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Dr. Nikolaos Apostolopoulos
Department of Economics and Business, School of Economics, Administration and Computer Science, Neapolis University Pafos, Paphos 8042, Cyprus

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0 Innovation
0 Regional Development
0 Sustainable Development
0 Entrepreneurship policy

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Journal article
Published: 06 May 2021 in Southeastern Europe
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The focus of this article is on the main aspects of economic governance in Greece during the period 2015–19 where the syriza-anel coalition party was in power. In August 2015, the syriza-anel government faced the dilemma either to accept a new agreement with the EU partners (as eventually happened) or go bankrupt and leave the Eurozone, becoming detached from EU solidarity mechanisms. A third program was agreed, offering Greece an additional €86 billion loan over a three-year period. The third programme was unnecessary considering that the syriza-anel governance inherited 0.8% growth rate and some progress in the structural reforms demanded during the first two agreements in 2010 and 2011. However, the political choices made had the consequence of Greece returning to recession in 2015 and 2016.

ACS Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Economic Governance of a Populist Government. Southeastern Europe 2021, 45, 48 -63.

AMA Style

Panagiotis Liargovas, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Economic Governance of a Populist Government. Southeastern Europe. 2021; 45 (1):48-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2021. "Economic Governance of a Populist Government." Southeastern Europe 45, no. 1: 48-63.

Original paper
Published: 19 April 2021 in Journal of Business Ethics
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The impact of Islam upon women’s entrepreneurship in conflict zones is woefully absent from the entrepreneurship literature. This is due to the absence of published scholarship about this context rather than the absence of Muslim women’s entrepreneurship there. To address the gap in the literature, we offer a contextualized analysis and contribution by adopting an Islamic feminism lens and explore how Islamic feminism empowers women entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial activities and behaviours in conflict zones. We argue that Islamic feminism is a process of ‘ijtihad’ shaping the business ethics of Muslim women entrepreneurs operating in conflict zones and removing the traditional, patriarchal, colonial and other cultural layers with which Islam has been veiled. The findings from the 16 Muslim women entrepreneurs operating in Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine and participating in our study reveal that Islamic religiousness plays a critical role in shaping the Muslim women’s entrepreneurial behaviour and their ability to endure the hardships of living in a conflict zone. Within all three research contexts, the participants interpreted and practiced their Islamic religiousness in ways consistent with Islamic Feminism principles and that deviated from patriarchal Islam dominating their conflict zones. This paper contributes to the growing research areas on Islamic feminist foundations for business ethics and women’s entrepreneurship in conflict zones by exploring how Islamic feminism empowers women entrepreneurs in Muslim conflict zones.

ACS Style

Doaa Althalathini; Haya Al-Dajani; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. The Impact of Islamic Feminism in Empowering Women’s Entrepreneurship in Conflict Zones: Evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine. Journal of Business Ethics 2021, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Doaa Althalathini, Haya Al-Dajani, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. The Impact of Islamic Feminism in Empowering Women’s Entrepreneurship in Conflict Zones: Evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine. Journal of Business Ethics. 2021; ():1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Doaa Althalathini; Haya Al-Dajani; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2021. "The Impact of Islamic Feminism in Empowering Women’s Entrepreneurship in Conflict Zones: Evidence from Afghanistan, Iraq and Palestine." Journal of Business Ethics , no. : 1-17.

Research article
Published: 19 March 2021 in European Politics and Society
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The EU sets strict fiscal criteria for its member states and has introduced initiatives to foster entrepreneurship, competitiveness, and growth. Following the financial crisis, which affected certain Eurozone countries, the EU updated its fiscal rules, establishing a stricter framework. The EU is founded on the principle that fiscal stability facilitates entrepreneurship and competitiveness. Therefore, compliance with fiscal rules improves the business environment. Nonetheless, the literature seems to be divided on this principle. One side argues that fiscal stability positively affects entrepreneurship and competitiveness. The opposing side argues that increased public debt and fiscal deficits do not ex ante affect growth rates. In this article, we attempt to evaluate the relationship between fiscal governance, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness. Descriptive statistics, panel data analysis, and ordinary least squares methods were employed to examine the relationship between fiscal governance indicators and entrepreneurship and competitiveness indicators. We used data from countries that experienced fiscal imbalance, namely Portugal, Greece, Spain, and Italy. According to the findings of our research, fiscal balance positively affected the growth rate in all cases. Yet, that current account balance, unit labor cost, and business birth rate equally affected growth rate and global entrepreneurship index in all countries cannot be supported.

