Crystal structure determination of biological macromolecules using the novel technique of serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) is severely limited by the scarcity of X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) sources. However, recent and future upgrades render microfocus beamlines at synchrotron-radiation sources suitable for room-temperature serial crystallography data collection also. Owing to the longer exposure times that are needed at synchrotrons, serial data collection is termed serial millisecond crystallography (SMX). As a result, the number of SMX experiments is growing rapidly, with a dozen experiments reported so far. Here, the first high-viscosity injector-based SMX experiments carried out at a US synchrotron source, the Advanced Photon Source (APS), are reported. Microcrystals (5–20 µm) of a wide variety of proteins, including lysozyme, thaumatin, phycocyanin, the human A_2Aadenosine receptor (A_2AAR), the soluble fragment of the membrane lipoprotein Flpp3 and proteinase K, were screened. Crystals suspended in lipidic cubic phase (LCP) or a high-molecular-weight poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO; molecular weight 8 000 000) were delivered to the beam using a high-viscosity injector. In-house data-reduction (hit-finding) software developed at APS as well as the SFX data-reduction and analysis software suitesCheetahandCrystFELenabled efficient on-site SMX data monitoring, reduction and processing. Complete data sets were collected for A_2AAR, phycocyanin, Flpp3, proteinase K and lysozyme, and the structures of A_2AAR, phycocyanin, proteinase K and lysozyme were determined at 3.2, 3.1, 2.65 and 2.05 Å resolution, respectively. The data demonstrate the feasibility of serial millisecond crystallography from 5–20 µm crystals using a high-viscosity injector at APS. The resolution of the crystal structures obtained in this study was dictated by the current flux density and crystal size, but upcoming developments in beamline optics and the planned APS-U upgrade will increase the intensity by two orders of magnitude. These developments will enable structure determination from smaller and/or weakly diffracting microcrystals.

Since the first successful serial crystallography (SX) experiment at a synchrotron radiation source, the popularity of this approach has continued to grow showing that third-generation synchrotrons can be viable alternatives to scarce X-ray free-electron laser sources. Synchrotron radiation flux may be increased ∼100 times by a moderate increase in the bandwidth (`pink beam' conditions) at some cost to data analysis complexity. Here, we report the first high-viscosity injector-based pink-beam SX experiments. The structures of proteinase K (PK) and A_2A adenosine receptor (A_2AAR) were determined to resolutions of 1.8 and 4.2 Å using 4 and 24 consecutive 100 ps X-ray pulse exposures, respectively. Strong PK data were processed using existing Laue approaches, while weaker A_2AAR data required an alternative data-processing strategy. This demonstration of the feasibility presents new opportunities for time-resolved experiments with microcrystals to study structural changes in real time at pink-beam synchrotron beamlines worldwide.

The ubiquitin-specific protease 28 (USP28) is an oncogenic deubiquitinase, which plays a critical role in tumorigenesis via antagonizing the ubiquitination and degradation of tumor suppressor protein FBXW7-mediated oncogenic substrates. USP28 controls hypoxia-dependent angiogenesis and metastasis by preventing FBXW7-dependent hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α) degradation during hypoxia. However, it remains unclear how USP28 activation and HIF-1α signaling are coordinated in response to hypoxia. The in vitro deubiquitinating activity assay was used to determine the regulation of USP28 by hypoxia. The co-immunoprecipitation and GST Pull-down assays were used to determine the interaction between USP28 and SENP1. The in vivo deSUMOylation assay was performed to determine the regulation of USP28 by SENP1. The luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. Here, we report that USP28 is a SUMOylated protein in normoxia with moderate deubiquitinating activity towards HIF-1α in vitro, while hypoxia and HIF-1α activate USP28 through SENP1-mediated USP28 deSUMOylation to further accumulate HIF-1α protein in cells. In agreement with this, a SUMOylation mutant USP28 showed enhanced ability to increase HIF-1α level as well as control the transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. Collectively, our results reveal a novel SENP1–USP28–HIF-1α positive feedback loop to maximize the concentration of HIF-1a protein and amplify its downstream effects during hypoxia response.

To observe the effects of Wnt3a on proliferation and, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and their the expression of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFb) and /Smad signaling factors of rat hepatic stellate cells line in vitro using a rat HSC line. Synchronized HSC-T6 cells were stimulated with various concentrations of recombinant Wnt3a (50, 100, 200, 250 and 300 ng/mL). Unstimulated cells served as controls. Edu Effects on proliferation were determined by EdU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) incorporation assay and fluorescence microscopy.analysis was used to observe the proliferation of the hepatic stellate cells stimulated by different concentration of recombinant Wnt3a, and the Effects on the protein expression of TGFb/Smad signaling factors was assessed by western blot detection (gray-value analysis) of alpha-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), a-SMA, TGFb1, Smad3, and and Smad7; glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was detected as the normalization control in the hepatic stellate cells was observed by Western blot analysis .The correlation was also observed. The significance of inter-group differences was assessed by one-way ANOVA, and correlations were determined using bivariate statistical modeling. In general, HSC The proliferation of hepatic stellate cells increased after the addition of in response to Wnt3a stimulation for 24 h, reaching its peak at the maximum proliferation rate was observed with the 200 ng/mL Wnt3a concentration (63.00+/-2.30%), and it increased dramatically compared with those in which was significantly higher than the proliferation rates of the unstimulated control cells, and the cells stimulated with 50, 100 and 150 ng/mLl group (P less than 0.05), but the increase was not significantly different from that in the compared cells stimulated with 250 and 300 ng/mLl group,it had no obvious increase(P more than 0.05).; The Wnt3a stimulation also led to time-dependent increases in the protein expressions of a-SMA, TGFb1, and Smad3 increased with the addition of Wnt3a and the extension of time . For all three, The maximal amount of increased protein expression all reached to the was maximal produced by stimulation when hepatic stellate cells were treated by with 300 ng/mLl Wnt3a for 48 h hours,and the rations of(normalized gray- values:s of a-SMA, 1.0860+/-0.0101; TGFb1, 1.0346+/-0.0118; Smad3, to GAPDH were 1.0860+/-0.0101, 1.0346+/-0.0118, 1.0306+/-0.0122)respectively. However in contrast, the Wnt3a stimulation led to concentration- and time-dependent decreases in Smad7 expression varied inversely, with to them with the minimal ration of it to GAPDH the maximal decrease occurring with 300 ng/mL Wnt3a for 48 h (0.7736+/-0.0139) after being treated by 300 ng/ml Wnt3a for 48h. The comparison was remarkably discrepant, (P less than 0.05).There were positive correlations between a-SMA expression and was found to be positively correlated to TGFb1, Smad3 (r=0.968, P less than 0.05) and; Smad3 (r=0.997, P less than 0.01), but a-SMA and Smad7 had negatively correlated to Smad7 ion(r=0.960, P less than 0.05). Wnt3a can increase the stimulates proliferation as well as and activation of rat the hepatic stellate cells HSCs , and upregulate modifies the expression of TGFb/Smad signaling factors, of the hepatic stellate cells, and which may promote the hepatic fibrosis.