Venous thromboembolism (VTE), encompassing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a significant burden on health and economic systems worldwide. Improved VTE management calls for the integration of biomarkers into diagnostic algorithms and scoring systems for risk assessment, possible complications, and mortality. This literature review discusses novel biomarkers with potential diagnostic and prognostic value in personalized VTE management. The pathophysiology of thrombosis starts with cell interactions in the vascular environment and continues with more complex, recently discussed processes such as immunothrombosis and thromboinflammation. Their clinical applicability is in the use of complete blood count (CBC)-derived immuno-inflammatory indices as attractive, readily available biomarkers that reflect pro-thrombotic states. Indices such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR = neutrophil count divided by lymphocyte count), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR = platelet count divided by lymphocyte count), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII = NLR multiplied by platelet count) have demonstrated predictive value for thromboembolic events. Nevertheless, confounding data regarding cutoffs that may be implemented in clinical practice limit their applicability. This literature review aims to investigate neutrophil and platelet interactions as key drivers of immunothrombosis and thromboinflammation while summarizing the relevant research on the corresponding CBC-derived biomarkers, as well as their potential utility in day-to-day clinical practice.

Prediction and early detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) remain a permanent challenge in everyday practice. Timely identification of an increased risk for AF episodes (which are frequently asymptomatic) is essential in the primary and secondary prevention of cardioembolic events. One of the noninvasive modalities of AF prediction is represented by the electrocardiographic P-wave analysis. This includes the study and diagnosis of interatrial conduction block (Bachmann’s bundle block). Bayés’ Syndrome (named after its first descriptor) denotes the association between interatrial conduction defect and supraventricular arrhythmias (mainly AF) predisposing to cardioembolic events. Our short review presents an update of the most important data concerning this syndrome: brief history, main ECG features, pathophysiological background and clinical implications.

Prediction and early detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) remain a permanent challenge in everyday practice. Timely identification of an increased risk for AF episodes (which are frequently asymptomatic) is essential in the primary and secondary prevention of cardioembolic events. One of the noninvasive modalities of AF prediction is represented by the electrocardiographic P-wave analysis. This includes the study and diagnosis of interatrial conduction block (Bachmann`s bundle block). Bayés’ Syndrome (named after its first descriptor) denotes the association between interatrial conduction defect and supraventricular arrhythmias (mainly AF) predisposing to cardioembolic events. Our short review presents an update of the most important data concerning this syndrome: brief history, main ECG features, pathophysiological background and clinical implications.

Introduction Animal models provide controlled experimental settings for investigating thromboinflammatory processes and evaluating potential biomarkers. The aim of this study was to explore the hematological and inflammatory responses following an adapted electrolytic femoral vein injury protocol in laboratory rats. Particular emphasis was placed on identifying potential associations between blood parameters and histopathologically detected venous thrombosis, as well as comparison of two different anticoagulant regimens. Methods Twenty-four female Wistar rats (approximately 15 months old; age varied slightly in weeks between sequentially allocated groups) were allocated to a sham control group (n = 4), an untreated electrolytic injury control group (n = 4), and an electrolytic injury group treated with either enoxaparin or rivaroxaban (n = 8 each). Blood samples were collected at baseline (T0), one day (T1), and seven days (T7) post-intervention. Complete blood count (CBC) parameters, CBC-derived indices (granulocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (GLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR)), and plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were determined. Following euthanasia on day one (untreated group) or day seven (sham and treated groups), thrombus presence was assessed histopathologically. Results Seven days post-intervention, the leukocyte, granulocyte, and lymphocyte counts decreased, while the PLR increased significantly in all study groups. MPO increased significantly at T7 compared to baseline in the rivaroxaban group, while no significant changes were observed in the enoxaparin group. No significant between-treatment differences were observed in GLR, PLR, or MPO levels. Histopathological analysis confirmed thrombi occurrence in 6/20 animals (1/4 untreated and 5/16 treated). Exploratory ROC analysis suggested discriminatory potential of MPO, but not GLR or PLR, for histopathologically detected thrombus. Conclusion The adapted electrolytic femoral vein injury model was associated with dynamic changes in hematological and inflammatory parameters. MPO showed potential as a thromboinflammatory biomarker. However, given the limited detection of thrombus, these findings require validation in larger studies, using a more reliable thrombosis induction protocol.