• Niche differentiation for different soil substrates has been proposed as a mechanism contributing to ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity. This hypo...

Significance: Plant growth requires acquisition of soil nutrients in a patchy environment. Nutrient patches may be actively foraged by symbioses comprising roots and mycorrhizal fungi. Here, we show that thicker root tree species (e.g., tulip poplar, pine) respond weakly or not at all to nutrient heterogeneity. In contrast, thinner root tree species readily respond by selectively growing roots [arbuscular mycorrhizal trees (e.g., maple)] or mycorrhizal fungal hyphae [ectomycorrhizal trees (e.g., oak)] in nutrient-rich “hotspots.” Our results thus indicate predictable patterns of nutrient foraging among tree species with contrasting mycorrhiza types and root morphologies. These findings can pave the way for a more holistic understanding of root-microbial function, which is critical to plant growth and biogeochemical cycles in forested ecosystems.

Summary: One of the most dramatic effects of infection by vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the physiology of the host plant is an increase in phosphorus absorption. When phosphorus is limiting, the maximum extent to which mycorrhizal infection can improve plant performance is thus predicted to be a function of the phosphorus deficit of the plant, the difference between phosphorus demand and phosphorus supply. Phosphorus demand is defined as the rate of phosphorus absorption that would result in optimum performance of the plant as measured by growth rate, reproduction or fitness. The phosphorus supply is defined as the actual rate of phosphorus absorption under the prevailing conditions. Variation among plant taxa in morphological, physiological or phenological traits which affect either phosphorus demand or phosphorus supply (and thus phosphorus deficit) is predicted to lead to variation in potential response to mycorrhizal infection. The actual response to mycorrhizal infection is predicted to be a function of the increase in phosphorus uptake due to mycorrhizal infection and the phosphorus utilization efficiency of the plant. Demonstrated variability in responsiveness to mycorrhizal infection among plant taxa suggests that mycorrhizal fungi may play an important role in determining the structure of plant communities.Mycorrhizal infection may alter the phosphorus deficit or phosphorus utilization efficiency independently from its direct effect on phosphorus uptake, making the prediction of response to mycorrhizal infection based on the traits of non‐mycorrhizal plants quite difficult. For example, infection may at times increase the rate of phosphorus accumulation beyond that which can be currently utilized in growth, reducing the current phosphorus utilization efficiency. Such momentary ‘luxury consumption’ of phosphorus may, however, serve a storage function and be utilized subsequently, allowing mycorrhizal plants ultimately to outperform non‐mycorrhizal plants. CONTENTS Summary 365 I. Introduction 366 II. The concepts of phosphorus supply, phosphorus demand and phosphorus deficit 367 III. Factors which affect phosphorus supply 369 IV. Plant traits which affect phosphorus demand 370 V. Variation in response to mycorrhizal infection 372 VI. The effect of infection on inherent traits which influence phosphorus supply, phosphorus demand or phosphorus utilization efficiency 378 VII. Mycorrhizal effects not related to phosphorus 380 VIII. Conclusions 380 Acknowledgements 381 References 381