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A. Bischi
Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology

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Journal article
Published: 03 February 2021 in Energies
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Stirling units are a viable option for micro-cogeneration applications, but they operate often with multiple daily startups and shutdowns due to the variability of load profiles. This work focused on the experimental and numerical study of a small-size commercial Stirling unit when subjected to cycling operations. First, experimental data about energy flows and emissions were collected during on–off operations. Second, these data were utilized to tune an in-house code for the economic optimization of cogeneration plant scheduling. Lastly, the tuned code was applied to a case study of a residential flat in Northern Italy during a typical winter day to investigate the optimal scheduling of the Stirling unit equipped with a thermal storage tank of diverse sizes. Experimentally, the Stirling unit showed an integrated electric efficiency of 8.9% (8.0%) and thermal efficiency of 91.0% (82.2%), referred to as the fuel lower and, between parenthesis, higher heating value during the on–off cycling test, while emissions showed peaks in NOx and CO up to 100 ppm but shorter than a minute. Numerically, predictions indicated that considering the on–off effects, the optimized operating strategy led to a great reduction of daily startups, with a number lower than 10 per day due to an optimal thermal storage size of 4 kWh. Ultimately, the primary energy saving was 12% and the daily operational cost was 2.9 €/day.

ACS Style

Gianluca Valenti; Aldo Bischi; Stefano Campanari; Paolo Silva; Antonino Ravidà; Ennio Macchi. Experimental and Numerical Study of a Microcogeneration Stirling Unit Under On–Off Cycling Operation. Energies 2021, 14, 801 .

AMA Style

Gianluca Valenti, Aldo Bischi, Stefano Campanari, Paolo Silva, Antonino Ravidà, Ennio Macchi. Experimental and Numerical Study of a Microcogeneration Stirling Unit Under On–Off Cycling Operation. Energies. 2021; 14 (4):801.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gianluca Valenti; Aldo Bischi; Stefano Campanari; Paolo Silva; Antonino Ravidà; Ennio Macchi. 2021. "Experimental and Numerical Study of a Microcogeneration Stirling Unit Under On–Off Cycling Operation." Energies 14, no. 4: 801.

Chapter
Published: 16 December 2020 in AIRO Springer Series
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This Chapter ranges through a wide variety of production and demand management problems related to energy commodities systems. The Oil and Gas production enhancement is discussed via oil wells optimal placement as well as water and gas optimal injection, namely waterflooding and gas lift. Further is analyzed the optimal schedule and design of commodities generation in energy hubs and combined cooling, heat and power systems, reaching finally the chemical processes where the specification of the products is taken into account, with mixing tanks, pools, and blending points. Overall, each of these problems is qualitatively discussed identifying the typical objective functions, variables and constraints generalizing its structure, the problem typology is identified as well as the most common methods to solve it.

ACS Style

C. D’Ambrosio; F. Lacalandra; J. Lellep; K. Vuik; A. Bischi; T. Parriani; E. Martelli; E. de Klerk; A. Marandi; L. Schewe. Production and Demand Management. AIRO Springer Series 2020, 79 -87.

AMA Style

C. D’Ambrosio, F. Lacalandra, J. Lellep, K. Vuik, A. Bischi, T. Parriani, E. Martelli, E. de Klerk, A. Marandi, L. Schewe. Production and Demand Management. AIRO Springer Series. 2020; ():79-87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. D’Ambrosio; F. Lacalandra; J. Lellep; K. Vuik; A. Bischi; T. Parriani; E. Martelli; E. de Klerk; A. Marandi; L. Schewe. 2020. "Production and Demand Management." AIRO Springer Series , no. : 79-87.