ACS Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Marios Psychalis; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Fiscal policy, growth and entrepreneurship in the EMU. European Politics and Society 2021, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Panagiotis Liargovas, Marios Psychalis, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Fiscal policy, growth and entrepreneurship in the EMU. European Politics and Society. 2021; ():1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Marios Psychalis; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2021. "Fiscal policy, growth and entrepreneurship in the EMU." European Politics and Society , no. : 1-22.

Research article
Published: 10 March 2021 in Strategic Change
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The related literature highlighted the impact of COVID‐19 on agri‐food entrepreneurship, the government measures and support on agri‐food entrepreneurship, and the shift of agri‐food entrepreneurship towards digitization, innovative ideas, and new market solutions. Agri‐food entrepreneurship faces numerous challenges, but at the same time, the crisis can generate opportunities. The studies made so far indicate that COVID‐19 can cause transformational changes to agri‐food entrepreneurship, although further research is needed to clarify open issues.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Vanessa Ratten; Dimitrios Petropoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas; Eleni Anastasopoulou. Agri‐food sector and entrepreneurship during the COVID ‐19 crisis: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Strategic Change 2021, 30, 159 -167.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Vanessa Ratten, Dimitrios Petropoulos, Panagiotis Liargovas, Eleni Anastasopoulou. Agri‐food sector and entrepreneurship during the COVID ‐19 crisis: A systematic literature review and research agenda. Strategic Change. 2021; 30 (2):159-167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Vanessa Ratten; Dimitrios Petropoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas; Eleni Anastasopoulou. 2021. "Agri‐food sector and entrepreneurship during the COVID ‐19 crisis: A systematic literature review and research agenda." Strategic Change 30, no. 2: 159-167.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2021 in European Politics and Society
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Many economists argue that fiscal balance (i.e. preventing fiscal deficits and establishing rules for government lending) positively affects the growth rate. Several studies document a strong correlation between these two variables based on the Ricardian equivalence theorem and the crowding-out effect. It may be argued that high growth rates lead to a positive fiscal balance, while lower/negative growth rates lead to deficits (but not vice versa). This study examines this cause-and-effect relationship via a sample of four EU countries that have been affected by the economic crisis. Specifically, a Granger causality analysis captures the linear interdependencies among multiple time series to determine the causal relation between the budget deficit and the GDP growth rates for Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. The results show that no clear rule governs the cause-and-effect relationship between the GDP growth rates and net government lending rates (as a percentage of GDP). Moreover, the literature supports the idea that fiscal improvement may lead to economic growth, while improving net government lending leads to an increase in the GDP growth rate. This study suggests some useful fiscal policies to apply during a crisis. Also, investigating government lending can be useful in a post-COVID-19 economic environment.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Marios Psychalis; Panagiotis Liargovas; Victoria Pistikou. Investigating Government lending during an economic crisis: a comparative analysis of four EU countries. European Politics and Society 2021, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Marios Psychalis, Panagiotis Liargovas, Victoria Pistikou. Investigating Government lending during an economic crisis: a comparative analysis of four EU countries. European Politics and Society. 2021; ():1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Marios Psychalis; Panagiotis Liargovas; Victoria Pistikou. 2021. "Investigating Government lending during an economic crisis: a comparative analysis of four EU countries." European Politics and Society , no. : 1-15.

