This paper presents two models to investigate the traffic assignment problem. In the two models, the emission cost for gasoline vehicles (GVs) is considered. The credit schemes are considered in the constraint of the models. The operation costs for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and GVs are also studied. Particularly, the constraints related to the credit schemes can be utilized to adjust the number of GVs and to promote growth of the number of BEVs, which is a novel idea that was not studied. Preliminary numerical experiments demonstrate that the models are effective and the extended distance limit of BEVs can raise the volume of BEVs under the condition that the unit traffic cost of BEVs is lower than GVs. Therefore, it is feasible to control the quantity of GVs by adjusting the total credit schemes, and it is viable to reduce the emission by enlarging the number of BEVs’ users.

Quantum entanglement in multipartite systems exhibits a unique restriction on its distribution among subsystems, a fundamental property known as the monogamy of entanglement. Traditionally, monogamy has been quantified for measures such as concurrence through summation-form inequalities. Recently, it has been discovered that concurrence also obeys monogamy constraints expressed via product-form inequalities. In this work, we establish enhanced monogamy inequalities for the ν th power of concurrence (with ν ⩾ 2 ). We demonstrate, through explicit examples, that these new inequalities provide tighter bounds than existing product-form results. Furthermore, we show that our findings remain applicable to monogamy relations in high-dimensional systems.