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Clemens Ley
Department of Health Sciences, FH Campus Wien, University of Applied Sciences, 1100 Vienna, Austria

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Journal article
Published: 29 July 2021
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ACS Style

Smart Z. Mabweazara; L.L. Leach; Clemens Ley; Sunday O. Onagbiye; Joel A. Dave; Naomi S. Levitt; Estelle V. Lambert. Erratum: Demographic and socio-economic predictors of physical activity among people living with HIV of low socio-economic status. 2021, 26, 1 .

AMA Style

Smart Z. Mabweazara, L.L. Leach, Clemens Ley, Sunday O. Onagbiye, Joel A. Dave, Naomi S. Levitt, Estelle V. Lambert. Erratum: Demographic and socio-economic predictors of physical activity among people living with HIV of low socio-economic status. . 2021; 26 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smart Z. Mabweazara; L.L. Leach; Clemens Ley; Sunday O. Onagbiye; Joel A. Dave; Naomi S. Levitt; Estelle V. Lambert. 2021. "Erratum: Demographic and socio-economic predictors of physical activity among people living with HIV of low socio-economic status." 26, no. : 1.

Review
Published: 17 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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There is convincing evidence on the effects of sport and exercise on mental health and well-being. Less evidence is provided about how to achieve these benefits in the context of grassroots sport coaching. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature of three databases to narratively synthesize the current knowledge about which coaching-related factors influence well-being or ill-being, and how to promote mental health in adult athletes through sport coaches. The review includes 52 studies with different methodological and theoretical approaches and mental health outcomes. The wide range of themes were mapped and synthesized within two clusters, i.e., coaching behavior, antecedents, and context; and coach–athlete relationship and social support. The results highlight the importance of the promotion of empowering environments, autonomy-supportive coaching behavior, and coach–athlete relationship quality that relate to the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. The review also calls for a critical perspective, in the sense that the coaching context and working environment may not be empowering and supportive to the well-being of coaches and consequently to the athletes, and that coaches who want to provide autonomy-supportive environments may face various obstacles. Finally, the review synthesizes recommendations for the training of coaches, as one piece of a holistic mental health promotion.

ACS Style

María Rato Barrio; Clemens Ley; Anne Schomöller; Detlef Dumon. Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6543 .

AMA Style

María Rato Barrio, Clemens Ley, Anne Schomöller, Detlef Dumon. Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6543.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Rato Barrio; Clemens Ley; Anne Schomöller; Detlef Dumon. 2021. "Mental Well-Being or Ill-Being through Coaching in Adult Grassroots Sport: A Systematic Mapping Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6543.

Journal article
Published: 21 December 2020 in Journal of Refugee Studies
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Politicians, scholars, and practitioners have drawn attention to social and health benefits of sport participation in the context of forced migration and refugee settlement. This study aims to progress conceptual and practical understandings of how asylum seekers’ past and present experiences shape their sport participation. We present an instrumental case study drawn from the Movi Kune programme to discuss the experiences of an asylum seeker holistically, in a particular context in time and space. The findings illustrate how pre-migration, migratory, and present experiences of living in prolonged uncertainty and liminality all strongly affect sport participation and its health and integration outcomes. The results further show that sport participation was an opportunity to perform agency, experience mastery, coping, and social recognition, promoting positive self-efficacy beliefs, health and social connection over time. Our findings extend the literature by indicating that sport practices can enhance human agency to cope with health issues and distressing past and present experiences during the asylum-seeking process.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; Felix Karus; Lisa Wiesbauer; María Rato Barrio; Ramon Spaaij. Health, integration and agency: Sport participation experiences of asylum seekers. Journal of Refugee Studies 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, Felix Karus, Lisa Wiesbauer, María Rato Barrio, Ramon Spaaij. Health, integration and agency: Sport participation experiences of asylum seekers. Journal of Refugee Studies. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; Felix Karus; Lisa Wiesbauer; María Rato Barrio; Ramon Spaaij. 2020. "Health, integration and agency: Sport participation experiences of asylum seekers." Journal of Refugee Studies , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2020 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Promotion of physical activity has become a global priority for public health. While many people do not adhere to the recommendations, sport and exercise maintainers have found their right or fitting practice. Thus, assessing and knowing the participation motives across maintainers helps to improve our understanding of the sports and exercise practices and, thus, to recommend and to design physical activities and programmes that fit to individuals’ motives. A modified version of the Bernese Motive and Goal Inventory was used in an Austria-wide cross-sectional study with 10646 sport and exercise maintainers (43% female). The study performed confirmatory factor analysis, examined measurement invariance, and compared participation motives. The results showed a good model fit and measurement invariance, indicating that the inventory can be applied independently of gender, age and years of sport/exercise experiences. Motives differed among gender, age and type of sports/exercise. Therefore, these variables should be considered in tailoring sport recommendations and interventions to promote adherence. Finally, the results are discussed by using the Self-Determination Theory indicating that sport and exercise maintainers pursue predominantly motives with intrinsic goal contents.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley. Participation Motives of Sport and Exercise Maintainers: Influences of Age and Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7830 .

