In the present study, we explored the composition of Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L. leaves) essential oil (CEO) cultivated in Saudi Arabia (Al-Kharj) and explored its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy was used to detect the CEO composition. The 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-induced free radical and ferric chloride scavenging methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was investigated using the well diffusion method. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using egg albumin and trypsin-induced inflammation methods. Forty-six compounds representing 90.17% of the total aroma were identified in the CEO; the major constituents were found to be 1-decanol (17.85%), decanal (11.04%), trans-2-dodecen-1-ol (7.87%), menthone (6.71%), 2-decen-1-ol, trans- (5.44%), dodecanal (4.76%), trans-tetradec-2-enal (3.14%), sedanolide (3.02), and thymol (3.01%). DPPH-induced free radical and ferric chloride scavenging assays demonstrated low antioxidant effects of CEO, and the antioxidant activity was observed at a high CEO concentration. The antimicrobial activity of CEO was assessed against 5 microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) by using well diffusion methods; CEO was found to possess excellent antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms, except Escherichia coli. Moreover, CEO demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity against egg albumin- and trypsin-induced inflammation. The essential oil extracted from C. sativum chemotype grown in Al-Kharj region of Saudi Arabia possesses low antioxidant potential, superior antimicrobial activity, and outstanding anti-inflammatory effects.

Various analytical methodologies have been reported for the determination of 6-shogaol (6-SHO) and 6-gingerol (6-GIN) in ginger extracts and commercial formulations. However, green analytical methods for the determination of 6-SHO and 6-GIN, either alone or in combination, have not yet been reported in literature. Hence, the present study was aimed to develop a rapid, simple, and cheaper green reversed phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC) densitometry method for the simultaneous determination of 6-SHO and 6-GIN in the traditional and ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas. The simultaneous analysis of 6-SHO and 6-GIN was carried out via RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates. The mixture of green solvents, i.e., ethanol:water (6.5:3.5 v/v) was utilized as a mobile phase for the simultaneous analysis of 6-SHO and 6-GIN. The analysis of 6-SHO and 6-GIN was performed at λ_max = 200 nm for 6-SHO and 6-GIN. The densitograms of 6-SHO and 6-GIN from traditional and ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were verified by obtaining their single band at R_f = 0.36 ± 0.01 for 6-SHO and R_f = 0.53 ± 0.01 for 6-GIN, compared to standard 6-SHO and 6-GIN. The green RP-HPTLC method was found to be linear, in the range of 100–700 ng/band with R² = 0.9988 for 6-SHO and 50–600 ng/band with R² = 0.9995 for 6-GIN. In addition, the method was recorded as “accurate, precise, robust and sensitive” for the simultaneous quantification of 6-SHO and 6-GIN in traditional and ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas. The amount of 6-SHO in traditional extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas was obtained as 12.1, 17.9, 10.5, and 9.6 mg/g of extract, respectively. However, the amount of 6-SHO in ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were obtained as 14.6, 19.7, 11.6, and 10.7 mg/g of extract, respectively. The amount of 6-GIN in traditional extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were found as 10.2, 15.1, 7.3, and 6.9 mg/g of extract, respectively. However, the amount of 6-GIN in ultrasonication-assisted extracts of ginger rhizome, commercial ginger powder, commercial capsules, and commercial ginger teas were obtained as 12.7, 17.8, 8.8, and 7.9 mg/g of extract, respectively. Overall, the results of this study indicated that the proposed analytical technique could be effectively used for the simultaneous quantification of 6-SHO and 6-GIN in a wide range of plant extracts and commercial formulations.

