Brain hemispheres are connected by commissural structures, which consist of white matter fiber tracts that spread excitatory stimuli to various regions of the cortex. This allows an interaction between the two cerebral halves. The largest commissure is the corpus callosum (CC) which is located inferior to the longitudinal fissure, serving as its lower border. Sometimes this structure is not completely developed, which results in the condition known as agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC). The aim of this paper was to review the latest discoveries related to the genetic and metabolic background of ACC, including the genotype/phenotype correlations as well as the clinical and imaging symptomatology. Due to various factors, including genetic defects and metabolic diseases, the development of CC may be impaired in many ways, which results in complete or partial ACC. This creates several clinical implications, depending on the specificity of the malformation and other defects in patients. Epilepsy, motor impairment and intellectual disability are the most prevalent. However, an asymptomatic course of the disease is even more common. ACC presents with characteristic images on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebral palsy (CP) are some of the most common neurodevelopmental diseases. They have multifactorial origin, which means that each case may manifest differently from the others. In patients with ASD, symptoms associated with deficits in social communication and characteristic, repetitive types of behaviors or interests are predominant, while in patients with CP, motor disability is diagnosed with accompanying cognitive impairment of various degrees. In order to minimize their adverse effects, it is necessary to promptly diagnose and incorporate appropriate management, which can significantly improve patient quality of life. One of the therapeutic possibilities is stem cell therapy, already known from other branches of medicine, with high hopes for safe and effective treatment of these diseases. Undoubtedly, in the future we will have to face the challenges that will arise due to the still existing gaps in knowledge and the heterogeneity of this group of patients. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize briefly the latest achievements and advances in stem cell therapy for ASD and CP.

Headache associated with sexual activity (HAWSA) has accompanied humanity since ancient times. However, it is only since the 1970s that it has become the subject of more extensive and detailed scientific interest. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the development of the concept of HAWSA, its clinical presentation, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment especially from the research perspective of the last 20 years. Primary HAWSA is a benign condition, whose etiology is unknown; however, at the first occurrence of headache associated with sexual activity, it is necessary to exclude conditions that are usually immediately life-threatening. Migraine, hypnic headache or hemicrania continua have been reported to co-occur with HAWSA, but their common pathophysiologic basis is still unknown. Recent advances in the treatment of HAWSA include the introduction of topiramate, progesterone, and treatments such as greater occipital nerve injection, arterial embolization, and manual therapy. Whether these new therapeutic options will stand the test of time remains to be seen.

Hypothyroidism refers to the common pathological condition of thyroid hormone deficiency. Multiple studies have concluded that undiagnosed and undertreated patients with hypothyroidism are at increased risk of developing mental disorders. Moreover, there are proven cases of symptom remission with or without antidepressants after a euthyroid state was established. Studies suggest that exercise can have positive effects on thyroid function as well as improving mental state. However, patients with untreated hypothyroidism often experience decreased exercise tolerance, weakness, fatigue, and feelings of low energy, which often prevent them from engaging in physical activities. This review strengthens the link between hypothyroidism, mental health issues and struggles that come with thyroid hormone deficiency and physical activity. It also demonstrates how treating the underlying hypothyroidism, as well as promoting regular physical activity, can be significant ways to improve health outcomes in these patients.

Introduction: Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS), a severe form of abusive head trauma (AHT), primarily affects infants due to their vulnerable anatomy and physiology. SBS results from violent shaking, causing the brain to collide with the skull, leading to critical injuries including brain damage and long-term disabilities. Despite its severity, SBS is often misperceived as non-harmful, leading to delays in diagnosis and intervention. Materials and Methods: The study involves a comprehensive review of SBS and AHT related literature from the last 10 years available in English, focusing on the mechanisms, epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic challenges associated with the syndrome. Aim of the Study: The primary aim is to elucidate the diagnostic difficulties and underrecognized nature of SBS. The study seeks to raise awareness among healthcare providers and caregivers about the critical need for early detection and intervention. It also aims to emphasize the importance of educational programs to prevent SBS and improve outcomes for affected children. Conclusion: SBS is a severe and frequently underrecognized form of child abuse with potentially devastating consequences. Effective prevention and intervention hinge on improved awareness and education. Raising consciousness among healthcare providers and the general public, along with implementing robust educational initiatives, is crucial to reduce the incidence and impact of SBS. Early diagnosis and intervention, supported by targeted education, are essential to protecting vulnerable children and mitigating long-term harm.

Introduction: Varicose veins, a common form of chronic venous disease, arise from the dysfunction of veins in the lower limbs due to increased pressure and impaired blood flow. Regular physical activity and a balanced diet are crucial in managing and potentially improving symptoms of this condition. Material and methods: We have gathered the available materials and scientific reports, analyzing and summarizing them in a single study. Aim of study: We aimed to evaluate how physical activity and lifestyle changes impact the progression and management of varicose veins and chronic venous disease. Conclusion: The study underscores the significant role of physical activity and lifestyle changes in managing varicose veins and chronic venous disease. By enhancing calf muscle function and improving venous blood flow, these interventions can help reduce symptoms, prevent disease progression, and potentially decrease the need for surgical treatments.