AMA Style

Clemens Ley. Participation Motives of Sport and Exercise Maintainers: Influences of Age and Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7830.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley. 2020. "Participation Motives of Sport and Exercise Maintainers: Influences of Age and Gender." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7830.

Journal article
Published: 24 October 2019 in Health SA Gesondheid
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Physical activity (PA) is beneficial for the health of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). The aim of this study was to determine if age, body weight, height, gender, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), educational attainment, employment status, CD4+ cell count and body mass index (BMI) can predict overall PA among PLWHA of low socio-economic status (SES). Participants in this study were HIV-infected patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen offered by the South African National Department of Health, and those not on ART. Participants were conveniently sampled from a list at a community health care centre in Cape Town. This study sample consisted of 978 HIV-infected South Africans. Physical activity data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Backward multiple linear regression modelling was used to determine the relative influence of variables (age, body weight, height, gender, WHR, educational attainment, employment status, CD4+ count and BMI) on total moderate-to-vigorous PA. Alpha level was set at 0.05. The mean age of the participants was 38.2 (standard deviation [SD] = 8.76) years for men and 33.9 (SD = 8.53) years for women. Physical activity was significantly higher in men (480.2 [SD = 582.9] min/week) than among women (369.35 [SD = 222.53] min/week). The results of the multiple linear regression showed that educational attainment (β = 0.127; p = 0.00), employment (β = −0.087; p = 0.01) and gender (β = 0.235; p = 0.00) significantly predicted total moderate-to-vigorous PA. Gender had the greatest effect, followed by educational attainment and employment status. There is a need for PA programmes that are designed to (1) target women, (2) strengthen programmes for education and promotion of PA and (3) engage the unemployed into PA for PLWHA. Physical activity interventions for this particular group should be tailored for persons of low SES.

ACS Style

Smart Z. Mabweazara; L.L. Leach; Clemens Ley; Sunday O. Onagbiye; Joel A. Dave; Naomi S. Levitt; Estelle V. Lambert. Demographic and socio-economic predictors of physical activity among people living with HIV of low socio-economic status. Health SA Gesondheid 2019, 24, 7 .

AMA Style

Smart Z. Mabweazara, L.L. Leach, Clemens Ley, Sunday O. Onagbiye, Joel A. Dave, Naomi S. Levitt, Estelle V. Lambert. Demographic and socio-economic predictors of physical activity among people living with HIV of low socio-economic status. Health SA Gesondheid. 2019; 24 ():7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smart Z. Mabweazara; L.L. Leach; Clemens Ley; Sunday O. Onagbiye; Joel A. Dave; Naomi S. Levitt; Estelle V. Lambert. 2019. "Demographic and socio-economic predictors of physical activity among people living with HIV of low socio-economic status." Health SA Gesondheid 24, no. : 7.

