It has been observed that unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, have been used in a very different way over time. The advancements in key UAV areas include detection (including radio frequency and radar), classification (including micro, mini, close range, short range, medium range, medium-range endurance, low-altitude deep penetration, low-altitude long endurance, and medium-altitude long endurance), tracking (including lateral tracking, vertical tracking, moving aerial pan with moving target, and moving aerial tilt with moving target), and so forth. Even with all of these improvements and advantages, security and privacy can still be ensured by researching a number of key aspects of an unmanned aerial vehicle, such as through the jamming of the control signals of a UAV and redirecting them for any high-assault activity. This review article will examine the privacy issues related to drone standards and regulations. The manuscript will also provide a comprehensive answer to these limitations. In addition to updated information on current legislation and the many classes that can be used to establish communication between a ground control room and an unmanned aerial vehicle, this article provides a basic overview of unmanned aerial vehicles. After reading this review, readers will understand the shortcomings, the most recent advancements, and the strategies for addressing security issues, assaults, and limitations. The open research areas described in this manuscript can be utilized to create novel methods for strengthening the security and privacy of an unmanned aerial vehicle.

Numerous recent innovations have been achieved with the goal of enhancing electric vehicles and the parts that go into them, particularly in the areas of managing energy, battery design and optimization, and autonomous driving. This promotes a more effective and sustainable eco-system and helps to build the next generation of electric car technology. This study offers insights into the most recent research and advancements in electric vehicles (EVs), as well as new, innovative, and promising technologies based on scientific data and facts associated with e-mobility from a technological standpoint, which may be achievable by 2030. Appropriate modeling and design strategies, including digital twins with connected Internet of Things (IoT), are discussed in this study. Vehicles with autonomous features have the potential to increase safety on roads, increase driving economy, and provide drivers more time to focus on other duties thanks to the Internet of Things idea. The enabling technology that entails a car moving out of a parking spot, traveling along a long highway, and then parking at the destination is also covered in this article. The development of autonomous vehicles depends on the data obtained for deployment in actual road conditions. There are also research gaps and proposals for autonomous, intelligent vehicles. One of the many social concerns that are described is the cause of an accident with an autonomous car. A smart device that can spot strange driving behavior and prevent accidents is briefly discussed. In addition, all EV-related fields are covered, including the likely technical challenges and knowledge gaps in each one, from in-depth battery material sciences through power electronics and powertrain engineering to market assessments and environmental assessments.

The underactuated quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is one of the nonlinear systems that have few actuators as compared to the degree of freedom (DOF); thus, it is a strenuous task to stabilize its attitude and positions. Moreover, an induction of unmodelled dynamic factors and uncertainties make it more difficult to control its maneuverability. In this paper, a model-free based single-dimension fuzzy sliding mode control (MFSDF-SMC) is proposed to control the attitude and positions of underactuated quadrotor UAV. The paper discusses the kinematic and dynamic models with unmodelled dynamic factors and unknown external disturbances. These unmodelled factors and disturbances may lead the quadrotor towards failure in tracking specific trajectory and may also generate some serious transient and steady-state issues. Furthermore, to avoid the problem of gimbal lock, the model is amalgamated with hyperbolic function to resolve the singularity issues dully developed due to Newton Euler’s dynamic modeling. The simulation results performed for MFSDF-SMC using MATLAB software R2020a are compared with conventional sliding mode control, fuzzy-based sliding control and single-dimension fuzzy-based sliding mode control without a model-free approach. The design and implementation of the model-free single dimension-based fuzzy sliding mode control (MFSDF-SMC) with an updated Lyapunov stability theorem is presented in this work. It is observed that MFSDF-SMC produces robust trajectory performance therefore, and the manuscript suggests the experimental setup to test the proposed algorithm in a noisy environment keeping the same conditions. The verification of the equipment used and its effective demonstration is also available for the reader within the manuscript.

Starting a free-piston linear engine-generator (LG) involves reciprocating a freely moving piston-magnet-translator assembly between two oppositely placed engine cylinders for combustion to occur. The machine is operated as a brushless linear motor to produce the required motion. However, due to the very large peak compression force during starting, limited current rating of stator coils and insufficient motor force constant, it is not possible to push the translator end to end in a single stroke. A strategy is proposed which utilizes the air-spring quality of the engine cylinders prior to combustion. Energizing the coils with fixed DC voltage and open-loop, rectangular commutation of injected current, sufficiently high motoring force is produced to reciprocate the translator in small amplitudes initially. Due to repeated compression-expansion of the engine cylinders and constant application of motoring force in the direction of natural bouncing motion, the translatorpsilas amplitude and speed is expected to grow - due to mechanical resonance - to finally reach the required parameters for combustion. This work discusses the starting problem and its mechanical aspects for a specific LG configuration, builds a mechanical model of LG and presents simulation results on the viability of the starting strategy using different values of constant-magnitude motoring force.

Since the quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is one of the systems that has four (4) control inputs and six (6) degree of freedom (DOF) which makes it as an underactuated system. Such underactuated mechatronic systems are very difficult to stabilize but at the same time these systems are power efficient and cost-effective because of a lower number of actuators. Later, if someone tries to stabilize this underactuated quadrotor UAV under the impact of unmodelled dynamic factors, it will lead to huge instability, low convergence rate, chattering effect, trajectory deviation and may also encounter some of the serious transient and steady state issues as well. This paper presents one of the adaptive-robust control algorithms, called the fuzzy based backstepping control (FBSC) design, to address the quadrotor’s helical trajectory tracking issue under an influence of unmodelled dynamic factors and external disturbances. This manuscript proposes the synthesis of the proposed FBSC design using MATLAB and Simulink software whereas these results are correlated with the conventional backstepping control (BSC) algorithm to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm by computing the integral absolute error values with and without disturbances.