Neurosurgeons often neglect the sphenoid sinus due to its deep location and difficulties in accessing during surgical interventions. Disease of the sphenoid sinus is difficult to diagnose since its presenting symptoms are difficult to recognize. Moreover, compared with other paranasal sinuses, the sphenoid sinus is considered the most variable air sinus in terms of its degree of pneumatization, number and position of inter-sinus septa, and its relationship with the surrounding anatomical structures. Anatomical variations of the sphenoid sinus are significant from a neurosurgical point of view. Understanding of these variations and its relationships with surrounding structures such as the internal carotid artery, optic nerve, and pituitary gland are clinically relevant to minimize injuries associated with surgical procedures that involve sphenoid sinus. We implemented principles of imaging using computed tomography to elucidate any anatomical variations of the sphenoid sinus in the Ethiopian population. We conducted a prospective study in 200 patients with ages 18–79, who underwent scans of the sphenoid sinus at the Tikur Anbessa Referral Teaching Hospital in 2017–2018. Our findings revealed an incidence of anatomographical variations in terms of pneumatization that varied between 2–50%. These variants include 2% conchal, 25.5% presellar, 50% sellar, and 22.5% postsellar pneumatization. We also demonstrated anatomographic variants in terms of septation, 77.5% single complete septa, 11.5% single incomplete, 10% double septa, and 1% absence of septa. In summary, the sellar pneumatization was found to be the most clinically relevant anatomographic variant among Ethiopians participating in the study, of which 90% were tomographically single septated. These variants must be taken into consideration during trans-sphenoidal surgery and knowledge of the variations has clinical implication in minimizing injuries during invasive surgical procedures involving the sphenoid sinus.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) encompasses morphofunctional anomalies in the heart and circulatory system present at birth, which may not become apparent until later in life. In Ethiopia, there needs to be more understanding of the prevalence, patterns, and associated complications of CHD malformations. This study aimed to investigate the patterns and complications of CHDs among patients receiving follow-up care at a specialized university referral hospital in Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 199 patients with CHDs to assess the patterns and complications of defects. Retrospective data were collected from 16,972 patients who had follow-ups at a cardiac clinic in 2021 using medical records, and a statistical analysis was performed with SPSS version 24. Results: The most prevalent types of CHDs in our study population were atrial septal defects (ASDs) at 41.2% (82 cases), ventricular septal defects (VSDs) at 26.6% (53 cases), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDAs) at 9.5% (19 cases). Complications related to CHDs were observed in 69.3% (138) of patients, with 30.7% (61) experiencing a single complication and 39.2% (87) experiencing multiple complications. Conclusion: This study found a higher prevalence of CHDs in females (77.8%) compared to males, a trend consistent across various atrial and ventricular defect types. Individuals aged 15 to 25 years exhibited the highest incidence of ASD and VSD. Moreover, CHD-related anomalies were present in 69.3% of the patients studied.

Neuromusculoskeletal functions interplay in maintaining normal gait patterns. Changes in foot posture and architecture are results of diseases. For Instance, diabetes impacts human biomechanics of running and weight bearing of the foot. We conducted a prospective cross sectional study to assess the risk factors of anatomical foot changes in patients with Type-2 diabetes mellitus. It was carried out in normal 196 subjects at Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital, Bench-Sheko zone, South-West, Ethiopia. Data were collected using a well-structured questionnaires and diabetic foot assessment checklists. Data analysis was done using SPSS, version 24. Whereas, randomly selected associated risk factors were assessed using multivariate linear regression model. Our results