Combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) severely reduce plant growth and sugar beet yield. Seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and/or foliar spraying with silica nanoparticles (Si-NP) is deemed one of the most promising new strategies that have the potential to inhibit abiotic stress. Herein, sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) plants were treated with two PGPR (Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738 and Bacillus coagulans NCAIM B.01123) and/or Si-NP, during two successive seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 to examine the vital role of PGPR, Si-NP, and their combination in improving growth characteristics, and production in sugar beet plants exposed to two watering treatments (fresh water and saline water) in salt-affected soil. The results revealed that combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation) increased ion imbalance (K⁺/Na⁺ ratio; from 1.54 ± 0.11 to 1.00 ± 0.15) and declined the relative water content (RWC; from 86.76 ± 4.70 to 74.30 ± 3.20%), relative membrane stability index (RMSI), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll content, which negatively affected on the crop productivity. Nevertheless, the application of combined PGPR and Si-NP decreased oxidative stress indicators (hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation) and sodium ions while increasing activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD; up to 1.9-folds), catalase (CAT; up to 1.4-folds), and peroxidase (POX; up to 2.5-folds) enzymes, and potassium ions resulting in physiological processes, root yield, and sugar yield compared to non-treated controls under combined stressors (high soil salinity and saline water irrigation). It is worth mentioning that the singular application of PGPR improved root length, diameter, and yield greater than Si-NP alone and it was comparable to the combined treatment (PGPR+Si-NP). It was concluded that the combined application of PGPR and Si-NP has valuable impacts on the growth and yield of sugar beet growing under combined stressors of high soil salinity and saline water irrigation.

Exploitation of low-quality water or irrigation of field crops with saline water in salt-affected soil is a critical worldwide challenge that rigorously influences agricultural productivity and sustainability, especially in arid and semiarid zones with limited freshwater resources. Therefore, we investigated a synergistic amendment strategy for salt-affected soil using a singular and combined application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR at 950 g ha⁻¹; Azotobacter chroococcum SARS 10 and Pseudomonas koreensis MG209738) and silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) at 500 mg L⁻¹ to mitigate the detrimental impacts of irrigation with saline water on the growth, physiology, and productivity of barley (Hordum vulgare L.), along with soil attributes and nutrient uptake during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. Our field trials showed that the combined application of PGPR and SiNPs significantly improved the soil physicochemical properties, mainly by reducing the soil exchangeable sodium percentage. Additionally, it considerably enhanced the microbiological counts (i.e., bacteria, azotobacter, and bacillus) and soil enzyme activity (i.e., urease and dehydrogenase) in both growing seasons compared with the control. The combined application of PGPR and SiNPs alleviated the detrimental impacts of saline water on barley plants grown in salt-affected soil compared to the single application of PGPR or SiNPs. The marked improvement was due to the combined application of PGPR and SiNPs, which enhanced the physiological properties (e.g., relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance, and K/Na ratio), enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POX)), and yield and yield-related traits and nutrient uptake (N, P, and K) of barley plants. Moreover, the Na+ content, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, lipid peroxidation (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and proline content were reduced upon the application of PGPR + SiNPs. These results could be important information for cultivating barley and other cereal crops in salt-affected soil under irrigation with saline water.

The field experiments were conducted in El-Mattana Agricultural Research Station, Luxor, Governorate during the two successive seasons (summer season 2020 and summer season 2021) to investigate the effect of irrigation intervals (every 7, 15, and 21 days) and two planting methods (ridge planting and raised bed planting) on the yield of two varieties of sunflower in Upper Egypt, namely: (Sakha 53 and Giza 120 varieties) The experimental design was Split-Split Blocks Design (Stripes) under (RCBD) and included four replications and three factors, the first of which was irrigation intervals, which were placed in whole plots, the second of which was planting methods, which were placed in subplots, and the third of which was varieties, which were placed in the sub-sub plot. The results cleared that irrigation intervals produced a significant effect on all studied traits in both seasons. The results showed that irrigation intervals had a significant effect on all studied traits in both seasons. Irrigation every 7 days produced the highest mean values of plant height (cm), seed weight head (g), and seed yield (kg/fed -1) in both seasons, while irrigation every 15 days produced the highest mean value of and oil yield (kg/fed). While irrigation every 21 days produced the highest mean values of oil percentage% and 50% flowering date .