A new rapid, simple, sensitive and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been established for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and gallic acid in the freeze-dried pomegranate fruit juice and herbal formulation. HPTLC method was carried out using ethyl acetate: acetone: water: formic acid, 10:6:2:2 (%, v/v/v/v)) on 20 × 10 cm glass coated silica gel 60 F254 plates and scanned at 254 nm for ascorbic acid and gallic acid. Ascorbic acid and gallic acid in the freeze-dried pomegranate fruit juice were identified by comparing their single spot at Rf = 0.54 ± 0.02 and Rf = 0.83 ± 0.01 respectively. The value of regression equation (r2 ≥ 0.9992) revealed a good linear relationship between peak area and amount of ascorbic acid and gallic acid in the range of 100-800 ng/band. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, robustness LOD and LOQ. The method proposed can be useful for routine determination of ascorbic acid and gallic acid in various crude as well as herbal formulations as a quality control tool.

Green analytical technologies for the determination of a bioactive compound diosmin (DIOM) in the real samples of pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids are scarce in literature. Therefore, the present investigation was carried out to develop a novel, rapid, simple, and economical green “reversed phase high-performance thin-layer chromatography (RP-HPTLC)” method for the determination of DIOM in commercial tablets and in-house developed spray-dried microparticles (MPs). The quantification of DIOM was conducted via “RP-18 silica gel 60 F254S HPTLC plates”. The binary combination of green solvents, i.e., ethanol:water (5.5:4.5 v/v) was proposed as a green mobile phase. The analysis of DIOM was conducted in absorbance/reflectance mode of densitometry at λ_max = 348 nm. The densitograms of DIOM from the commercial tablets and in-house developed spray-dried MPs were verified by recording their single band at R_f = 0.80 ± 0.02 compared to standard DIOM. Green RP-HPTLC method was observed as linear in the range of 100–700 ng/band with R² = 0.9995. The proposed method was found as “accurate, precise, robust, and sensitive” for the determination of DIOM in the real samples of commercial tablets and in-house developed spray-dried MPs. The % content of DIOM in the real samples of commercial tablets and in-house developed spray-dried MPs was obtained as 99.06 and 101.30%, respectively. The recorded results of this research suggested that the green RP-HPTLC method can be effectively used for the routine analysis of DIOM in pharmaceutical products.

Pomegranate is a well known fruit for its unique flavor, taste and health benefits. The medicinal properties of this fruits directly associated with the phenolic content present, with great anti-oxidant potential. The research is intended to develop matrix solid phase dispersion method (MSPD) and HPLC quantification of four major anti-oxidant marker constituents (vitamin C, gallic acid, rutin & ellagic acid) in pomegranate molasses samples. The effects of several important experimental parameters like type of dispersant, sample-dispersant ratio, solvents and its volume, time of extraction were investigated. A C18 column with the specification (5 µm, 250 × 4.0 mm) was used for the separation. A gradient flow of mobile phase was selected after many trials containing 0.1%, v/v solution of orthophosphoric acid and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min; and the chromatograms were recorded at 254 nm. The validation parameters, like linearity (r2 = 0.9985, 0.9965, 0.9925 & 0.9986), accuracy (100.3, 99.5, 100.9 & 101.9%), intra-day precision (%RSD = 1.09, 1.02, 1.26 & 0.97), inter-day precision (%RSD = 1.32, 0.83, 1.07, & 1.15) LOD (0.07, 4.50, 0.45 & 0.40 µg/mL), LOQ (0.095, 9.50, 0.85 & 9.5 µg/mL) and robustness (% RSD = 0.92, 0.76, 0.81 & 0.83) respectively for vitamin C, gallic acid, rutin & ellagic acid, were found satisfactory as per ICH guidelines.

Two new sesquiterpenoids belonging to the guaiane, 4α,9α,10α-trihydroxyguaia-11(13)en-12,6α-olide (1), and germacrane, 9β-hydroxyparthenolide-9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), classes have been isolated from the leaves of the Saudi medicinal plant Anvillea garcinii along with seven known compounds (3–9). The structures of the new metabolites were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESIMS). The antimicrobial properties of 1–9 were screened against seven different pathogenic microbes, and compounds 1–3 showed a potent antifungal activity.