Journal article
Published: 17 June 2019 in BMC Public Health
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Regular physical activity (PA) has been recommended for the management of HIV and AIDS. The purpose of this study was to develop a contextualised intervention for promoting PA among women living with HIV and AIDS (WLWHA) of low socioeconomic status (SES). A secondary aim of the study was to optimise the PA intervention using behavioural theory/ frameworks derived from preliminary studies and the literature. The Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) for designing behaviour change interventions was used. This method was further supplemented by evidence from the literature, systematic literature review (SLR), a concurrent mixed methods study and two cross-sectional studies. The SLR aided in determining the theoretical frameworks to inform the intervention, the specific PA behaviours to be targeted by the intervention, the intervention functions, the intervention policy category and the mode of delivery of the intervention. The concurrent mixed methods study was used to identify key factors that needed to change in order for participants to engage in regular PA. The first cross-sectional study was used to determine the gender to be targeted by the study. The second cross-sectional study was used to determine the domain and intensity of PA to target in the intervention. A face-to-face context-sensitive PA intervention employing 14 behavioural change techniques was designed. The PA intervention (a) utilised the Transtheoretical model of behaviour change and the Social Cognitive theory as the underpinning theoretical frameworks (b) included convenient PAs, such as walking, doing simple home-based exercises, engaging in activities of daily living or doing simple exercises at the community centre (c) used education, reward, training in PA, modelling exercise activities and enablement to increase the opportunity to engage in PA as intervention functions (d) used service provision as policy priorities, and (e) used a direct face-to-face mode of delivery. The PA intervention emphasises behavioural techniques for increasing PA participation, such as goal-setting, self-monitoring, strategies for overcoming PA barriers, social support and rewards. The intervention employs strategies that highlight low-cost local PA resources and opportunities to help HIV infected women of low SES to participate in PA. The BCW provides a useful and comprehensive framework for the development of evidence and theory-based PA interventions for PLWHA of low SES. The BCW can thus be used in the development of interventions that ‘talk’ to policy by bridging the health inequality gap.

ACS Style

S.Z. Mabweazara; L.L. Leach; C. Ley. Development of a context-sensitive physical activity intervention for persons living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status using the behaviour change wheel. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1 -16.

AMA Style

S.Z. Mabweazara, L.L. Leach, C. Ley. Development of a context-sensitive physical activity intervention for persons living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status using the behaviour change wheel. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19 (1):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S.Z. Mabweazara; L.L. Leach; C. Ley. 2019. "Development of a context-sensitive physical activity intervention for persons living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status using the behaviour change wheel." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1: 1-16.

Chapter
Published: 19 July 2018 in An Uncertain Safety
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While psychosocial interventions are underlined by most international models of refugee health care, few guidelines exist so far as to the implementation of specific programmes. In this chapter, a resource-oriented, trauma−sensitive approach to sport and physical activity is presented, aiming to promote health and psychosocial support among refugees. We first provide an overview of research on sport and physical activity with linguistically and culturally diverse migrants and with refugees from conflict regions in ‘new societies’ as well as in refugee camps. Furthermore, we outline some initiatives from the sport for development and peace field and different body- and movement-based approaches with people living with posttraumatic stress disorder. We then present some key issues relating to the implementation of sport and physical activity for promoting health and psychosocial support. Finally, we draw some conclusions regarding research needs and practical implications.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; María Rato Barrio. Promoting Health of Refugees in and through Sport and Physical Activity: A Psychosocial, Trauma-Sensitive Approach. An Uncertain Safety 2018, 301 -343.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, María Rato Barrio. Promoting Health of Refugees in and through Sport and Physical Activity: A Psychosocial, Trauma-Sensitive Approach. An Uncertain Safety. 2018; ():301-343.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; María Rato Barrio. 2018. "Promoting Health of Refugees in and through Sport and Physical Activity: A Psychosocial, Trauma-Sensitive Approach." An Uncertain Safety , no. : 301-343.