Journal article
Published: 17 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The main lever for the development and promotion of rural tourism in Greece has been, and continues to be, through specific EU programmes. Rural tourism in Greece began with a long delay compared to other European countries. The development philosophy was (and still is) to increase rural incomes as a complement to agricultural and livestock production, not by degrading them. This theoretical paper presents previous research studies in rural tourism and EU development programmes and it describes how European financial tools intended for rural tourism were implemented in Greece. Furthermore, it describes the challenges faced by rural people involved in the development of rural tourism in seeking European funding through a multi-layer approach on the obstacles in the EU funds absorption capacity. The analysis shows that the legislation, design of the programmes, processes from local governments, bureaucracy and malpractices create constraints in the absorption of EU funds and the results in the rural tourism development are not the expected ones. It concludes that there is a need for reforms in the national institutional framework and structures along with a different philosophy in approaching the EU funding initiatives in rural areas.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas; Stavros Stavroyiannis; Ilias Makris; Sotiris Apostolopoulos; Dimitrios Petropoulos; Eleni Anastasopoulou. Sustaining Rural Areas, Rural Tourism Enterprises and EU Development Policies: A Multi-Layer Conceptualisation of the Obstacles in Greece. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7687 .

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Panagiotis Liargovas, Stavros Stavroyiannis, Ilias Makris, Sotiris Apostolopoulos, Dimitrios Petropoulos, Eleni Anastasopoulou. Sustaining Rural Areas, Rural Tourism Enterprises and EU Development Policies: A Multi-Layer Conceptualisation of the Obstacles in Greece. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (18):7687.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas; Stavros Stavroyiannis; Ilias Makris; Sotiris Apostolopoulos; Dimitrios Petropoulos; Eleni Anastasopoulou. 2020. "Sustaining Rural Areas, Rural Tourism Enterprises and EU Development Policies: A Multi-Layer Conceptualisation of the Obstacles in Greece." Sustainability 12, no. 18: 7687.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2020 in Sustainability
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The aim of this research was to explore the implementation of strategic management approaches in Greek tourism and hospitality businesses during economic crises, in order to further expand our current knowledge of operating in a turbulent environment and embracing novel aspects by linking economic crises with the current literature on the COVID-19 pandemic. This research emphasizes the connection between the strategic management approaches of 131 tourism organizations and hospitality business performance by analyzing entrepreneurs’ opinions and hospitality business markets. The results reveal that a significant percentage of the participants understand and use some strategic management procedures, and some strategy in general, but there is a lack of a concrete strategy for managing the turbulent environment caused by an economic crisis. However, a large percentage of small tourism businesses are completely unaware of strategic management approaches, and their knowledge of implementing a strategy during an economic crisis is limited. The practical implications of this research can act as a navigator of the economic consequences caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

ACS Style

Sotirios Varelas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. The Implementation of Strategic Management in Greek Hospitality Businesses in Times of Crisis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7211 .

AMA Style

Sotirios Varelas, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. The Implementation of Strategic Management in Greek Hospitality Businesses in Times of Crisis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (17):7211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sotirios Varelas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2020. "The Implementation of Strategic Management in Greek Hospitality Businesses in Times of Crisis." Sustainability 12, no. 17: 7211.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2020 in Journal of Rural Studies
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Within debates on rural development, Neo-Endogenous Development has emerged as the consensus ‘best-practice’ approach. Central to this approach is the role of the Expert Knowledge Broker – the conduit that brings local and ‘extra-local’ together. This paper contests that, despite a wealth of research on this paradigm and the knowledge flows that operate within, little research has been conducted regarding the decision-making process of the Expert Knowledge Broker. However, this is arguably decisive in which type of rural development is enacted. Using the allocation of funding for Renewable Energy projects in Greece as a critical context, this paper explores the decision-making approach of experts using Analytic Hierarchical Process analysis. We find that the type of rural development enacted is contingent upon the funding decision and the balance between local and extra-local funding decisions vary depending upon heterogeneous criteria. The paper contributes to knowledge through a nuanced explanation of the role of the Expert Knowledge Broker and suggests how EU Renewable Energy policy funding decisions can become more effective.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Konstantinos J. Chalvatzis; Panagiotis G. Liargovas; Robert Newbery; Elena Rokou. The role of the expert knowledge broker in rural development: Renewable energy funding decisions in Greece. Journal of Rural Studies 2020, 78, 96 -106.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Konstantinos J. Chalvatzis, Panagiotis G. Liargovas, Robert Newbery, Elena Rokou. The role of the expert knowledge broker in rural development: Renewable energy funding decisions in Greece. Journal of Rural Studies. 2020; 78 ():96-106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Konstantinos J. Chalvatzis; Panagiotis G. Liargovas; Robert Newbery; Elena Rokou. 2020. "The role of the expert knowledge broker in rural development: Renewable energy funding decisions in Greece." Journal of Rural Studies 78, no. : 96-106.

