The radiant cooling system has a substantial energy-saving effect and can be widely applied in different kinds of low-energy buildings. This article reports the experimental study of the design strategy of the radiant cooling system in low-energy buildings from the perspective of thermal response characteristics of an indoor environment. Two types of a modular radiant cooling system, namely, the copper tube radiant cooling (CTRC) and the capillary radiant cooling (CRC) systems, were investigated. The experiments were conducted in two office rooms characterized by low energy consumption. In total, 16 cases (eight for CTRC and eight for CRC) were analyzed, covering supply water temperature with a range of 12–19 °C. The experimental results show that the supply water temperature has a more substantial effect on the temperature distribution of the envelope for CTRC, than that of CRC. The indoor air temperature stratification is acceptable in the active area of the occupant with a modular radiant cooling system. Moreover, the thermal response of the envelope is highly sensitive to the lower supply water temperature (below 16 °C) using CTRC and to the higher supply water temperature (above 15 °C) using CRC. The low supply water temperature (below 15 °C) can improve the thermal stability speed of indoor air to a greater degree using CTRC, than that of CRC. The supply water temperature for CTRC with 15–16 °C, and 18–19 °C for CRC in low-energy buildings can exert an optimal cooling benefit.

The output feedback controllers of stochastic nonholonomic systems under arbitrary switching are discussed. We adopt an observer which can simplify the design process. The designed control laws cause the calculation of the gain parameter to be very convenient since the denominator of virtual controllers does not contain the gain parameter. Finally, an example is given to show the effectiveness of controllers.

In this paper, the finite-time robust stabilization problem is addressed in the presence of uncalibrated visual parameters for a class of dynamic feedback nonholonomic robots based on visual servoing with input saturation. The objective is to design a nonsmooth and bounded state feedback law such that the robots system is both Lyapunov stable and finite-time convergent within any given settling time. A new saturated switching controller is proposed directly based on the original system, which can effectively avoid the problem of singularity caused by using state or input transformation. Finally, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control design approach.

This paper investigates the state‐feedback stabilization of stochastic nonholonomic systems with an unknown time‐varying delay. Without imposing any assumptions on the time‐varying delay, a state‐feedback controller is skillfully designed by using input‐state‐scaling technique and backstepping control approach. The switching strategy is proposed to eliminate the phenomenon of uncontrollability and to guarantee that the closed‐loop system has an almost surely unique solution for any initial state and the equilibrium of interest is globally asymptotically stable in probability. A simulation example demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.