Investigation on the long-term thermal response of precast high-strength concrete (PHC) energy pile is relatively rare. This paper combines field experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the long-term thermal properties of a PHC energy pile in a layered foundation. The major findings obtained from the experimental and numerical studies are as follows: First, the thermophysical ground properties gradually produce an influence on the long-term temperature variation. For the soil layers with relatively higher thermal conductivity, the ground temperature near to the energy pile presents a slowly increasing trend, and the ground temperature response at a longer distance from the center of the PHC pile appears to be delayed. Second, the short- and long-term thermal performance of the PHC energy pile can be enhanced by increasing the thermal conductivity of backfill soil. When the thermal conductivities of backfill soil in the PHC pile increase from 1 to 4 W/(m K), the heat exchange amounts of energy pile can be enhanced by approximately 30%, 79%, 105%, and 122% at 1 day and 20%, 47%, 59%, and 66% at 90 days compared with the backfill water used in the site. However, the influence of specific heat capacity of the backfill soil in the PHC pile on the short-term or long-term thermal response can be ignored. Furthermore, the variation of the initial ground temperature is also an important factor to affect the short-and-long-term heat transfer capacity and ground temperature variation. Finally, the thermal conductivity of the ground has a significant effect on the long-term thermal response compared with the short-term condition, and the heat exchange rates rise by about 5% and 9% at 1 day and 21% and 37% at 90 days as the thermal conductivities of the ground increase by 0.5 and 1 W/(m K), respectively.