A field experiment was carried out at Kom-Ombo Agricultural research Station Farm, Aswan Governorate, during 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 seasons to study the effect of sowing dates on growth, technological and yield traits of some sugar beet varieties under Kom Ombo conditions. Randomized complete locks design (RCBD) using strip plot arrangement with three replications were used. Planting dates (30th September, October 15th and 30th October) were allocated horizontally while, sugar beet cultivars of multi-germ (Betamax, Cleopatra and Tarbelli) were allocated vertically. The results indicated that the tested planting date had a significant effect on Root length (cm), Root diameter (cm), Root weight (kg), Sucrose percentage (%), purity percentage (%), Root yield (ton fed.-1) and Sugar yield (ton fed.-1) in both seasons and sodium percentage in the first season only. Furthermore, the tested genotypes had a significant effect on most studied traits in both seasons. In additions, the obtained data reveal that the interaction between planting date and sugar beet cultivars had a significant effect on sugar yield/fed. Trait in the two growing seasons. Planted sugar beet cultivar Tarbelli on October 15 achieved the maximum average values of sugar yield/fed. Which were 4.733 and 4.995 ton/fed. In the first and second seasons, respectively. On the contrary, the minimum average values of sugar yield/fed. Which were 1. 761 and 1.679 ton/fed. Were recorded from planted sugar beet cultivar Betamax on September 30 in the two respective seasons

Two experiments were conducted at South Valley Farm Research Station, Toshka Region Agriculture Research Center during 2018 and 2019 seasons. To identify the suitable planting methods and proline treatment on growth, yield and yield components of sesame under drip irrigation system. Results revealed that planting sesame on rows resulted in maximum plant height, frouting zon length (cm), number of frouting nodesplant, number of seedscapsule , seeds weightplant(g) and seeds yield (ardfed.) while chemical compositions increased by terrace planting method in both seasons. The impact of planting methods on plant hight , frouting zone and number of nodes / plant was significant in both seasons the highest value for all previous character resulted from using rows methods in both seasons concerning the proline treatments results showed that had a significant impact on frouting zone in the seconed season only application proline at rate 50ppm give the highest value in the seconed season, number of nodes / plant was significant in both seasons the best value resulted from application proline at rate 50 ppm in both . Number of seedscapsule. Seeds weightplant (gm Seeds yield (kgfed.). was significant affected by planting methods in both seasons the highest value for all previous character resulted from using rows methods in both seasons as compared with terraces methods as well as proline treatments showed that had a significant impact in the both seasons application proline at rate 50ppm give the highest value in both seasons.

The goal of the current study was to determine the appropriate amount of yeast extract and level of nitrogen fertilization on growth, yield, and yield components of sesame (cv. shandaweel-3) under drip irrigation system. the investigation was conducted in the experimental farm of the faculty of agriculture and natural resources at Aswan university in the Aswan governorate during the summers of 2020 and 2021. Three replications were employed in the experiment, which was set up using a strip-plot layout and randomized complete block design (RCBD). the main plots were set up using yeast extract, and the sub-plots had nitrogen fertilization. the experiment included two factors: 1- yeast extract: no spray (control), One spry after 20 days from planting and tow spry after 20 and 30 days from planting. 2- nitrogen fertilization: 30,45 and 60 unit / fed. The results showed that the studied yeast extract and their interaction (yeast extract + nitrogen fertilization) had no significant effects on the majority of the traits. These traits included plant height, frouting zone, number of capsules per plant, 1000-seed weight (g), seed weight plant-1 (g), seed yield kg fed-1, seed oil %, and seed protein %. In addition, nitrogen fertilization levels at 60 units per fed had significant or highly significant effects on the majority of the traits.