Original articles
Published: 30 June 2018 in AIDS Care
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Physical activity (PA) is healthy for People Living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). This study examined the PA profile of 978 PLWHA based on PA domains and PA intensity. The study also sought to determine whether employment status and level of education can predict PA among PLWHA of low SES. PA and sociodemographic data of 978 PLWHA of mean age 35 (8.77) years were collected using the global physical activity questionnaire and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Results showed that, participants engaged more in work-related PA [160.11 (346.95) min/wk], followed by transport related PA [115.21(SD = 142.04) min/wk], and lastly in leisure related PA [40.84 (SD = 110.37) min/wk]. Participants also engaged more in moderate PA [265.86 (SD = 335.45) min/wk], than in vigorous PA [50.29 (SD = 205.30) min/wk]. Employment was a significant predictor of overall PA controlling for age, CD4 count and education level. The model explained 2.5% of the variance (R2 = 0.025) on overall PA and tested significant at a 0.01 alpha level (p < 0.01). PA interventions for this population should be domain- and intensity-specific. Researchers promoting healthy lifestyle behaviour change can benefit from determining the factors that facilitate domain-specific PA.

ACS Style

S. Z. Mabweazara; L. L. Leach; Clemens Ley; M. Smith; D. Jekauc; Joel Dave; Naomi Levitt; V. E Lambert. Physical activity behaviours of persons living with HIV of low socioeconomic status: domain, intensity and sociodemographic correlates. AIDS Care 2018, 31, 255 -259.

AMA Style

S. Z. Mabweazara, L. L. Leach, Clemens Ley, M. Smith, D. Jekauc, Joel Dave, Naomi Levitt, V. E Lambert. Physical activity behaviours of persons living with HIV of low socioeconomic status: domain, intensity and sociodemographic correlates. AIDS Care. 2018; 31 (2):255-259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Z. Mabweazara; L. L. Leach; Clemens Ley; M. Smith; D. Jekauc; Joel Dave; Naomi Levitt; V. E Lambert. 2018. "Physical activity behaviours of persons living with HIV of low socioeconomic status: domain, intensity and sociodemographic correlates." AIDS Care 31, no. 2: 255-259.

Articles
Published: 30 May 2018 in AIDS Care
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Research has consistently shown the benefits of regular physical activity (PA) for women living with HIV and AIDS (WLWHA). This study is a pilot, randomised controlled crossover trial, reporting the effects of a contextualised PA intervention amongst a sample of 21 HIV positive Xhosa-speaking women of low socioeconomic status (SES). The study determined total moderate-to-vigorous PA (TMVPA) as measured subjectively by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), total weekly steps (TWS) as measured by a pedometer, and self-efficacy for PA as measured by the Physical Exercise Self-efficacy scale (PESES). Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compute the impact of the intervention on TMVPA, TWS, and self-efficacy for PA from baseline to six weeks, and baseline to 12 weeks post-intervention controlling for pre-test differences in TMVPA. Results showed that participants exposed to the intervention had significant increases in PA as measured by TMVPA (p = .027), TWS (p = .032), as well as exercise self-efficacy (p = .000) from pre-test to 6 weeks. Insignificant findings were reported for all three variables when measured from baseline to 12 weeks. In conclusion, the findings of the pilot study suggest that the intervention was effective in producing significant increases in PA in a sample of PLWHA of low SES over six weeks. Careful consideration of behavioural constructs, such as self-efficacy, can help WLWHA of low SES to adopt regular PA as a complementary therapy for managing their health.

ACS Style

S. Z. Mabweazara; L. L. Leach; C. Ley; M. Smith. A six week contextualised physical activity intervention for women living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status: a pilot study. AIDS Care 2018, 30, 61 -65.

AMA Style

S. Z. Mabweazara, L. L. Leach, C. Ley, M. Smith. A six week contextualised physical activity intervention for women living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status: a pilot study. AIDS Care. 2018; 30 (sup2):61-65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Z. Mabweazara; L. L. Leach; C. Ley; M. Smith. 2018. "A six week contextualised physical activity intervention for women living with HIV and AIDS of low socioeconomic status: a pilot study." AIDS Care 30, no. sup2: 61-65.