Editorials
Published: 04 June 2020 in Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship
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ACS Style

Elias Carayannis; Paul Jones; Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Entrepreneurship and the European Union policies after 60 years of common European vision: regional and spatial perspectives. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 2020, 32, 517 -522.

AMA Style

Elias Carayannis, Paul Jones, Panagiotis Liargovas, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Entrepreneurship and the European Union policies after 60 years of common European vision: regional and spatial perspectives. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship. 2020; 32 (6):517-522.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elias Carayannis; Paul Jones; Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2020. "Entrepreneurship and the European Union policies after 60 years of common European vision: regional and spatial perspectives." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 32, no. 6: 517-522.

Articles
Published: 15 May 2020 in Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship
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The world has seen several waves of economic crises, which have had a severe impact on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), such as the Great Depression of the 1930s, the financial crisis in the late 2000s and, most recently, the global COVID-19, because they strip SMEs from their much needed resources. Prior research suggests that SMEs use bricolage to cope with such negative external shocks. While there is a rich discussion on how SMEs carry out their bricolage processes, the literature provides little empirical evidence on what actually happens in times of crisis. To examine whether the SME bricolage process described in the literature is consistent with how SMEs use bricolage when they face a business environment crisis, we conducted a qualitative study of six SMEs’ response to the austerity measures of the bailout programme for Greece, scheduled by the EU, ECB and IMF, which were known to have unambiguously led to the deterioration of the SME business environment. We found that bricolage occurred across all SMEs’ activities as expected. However, contrary to the literature, we found that bricolage did not lead the strategic approach of any of the investigated SMEs. Rather, bricolage was integrated within their overall strategy. Furthermore, we found that how the bricolage is unrolled depends on the SME sector. With this knowledge, the present study suggests policymakers need to adjust their support system towards enabling resource-constrained SMEs to deal with the aftermath of negative shocks in their business environment. Le monde a connu plusieurs vagues de crises économiques qui ont eu un grave impact sur les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME), telles que la Grande Dépression des années 30, la crise financière de la fin des années 2000 et, plus récemment, l’épidémie mondiale de COVID-19, parce que ces crises privent les PME des ressources dont elles ont grandement besoin. Des recherches antérieures suggèrent que les PME font du bricolage pour faire face à de tels chocs externes négatifs. Bien qu’il y ait un riche débat sur la manière dont les PME procèdent avec ce bricolage, la littérature ne fournit que peu de données empiriques sur ce qu’il se passe réellement en temps de crise. Afin d’examiner si le processus de bricolage décrit dans la littérature est cohérent avec la manière dont les PME ont recours au bricolage lorsqu’elles sont confrontées à une crise de l’environnement des affaires, nous avons mené une étude qualitative sur la riposte de six PME aux mesures d’austérité du programme de sauvetage financier de la Grèce, planifié par l’UE, la BCE et le FMI, dont on sait qu’elles ont conduit sans ambiguïté à la détérioration de l’environnement des PME. Comme nous nous y attendions, nous avons constaté que le bricolage se pratiquait dans toutes les activités des PME. Cependant, contrairement à la littérature, nous avons constaté que le bricolage n’était intégré à l’approche stratégique d’aucune des PME examinées. De fait, il était plutôt intégré dans la stratégie globale de ces PME. De plus, notre étude a révélé que la façon dont le bricolage se déroule dépend du secteur des PME qui y ont recours. Sur foi de ces résultats, cette étude suggère que les décideurs politiques doivent adapter leur système de soutien pour permettre aux PME à ressources limitées de faire face aux conséquences des chocs négatifs subis par leur environnement commercial.

ACS Style

Theodora Tsilika; Alexandros Kakouris; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Zacharias Dermatis. Entrepreneurial bricolage in the aftermath of a shock. Insights from Greek SMEs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 2020, 32, 1 -18.

