In this work, zeolite, Controll M.F. 574^® was characterized and its adsorption properties were evaluated for the removal of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) from natural water, compared with a synthetic solution. Characterization by dispersive X-ray and X-ray diffraction identified a semi-crystalline structure and the presence of magnesium aluminium silicate, quartz and iron and manganese oxides. The results of the adsorption isotherms verified that the adsorption of iron followed a linear model indicating that physisorption occurred. The adsorption of manganese was better adjusted to the Langmuir model, indicating the formation of a monolayer on the surface of the adsorbent. The kinetic results were best adjusted to the pseudo-second-order model with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 for adsorption of both elements. The results showed that the zeolite studies showed good adsorption capacity for Fe (74%) and Mn (66%) in natural water. The concentrations of these metals were below the values permitted by Brazilian legislation.

Cyanobacteria represent a significant problem for water treatment systems due to their ability to form blooms, release harmful toxins, and decrease the efficiency of water treatment processes. This study investigated the efficacy of a natural coagulant and its combination with a chemical coagulant to remove cyanobacteria from water. The combination with natural coagulants reduces residual aluminum concentrations in the sludge and treated water and lowers process costs. A dosage of 20 mg L^–1 of Moringa oleifera was identified as the most effective for the removal of turbidity (≈82%), color (67–76%), and cell density (88–97%). The proportion of 75% Moringa oleifera and 25% polyaluminum chloride was the optimal condition for cell removal (95%) and resulted in a low residual aluminum concentration in the treated water (0.030 mg L^–1). The seasonal variation of cyanobacteria in the C/F/DAF treatment showed that 50% Microcystis aeruginosa and 50% Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii achieved the most effective removal of turbidity (94%) and cell density (≈99%). The color removal for this cell proportion was 80%. Based on the results, treatment efficiency was not affected by cell density or cell morphology. The analysis of dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved carbon showed no variation for most of the samples after C/F/DAF treatment. This study demonstrated the efficiency of combining coagulants, highlighting the potential of Moringa oleifera as a sustainable water treatment alternative.