Review
Published: 03 April 2018 in African Journal of AIDS Research
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Physical activity can be used for the effective and comprehensive management of HIV and AIDS. Social support and socio-economic status (SES) are two factors that shape physical activity behaviours. Individuals of low SES carry a disproportionate burden of the HIV and AIDS epidemic. In addition, limited resources constitute socio-ecological barriers predisposing such individuals to physical inactivity. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the available literature on physical activity, social support and SES and to generate recommendations for designing and implementing physical activity interventions targeting people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) of low SES. The review used literature from Google, Google Scholar and PubMed on physical activity of PLWHA, social support for physical activity, and SES and physical activity. Qualitative and quantitative studies in English were included from 1970 to 2016. The results show that social support plays a major role in promoting physical activity and counteracting the barriers to PA in PLWHA of low SES. The results on the role of social support and the influence of SES are integrated to help design appropriate physical activity interventions for PLWHA of low SES. Well-designed interventions should utilise social support and be contextualised for PLWHA of low SES, whose living conditions present multiple barriers to physical activity.

ACS Style

Smart Z Mabweazara; Clemens Ley; Lloyd L Leach. Physical activity, social support and socio-economic status amongst persons living with HIV and AIDS: a review. African Journal of AIDS Research 2018, 17, 203 -212.

AMA Style

Smart Z Mabweazara, Clemens Ley, Lloyd L Leach. Physical activity, social support and socio-economic status amongst persons living with HIV and AIDS: a review. African Journal of AIDS Research. 2018; 17 (2):203-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Smart Z Mabweazara; Clemens Ley; Lloyd L Leach. 2018. "Physical activity, social support and socio-economic status amongst persons living with HIV and AIDS: a review." African Journal of AIDS Research 17, no. 2: 203-212.

