The current review assesses the literature concerning the etiology of primary teeth staining and discoloration. The appearance of the dentition is of concern to many children and their caregivers seeking dental treatment as the color of the teeth is of aesthetic importance. The correct diagnosis of the cause of the discoloration is important as, invariably, it has a profound effect on treatment outcomes. It would seem reasonable, therefore, that dental practitioners understand the etiology of tooth discoloration to make a diagnosis and enable appropriate treatment to be conducted. Knowledge of the etiology of tooth staining is of importance to the dental practitioner to explain the patient the exact nature of the condition. In some instances, the mechanism of staining affects the outcome of the treatment and influences the options the dentist will be able to offer. Many of these contributing factors are preventable if parents are educated, managed by professional interventions, or provide a multidisciplinary approach. In this review, we highlight the importance of children smiles and the difference between primary and permanent teeth. We discuss the different types of primary teeth staining and discoloration and whether it is intrinsic or extrinsic, as well as the different impacts of some conditions on primary teeth compared with permanent teeth.

Background: The study aimed to assess dental anxiety (self and proxy reported) using a Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and modified short State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scale (Emoji). Methods: 200 children visiting the pediatric dental clinic at the College of Dentistry at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University were recruited to assess their anxiety levels. The anxiety score was measured before and after the treatment using a short STAI scale and MDAS of 200 children using a Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and a modified short STAI (Emoji) Scale. Results: The perception of children with MDAS was found to have the highest mean score of 14.54 ± 3.82 before the dental procedure compared to the mean score of 9.40 ± 2.90 after the dental procedure. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was observed in MDAS after the dental procedure and, in short, STAI before the dental procedure. Conclusion: All children improved their dental anxiety levels before and after the procedure. Therefore, procedural experience may improve the child’s response.

Background: Asthma is a long-lasting disease that affects large number of the society and could impact on the oral health leading to increase in the needs of prevention and treatment. Currently, the prevalence of childhood asthma in Saudi Arabia is ranging from 9% to 33%. Objective: the objective was to evaluate dental erosion in control children and those with asthma. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 100 children aged 3–12 years. Equally distribution of subjects was between the asthmatic and non-asthmatic group, at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Dental Clinics, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia. The assessment consisted of an oral examination assessing erosive wear according to the American Academy of Pediatrics 2018 guidelines and a questionnaire to the parents/guardians addressing the background details and information about the child asthma. Results: Among 12 (24%) asthmatic children and 9 (18%) non-asthmatic children had dental erosion. In the adjusted analysis, no association was found between asthma and erosion. It has been shown that oral hygiene may have an effect occurrence or severity of erosion; brushing teeth once or more per day appeared to have less incidence of dental erosion compared with those not brushing their teeth regularly. Conclusions: This article provided no additional data than that given earlier, where no correlation was observed between asthma and dental erosion in children aged from 3 to 12 years.

Introduction: Dentistry is considered a stressful profession. Stress is defined as a state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances. In particular to paediatric dentistry, dental student’s anxiety and stress level is elevated to the peak as managing a child in the dental chair is a great challenge for any dentist. Aim: To evaluate self-reported levels of stress of dental students about performing different procedures in paediatric dentistry in Riyadh city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among final year dental students in seven different dental schools in Riyadh city. The final questionnaire was used following literature review of similar studies, focus group and piloting stage. The questionnaire addressed upon stress of performing treatment on a child patient and the future specialty preference for final year dental students. Descriptive analysis was done using Microsoft Excel. The statistical analysis were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (Version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and conducted at a Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%, and a significance level of 0.05. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha. The level of significance was set at p-value <0.05. Results: The study included 176 participants of which 92 males and 84 females. A 43.8% of the dental students are not stressed of having the patient’s guardian in the clinic during the time of treatment, some are little confident in using the non-pharmacological management approaches for uncooperative child. A 54% of the students are quite stressed when performing dental treatment for preschool children. Conclusion: The current study revealed that both genders show some similarity in their answers, with the majority having no or little stress providing paediatric treatment. Dental students in Saudi Arabia were more stressed when performing pain stimulating procedures on preschool children.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare, including dentistry, by enhancing diagnostics, treatment planning, and patient care; therefore, un

Preterm birth children comprise about 6% of live births around the world. It is known that premature children exhibit oral anomalies that could affect the function and/or appearance of their dentition in addition to their medical needs. A diagnosis of amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) can present a challenge for both the patient and the treating clinician. This can be more complicated in the case of child treatment, where cooperation and some of the treatment modalities for adults can not be considered. Conventional management of such children is not possible due to the ongoing process of growth and development and the ability of the child to cope with the extensive and lengthy treatment procedure. This article highlights a minimally invasive method for managing AI using adhesive and full‐coverage restoration that requires no tooth preparation; this allows the structural integrity of the teeth to be maintained, along with their vitality. As a result, the child will have teeth with better function and aesthetic, to improve eating, appearance, and self‐confidence.