AMA Style

Theodora Tsilika, Alexandros Kakouris, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Zacharias Dermatis. Entrepreneurial bricolage in the aftermath of a shock. Insights from Greek SMEs. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship. 2020; 32 (6):1-18.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodora Tsilika; Alexandros Kakouris; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Zacharias Dermatis. 2020. "Entrepreneurial bricolage in the aftermath of a shock. Insights from Greek SMEs." Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship 32, no. 6: 1-18.

Original paper
Published: 25 October 2018 in Entrepreneurship Education
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This article evaluates the learning environment of a joint distance learning postgraduate programme in entrepreneurship between the University of Peloponnese and the Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese in Greece. Following the Illeris’ theory for learning, factors from the content, incentives and environment learning dimensions are evaluated by the 87 alumni of the programme. The analysis indicates which components in each dimension prevailed and how the three dimensions are compared in the formulation of the educational setting. It appeared that significant drivers for participation and engagement with the programme emanated from modern social trends. The novelty of the method pertains to the adoption of elaborated learning theories in the assessment of entrepreneurship education. The pilot results of the present case offer the basis to enrich and implement the Illerian dimensions of learning in future entrepreneurship programmes.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Alexandros Kakouris; Panagiotis Liargovas; Zacharias Dermatis; Dimitrios Komninos. Evaluating the learning environment of a cross-institutional postgraduate programme in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Education 2018, 1, 105 -123.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Alexandros Kakouris, Panagiotis Liargovas, Zacharias Dermatis, Dimitrios Komninos. Evaluating the learning environment of a cross-institutional postgraduate programme in entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Education. 2018; 1 (1-4):105-123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Alexandros Kakouris; Panagiotis Liargovas; Zacharias Dermatis; Dimitrios Komninos. 2018. "Evaluating the learning environment of a cross-institutional postgraduate programme in entrepreneurship." Entrepreneurship Education 1, no. 1-4: 105-123.

Journal article
Published: 06 August 2018 in Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society
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Purpose This paper aims to review the progress of a sample of (n = 307) signatories in the Higher Education Sustainability Initiative which commits higher education institutions (HEIs) to make smart commitments to achieve one or more of the UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). Design/methodology/approach A preliminary survey of n = 307 HEIs via online questionnaire and database search was conducted. Findings Findings reveal a difference between HEI governance, that is “instrumental”, and governance, that is “holistic”, in relation to sustainability. Research limitations/implications Implications identified for achieving SDGs in general and for academic–business partnerships, in particular. Practical implications Practical implications for enterprise (developing a tool to measure sustainability mindset) and for enterprise education (sharing of best practices from other HEIs). Social implications Improved understanding of the sustainability mindset will inform decisions about approaches to governing and operationalising sustainability in organisations. Originality/value The survey is not original but the emphasis on sustainability mindset (compassion, empathy and connectedness to SDGs) is.

ACS Style

James Moon; Andreas Walmsley; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Governance implications of the UN higher education sustainability initiative. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 2018, 18, 624 -634.

AMA Style

James Moon, Andreas Walmsley, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Governance implications of the UN higher education sustainability initiative. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. 2018; 18 (4):624-634.

Chicago/Turabian Style

James Moon; Andreas Walmsley; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2018. "Governance implications of the UN higher education sustainability initiative." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 18, no. 4: 624-634.

General contribution
Published: 22 April 2018 in European Policy Analysis
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This article develops an innovative scheme, beyond the existing decision making system, towards a participative and deliberative approach to environmental policies in the European Union. It adopts a bottom‐up approach whereby environmental priorities reach the European level directly from the local networking process and engagement. Indeed, there is a gap in the literature regarding conceptual approaches based on decision making schemes that can unlock local forces towards environmental change. By using a multi‐criteria method, two scenarios (direct democratic and pre‐defined bottom‐up) of social‐network modeling are created. Both scenarios aim to promote the effective use of social networks through aggregation functions to combine the responses of local stakeholders. This paper contributes to the academic debate of the interaction between public engagement and environmental policies. It does not advocate that the debate in political level can be replaced by math‐based decision making schemes but the use of them can enrich political discussions.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas. Unlock Local Forces and Improve Legitimacy: A Decision Making Scheme in the European Union Towards Environmental Change. European Policy Analysis 2018, 4, 146 -165.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Panagiotis Liargovas. Unlock Local Forces and Improve Legitimacy: A Decision Making Scheme in the European Union Towards Environmental Change. European Policy Analysis. 2018; 4 (1):146-165.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas. 2018. "Unlock Local Forces and Improve Legitimacy: A Decision Making Scheme in the European Union Towards Environmental Change." European Policy Analysis 4, no. 1: 146-165.