Research article
Published: 03 December 2017 in Qualitative Health Research
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Current evidence suggests positive effects of exercise on posttraumatic stress symptoms; however, knowledge about how these effects are achieved is limited. Thus, this study aims to contribute to a more holistic understanding of these effects. We performed a single case study of a war and torture survivor, who was diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression, and who was participant of the sport and exercise therapy program Movi Kune. Participant observation was conducted as well as semi-structured interviews with the participant and his psychotherapist. Data analysis resulted in the proposal of different processes: The focus on bodily sensations related to an exposure effect, contributing to improvements in body awareness, coping behavior, and affect regulation, whereas the focus on playing related to an improved performance, presence, enjoyment, and mastery experiences, pointing toward distraction and motivational-restorative effects. The findings also advice to be cautious as participants may be exposed to negative sensations and trauma-related triggers.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; Maria Rato Barrio; Andreas Koch. “In the Sport I Am Here”: Therapeutic Processes and Health Effects of Sport and Exercise on PTSD. Qualitative Health Research 2017, 28, 491 -507.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, Maria Rato Barrio, Andreas Koch. “In the Sport I Am Here”: Therapeutic Processes and Health Effects of Sport and Exercise on PTSD. Qualitative Health Research. 2017; 28 (3):491-507.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; Maria Rato Barrio; Andreas Koch. 2017. "“In the Sport I Am Here”: Therapeutic Processes and Health Effects of Sport and Exercise on PTSD." Qualitative Health Research 28, no. 3: 491-507.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Diagnostica
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Zusammenfassung. Zur Initialisierung und Aufrechterhaltung der Ausübung einer Sportart scheint die Passung individueller Motivausprägungen mit den Anreizen der jeweiligen Sportart essentiell. Eine valide Erhebung der Motive sowie fundierte Erkenntnisse über die Anreize diverser Sportarten können zur Optimierung beitragen. Ziel dieser Studie war die Überprüfung des Berner Motiv- und Zielinventars (BMZI) bei sportlich aktiven Erwachsenen sowie die Analyse dessen Qualität für eine Ausdifferenzierung sportartspezifischer Motivausprägungen. In einer Online-Umfrage nahmen 2 194 Personen teil. Die faktorenanalytische Überprüfung des BMZI an der Alterskohorte der 35 – 65-Jährigen bestätigte die 7-faktorielle Struktur auch bei einer sportartspezifischen Abfrage. Der Modellfit erwies sich mit der empfohlenen Itemzuordnung als grenzwertig, weshalb zwei Items exkludiert wurden. Die anschließende Kreuzvalidierung zeigte einen guten bis akzeptablen Modellfit und verweist auf eine Anwendbarkeit des adaptierten BMZI auch an einer jüngeren Stichprobe (18 – 34-Jährige). Die multivariate Kovarianzanalyse offenbarte signifikante Unterschiede in den Motivausprägungen der untersuchten Sportarten. Die Ergebnisse legen eine geringfügige Modifizierung des BMZI bei der sportartspezifischen Anwendung bei sportlich aktiven Erwachsenen nahe.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; Björn Krenn. Erhebung sportartspezifischer Motivausprägungen bei sportlich aktiven Personen mit dem Berner Motiv- und Zielinventar (BMZI). Diagnostica 2017, 63, 285 -296.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, Björn Krenn. Erhebung sportartspezifischer Motivausprägungen bei sportlich aktiven Personen mit dem Berner Motiv- und Zielinventar (BMZI). Diagnostica. 2017; 63 (4):285-296.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; Björn Krenn. 2017. "Erhebung sportartspezifischer Motivausprägungen bei sportlich aktiven Personen mit dem Berner Motiv- und Zielinventar (BMZI)." Diagnostica 63, no. 4: 285-296.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Mental Health and Physical Activity
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Clemens Ley; Jana Krammer; Dominik Lippert; María Rato Barrio. Exploring flow in sport and exercise therapy with war and torture survivors. Mental Health and Physical Activity 2017, 12, 83 -93.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, Jana Krammer, Dominik Lippert, María Rato Barrio. Exploring flow in sport and exercise therapy with war and torture survivors. Mental Health and Physical Activity. 2017; 12 ():83-93.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; Jana Krammer; Dominik Lippert; María Rato Barrio. 2017. "Exploring flow in sport and exercise therapy with war and torture survivors." Mental Health and Physical Activity 12, no. : 83-93.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2015 in The Open AIDS Journal
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Sport and exercise can have several health benefits for people living with HIV. These benefits can be achieved through different types of physical activity, adapting to disease progression, motivation and social-ecological options. However, physical activity levels and adherence to exercise are generally low in people living with HIV. At the same time, high drop-out rates in intervention studies are prevalent; even though they often entail more favourable conditions than interventions in the natural settings. Thus, in the framework of an intervention study, the present study aims to explore social-ecological, motivational and volitional correlates of South African women living with HIV with regard to physical activity and participation in a sport and exercise health promotion programme. The qualitative data was produced in the framework of a non-randomised pre-post intervention study that evaluated structure, processes and outcomes of a 10-week sport and exercise programme. All 25 participants of the programme were included in this analysis, independent of compliance. Data was produced through questionnaires, participatory group discussions, body image pictures, research diaries and individual semi-structured interviews. All participants lived in a low socioeconomic, disadvantaged setting. Hence, the psychological correlates are contextualised and social-ecological influences on perception and behaviour are discussed. The results show the importance of considering social-cultural and environmental influences on individual motives, perceptions and expectancies, the fear of disclosure and stigmatisation, sport and exercise-specific group dynamics and self-supporting processes. Opportunities and strategies to augment physical activity and participation in sport and exercise programmes in the context of HIV are discussed.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; Maria Rato Barrio; Lloyd Leach. Social-Ecological, Motivational and Volitional Factors for Initiating and Maintaining Physical Activity in the Context of HIV. The Open AIDS Journal 2015, 9, 96 -103.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, Maria Rato Barrio, Lloyd Leach. Social-Ecological, Motivational and Volitional Factors for Initiating and Maintaining Physical Activity in the Context of HIV. The Open AIDS Journal. 2015; 9 (1):96-103.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; Maria Rato Barrio; Lloyd Leach. 2015. "Social-Ecological, Motivational and Volitional Factors for Initiating and Maintaining Physical Activity in the Context of HIV." The Open AIDS Journal 9, no. 1: 96-103.

