth Arnott; Hannah James; Åke Hedhammar; Gregoire Leroy; Aimée Llewellyn-Zaidi; Ian J. Seath; Dan G. O’Neill. 2020. "Moving from information and collaboration to action: report from the 4th international dog health workshop, Windsor in May 2019." Canine Medicine and Genetics 7, no. 1: 1-15.