Journal article
Published: 03 April 2018 in Journal of Rural Studies
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Using community resilience and institutional entrepreneurship as conceptual lens, the paper explores whether support for social enterprises in non-metropolitan Greece has led to resilient social systems. Whilst drawing on narratives of enabling a bottom-up response to market failure, rather than radical or reformist adaptation, social enterprise may have produced a reluctant and state reliant response which may weaken the resilience of communities to survive continued austerity. The research selected and interviewed 30 social enterprises operating within non-metropolitan Greece during 2016. It contributes to knowledge through a novel framing, which clarifies that social enterprise in Greece remains a top-down governance process which fails to deliver transformative forms of community resilience.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Robert Newbery; Menelaos Gkartzios. Social enterprise and community resilience: Examining a Greek response to turbulent times. Journal of Rural Studies 2018, 70, 215 -224.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Robert Newbery, Menelaos Gkartzios. Social enterprise and community resilience: Examining a Greek response to turbulent times. Journal of Rural Studies. 2018; 70 ():215-224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Robert Newbery; Menelaos Gkartzios. 2018. "Social enterprise and community resilience: Examining a Greek response to turbulent times." Journal of Rural Studies 70, no. : 215-224.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development
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ACS Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Dimitrios Komninos; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Zacharias Dermatis; Alexandros Kakouris. Entrepreneurial efficacy and orientation in Greece: exploring the gender gap. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 2018, 8, 197 .

AMA Style

Panagiotis Liargovas, Dimitrios Komninos, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Zacharias Dermatis, Alexandros Kakouris. Entrepreneurial efficacy and orientation in Greece: exploring the gender gap. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development. 2018; 8 (3):197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Dimitrios Komninos; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Zacharias Dermatis; Alexandros Kakouris. 2018. "Entrepreneurial efficacy and orientation in Greece: exploring the gender gap." International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 8, no. 3: 197.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development
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The aim of this article is to observe the expected 'gender gap' in entrepreneurship in Greece. Drawing upon entrepreneurial literature which has revealed certain differences between male and female entrepreneurs, or prospective entrepreneurs and the wide fostering of the entrepreneurial mindset through formal or informal educational settings during the last years, the survey seeks to examine persistent gender differences. The survey analysed responses to a questionnaire from local graduates and practitioners of a Greek region. The prevalence of male entrepreneurs, or nascent entrepreneurs, was verified along with the elimination of gender differences regarding self-confidence in entrepreneurial tasks as a result of educational interventions. Nonetheless, the expected higher need for independence than financial rewards for females was not verified, indicating a homogeneous entrepreneurial orientation between the genders. The study revealed gender differences in normative beliefs, competitiveness and entrepreneurial identity that could be attributed to the Greek culture. The latter characteristics are the most resistant to change through educational interventions compared with entrepreneurial self-efficacy and knowledge. The implications of the findings concern policies and educational interventions towards empowering female entrepreneurship.

ACS Style

Alexandros Kakouris; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Zacharias Dermatis; Dimitrios Komninos; Panagiotis Liargovas. Entrepreneurial efficacy and orientation in Greece: exploring the gender gap. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 2018, 8, 197 .

AMA Style

Alexandros Kakouris, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Zacharias Dermatis, Dimitrios Komninos, Panagiotis Liargovas. Entrepreneurial efficacy and orientation in Greece: exploring the gender gap. International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development. 2018; 8 (3):197.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandros Kakouris; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Zacharias Dermatis; Dimitrios Komninos; Panagiotis Liargovas. 2018. "Entrepreneurial efficacy and orientation in Greece: exploring the gender gap." International Journal of Innovation and Regional Development 8, no. 3: 197.

