: Frequent floods can contribute to the spread of various diseases and complications, some of which may result in diarrhea, especially among children. The current study aimed to find the determinants of diarrhea among children aged 1–6 years in flood-affected areas in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted in flood-affected districts. Data regarding sociodemographic information related to diarrhea and anthropometric data were collected through a validated questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to find the determinants of diarrhea. In the presence of diarrhea, the prevalences found of stunting, wasting, and being underweight were 75.2%, 76.5%, and 74.1%, respectively, which is higher than those in children without diarrhea (stunting, 24.8%; wasting, 23.5%; and being underweight, 25.9%). In bivariate regression, children aged 2–4 years (odds ratio [OR] = 1.65, P < 0.05), large family size (OR = 7.46, P < 0.01), low income (OR = 2.55, < 0.001), bathing in ponds (OR = 3.05, P < 0.05), drinking of untreated water (OR = 3, P < 0.05), flooding (OR = 1.8, P < 0.05), children living in mud houses (OR = 1.5, P < 0.05), and usage of utensils without lids (OR = 1.96, P < 0.001) were significantly associated with occurrence of diarrhea. In multivariate regression, the identified risk factors (P < 0.05) for diarrhea in flood-affected areas included illiterate mothers, flooding, large family size, households without livestock, poor water quality, untreated water, and lack of toilet facilities. In conclusion, addressing the determinants of diarrhea identified in this study is crucial for mitigating the impact of frequent floods on children in flood-affected areas. Moreover, the higher prevalence of malnutrition underscores the urgent need for comprehensive strategies and proper water, sanitation, and hygiene programs to reduce the occurrence and determinants of diarrhea.

Objectives: We aimed to determine the effects of consumption of three different meal compositions at three temperatures on satiety and palatability. And whether they influence energy intake at subsequent meals. Setting: Khyber Medical University, Khyber Medical College. Pakistan Participants: Thirteen healthy young males and females aged 18–35 years, with a body mass index of 18.5-24.5 kg/m². Study Design: In a randomized cross-over study, participants consumed test meals (high carbohydrate, high protein, and high fat) at cold, warm, and hot temperatures (a total of nine meals). A visual analogue scale (VAS) and area under the curve (AUC) were used for satiety score measurements (0–240 minutes). Postprandially palatability scores were checked by a 9-point hedonic scale, and remainder energy intake was also noted. Results: VAS for hunger, and desire to eat were significantly different between the three compositions of meals at three temperatures (P < 0.05) at 240 minutes. Hot temperature meals (high fat and high protein) had higher satiety scores and area under the curve than cold meal groups. The hedonic scale showed that the temperature parameter was highly significant (P < 0.001). Among the meals, high-fat meals had the highest ratings for satiety scores, AUC, and pleasantness. However, the remainder energy intake was not statistically different between the test meals (P > 0.05). Conclusion: High-fat and hot temperatures meals can enhance satiety and satiation. However, the effect on satiety and satiation was short-term, and it did not affect remainder of energy intake during the rest of the day.

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bread incorporated with flaxseed powder on glycemic response and palatability.