Air pollution is a critical urban environmental issue in China; however, the relationships between air pollutants and ecological functional zones in urban areas are poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of four major air pollutants (particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 µm (PM_2.5) and 10 µm (PM₁₀) in diameter, SO₂, and NO₂) concentrations over five ecological functional zones in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, at hourly, seasonal, and annual scales using data collected from 11 monitoring stations over 2 years. We further assessed the relationships between these pollutants and meteorological conditions and land-use types at the local scale. Peaks in PM, SO₂, and NO₂ concentrations occurred at 08:00–09:00 and 23:00 in all five zones. Daytime PM concentrations were highest in the industrial zone, and those of SO₂ and NO₂ were highest in residential areas. All four air pollutants reached their highest concentrations in winter and lowest in summer. The highest mean seasonal PM concentrations were found in the industrial zone, and the highest SO₂ and NO₂ concentrations were found in residential areas. The mean annual PM and SO₂ concentrations decreased in 2017 in all zones, while that of NO₂ increased in all zones excluding the cultural zone. The natural reserve zone had the lowest concentrations of all pollutants at all temporal scales. Pollutant concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂ were correlated with visibility, and their correlation coefficients are 0.675, 0.579, 0.475, and 0.477. Land coverage with buildings and natural vegetation negatively and positively influence air pollutant concentrations, respectively.