Book chapter
Published: 13 October 2017 in Green Economy in the Western Balkans
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The aim of this chapter is to examine the way in which small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) adapt their financial and operational planning in order to develop green entrepreneurship. This is examined through two different practices which may be followed by companies: policies and strategies that lead enterprises to energy upgrade and policies and strategies relating to environmental protection. This chapter draws upon the dataset from 100 Greek SMEs. The process of data collection was conducted by delivering questionnaires to the sample of companies in question. The novelty of this research, in comparison with other surveys, is that the level of adopting green strategies is approached not only in the fields of energy or environmental efficiencies but also attempts to introduce techno-economic parameters with related items in the questionnaires delivered to the SMEs. Hence, a more thorough analysis for the greenness of Greek SMEs is discussed based on 10 (i.e. techno-economic) research hypotheses. The results indicate that the SMEs should be supported more effectively by the Greek government and European Union through funding initiatives. The funding initiatives do not have the expected results so far towards this direction. However, it seems that the SMEs realize the importance of green strategies as they believe the consumers are willing to pay more for green products.

ACS Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Ilias Pappas; Alexandros Kakouris. SMEs and Green Growth: The Effectiveness of Support Mechanisms and Initiatives Matters. Green Economy in the Western Balkans 2017, 79 -108.

AMA Style

Panagiotis Liargovas, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Ilias Pappas, Alexandros Kakouris. SMEs and Green Growth: The Effectiveness of Support Mechanisms and Initiatives Matters. Green Economy in the Western Balkans. 2017; ():79-108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Ilias Pappas; Alexandros Kakouris. 2017. "SMEs and Green Growth: The Effectiveness of Support Mechanisms and Initiatives Matters." Green Economy in the Western Balkans , no. : 79-108.

Other
Published: 11 January 2017 in The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation
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ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Review – Academic influences on rural entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2017, 18, 73 -74.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Review – Academic influences on rural entrepreneurship. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation. 2017; 18 (1):73-74.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2017. "Review – Academic influences on rural entrepreneurship." The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 18, no. 1: 73-74.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2016 in Economics and Business Letters
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ACS Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Investment scenarios and regional factors in the solar energy sector. Economics and Business Letters 2016, 5, 1 .

AMA Style

Panagiotis Liargovas, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. Investment scenarios and regional factors in the solar energy sector. Economics and Business Letters. 2016; 5 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Panagiotis Liargovas; Nikolaos Apostolopoulos. 2016. "Investment scenarios and regional factors in the solar energy sector." Economics and Business Letters 5, no. 3: 1.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2016 in International Journal of Energy Sector Management
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between regional factors and investment attractiveness of solar energy production. The aim is to create a rank order of the Greek regions based on their investment attractiveness. Design/methodology/approach – In this research, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was applied in its group choice approach combined with a purposive sampling of experts from the business, governmental and research fields. Findings – A rank order of the regions was developed related to their investment attractiveness based on the experts’ sampling and the specific criteria that were set. Analyzing the criteria, it was found that general macroeconomic performances of the regions are of low priority, while the ones related to the entrepreneurial development such as solar irradiation and land availability are of high priority. Practical implications – This work is practically applicable, as it conduces to the management of companies operating in the solar energy sector. It is also useful for policy makers as the regions are prioritized, identifying, in this way, opportunities for investment. Originality/value – The novel aspect of this research is regions’ ranking based on their dynamic in solar energy investments. The utilization of the AHP offers additional value to the research of energy planning and management, as it is applied for the first time in the solar energy sector, concerning regional factors, solar energy parameters, economic data and expert sampling to develop a rank order of the regions.

ACS Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas. Regional parameters and solar energy enterprises. International Journal of Energy Sector Management 2016, 10, 19 -37.

AMA Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Panagiotis Liargovas. Regional parameters and solar energy enterprises. International Journal of Energy Sector Management. 2016; 10 (1):19-37.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikolaos Apostolopoulos; Panagiotis Liargovas. 2016. "Regional parameters and solar energy enterprises." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 10, no. 1: 19-37.