Journal article
Published: 20 October 2015 in The Open AIDS Journal
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ACS Style

Clemens Ley; António Prista. Editorial Physical Activity and HIV in Africa. The Open AIDS Journal 2015, 9, 60 -61.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, António Prista. Editorial Physical Activity and HIV in Africa. The Open AIDS Journal. 2015; 9 (1):60-61.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; António Prista. 2015. "Editorial Physical Activity and HIV in Africa." The Open AIDS Journal 9, no. 1: 60-61.

Book chapter
Published: 17 February 2015 in Routledge Handbook of Sport Policy
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ACS Style

María Rato Barrio; Clemens Ley. Methodologies for Evaluating the Use of Sport for Development in Post-Conflict Contexts. Routledge Handbook of Sport Policy 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

María Rato Barrio, Clemens Ley. Methodologies for Evaluating the Use of Sport for Development in Post-Conflict Contexts. Routledge Handbook of Sport Policy. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María Rato Barrio; Clemens Ley. 2015. "Methodologies for Evaluating the Use of Sport for Development in Post-Conflict Contexts." Routledge Handbook of Sport Policy , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2014 in African Journal of AIDS Research
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This study aimed to analyse the physical health effects of a community based 10-week physical activity programme with people living with HIV. It was developed, implemented and evaluated in a disadvantaged community in South Africa. A pre-post research design was chosen. Major recruitment and adherence challenges resulted in a small sample. Among the 23 participants who took part in both baseline and final testing, compliant participants (n = 12) were compared to non-compliant participants (n = 11). Immunological (CD4, viral load), anthropometric (height, weight, skinfolds and waist to hip ratio), muscular strength (h1RM) and cardiopulmonary fitness (time on treadmill) parameters were measured. The compliant and non-compliant groups were not different at baseline. Muscular strength was the parameter most influenced by compliance with the physical activity programme (F = 4.516, p = 0.047). Weight loss and improvement in cardiopulmonary fitness were restricted by the duration of the programme, compliance and influencing factors (e.g. nutrition, medication). The increase in strength is significant and meaningful in the context, as the participants' goals were to look healthy and strong to avoid HIV related stigma. The improvements in appearance were a motivational factor, especially since the changes were made visible in a short time. Practical implications for health promotion are described. More research contextualised in disadvantaged settings is needed.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; Lloyd Leach; María Rato Barrio; Susan Bassett. Effects of an exercise programme with people living with HIV: research in a disadvantaged setting. African Journal of AIDS Research 2014, 13, 313 -319.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, Lloyd Leach, María Rato Barrio, Susan Bassett. Effects of an exercise programme with people living with HIV: research in a disadvantaged setting. African Journal of AIDS Research. 2014; 13 (4):313-319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; Lloyd Leach; María Rato Barrio; Susan Bassett. 2014. "Effects of an exercise programme with people living with HIV: research in a disadvantaged setting." African Journal of AIDS Research 13, no. 4: 313-319.

Articles
Published: 10 July 2013 in International Journal of Health Promotion and Education
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This article explores knowledge and perceptions of university athletes towards people living with HIV. Data were collected by using a questionnaire with athletes involved in soccer, netball and rugby at a South African tertiary institution. Knowledge about HIV and ways of transmission was relatively high. The risk of HIV transmission in sport was considered as moderate (51.7%), low (33.3%) and high (15%). Participants were equally divided about athletes' obligation to be tested. A great majority agreed that they could play with someone who was HIV-positive. However, 23.7% were unsure whether they would stay away from a player with HIV in the field of sport and 8.5% admitted that they would rather stay away. Although most of the participants (83.6%) stated willingness to be tested, 60.7% admitted to have tested regularly. Most of the participants stated that they would try to support a teammate living with HIV, whereas 11.7% perceived that their team had a negative attitude towards athletes with HIV. Few would disclose to their team if they tested HIV-positive, and 8.2% stated that their team attended a HIV-education programme. In conclusion, although knowledge was relatively high, risk perceptions, fears and attitudes towards testing need to be addressed in the sport-specific context. Sport teams and trainers should be capacitated to provide a supportive environment and to facilitate peer education. More research is needed on mediator effects, such as group cohesion, support and communication in the sport teams, and on social–cultural perceptions related to body and physical interaction, which comes into play using games and sports in HIV education.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; A.C. Lembethe; J. Chiware. Perceptions of university athletes engaged in soccer, rugby and netball towards people living with HIV. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 2013, 51, 276 -285.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, A.C. Lembethe, J. Chiware. Perceptions of university athletes engaged in soccer, rugby and netball towards people living with HIV. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education. 2013; 51 (5):276-285.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; A.C. Lembethe; J. Chiware. 2013. "Perceptions of university athletes engaged in soccer, rugby and netball towards people living with HIV." International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 51, no. 5: 276-285.

Journal article
Published: 26 November 2012 in Journal of Health Psychology
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A psychosocial health programme using movement, games and sport was developed and evaluated in the rural area of Guatemala, with two groups of women who suffered violence. Participatory observation and 32 interviews were conducted; 33 of the 56 participants filled out initial and final questionnaires. Research challenges were discussed and contextualised. Various health factors such as sense of coherence and self-esteem improved. The psychosocial approach and culturally grounded use of movement, games and sport as active and participatory tools in combination with verbal expression, provide a significant way to foster health in the context of violence and conflict.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; María Rato Barrio. Evaluation of a psychosocial health programme in the context of violence and conflict. Journal of Health Psychology 2012, 18, 1371 -1381.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, María Rato Barrio. Evaluation of a psychosocial health programme in the context of violence and conflict. Journal of Health Psychology. 2012; 18 (10):1371-1381.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; María Rato Barrio. 2012. "Evaluation of a psychosocial health programme in the context of violence and conflict." Journal of Health Psychology 18, no. 10: 1371-1381.

Review
Published: 01 June 2012 in African Journal of AIDS Research
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The article explores different types and effects of physical activity for people living with HIV. Considering the lack of studies done in African contexts and the disparity between research settings and natural settings, a narrative review of the literature was conducted and contextualised to South Africa. Various physical, psychological and social-cultural constraints impair the wellbeing of people living with HIV, in part by restricting their participation in physical activities. Apart from the well-studied immediate physiological benefits on health, we argue that physical-sportive group activities, such as sport or recreational games, can improve psychosocial factors and generate holistic health effects for people living with HIV. Group-activity effects could improve individuals’ motivation and adherence to participating in physical activities, provided that positive interaction and non-stigmatisation are guaranteed. However, most studies in this field have been limited to the benefits of aerobic exercise and resistance training. There has been little research on the types and different effects of physical activity and adherence to physical activity of people living with HIV in African contexts. Based on an analysis of the different types and effects, we suggest opportunities for and challenges to implementing physical activities for people living with HIV, especially in disadvantaged settings, and also identify gaps in the research to date.

ACS Style

Clemens Ley; María Rato Barrio. A narrative review of research on the effects of physical activity on people living with HIV and opportunities for health promotion in disadvantaged settings. African Journal of AIDS Research 2012, 11, 123 -133.

AMA Style

Clemens Ley, María Rato Barrio. A narrative review of research on the effects of physical activity on people living with HIV and opportunities for health promotion in disadvantaged settings. African Journal of AIDS Research. 2012; 11 (2):123-133.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Clemens Ley; María Rato Barrio. 2012. "A narrative review of research on the effects of physical activity on people living with HIV and opportunities for health promotion in disadvantaged settings." African Journal of AIDS Research 11, no. 2: 123-133.