Electro-oxidation reactions as critical half-reactions in both overall and assisted water electrolysis play a pivotal role in realizing highly effective and energy-saving hydrogen generation and achieving simultaneous wastewater degradation. Herein, we synthesize a porous and hierarchical CoSe@NiFe/NF heterostructure electrocatalyst constructed by coupling uniform CoSe nanosheets with well-dispersed Ni(OH)₂ and Fe₂O₃ spherical nanoparticles in situ grown on a Ni foam (NF) substrate via a facile and scalable two-step method (i.e., electrodeposition and hydrothermal treatment). Differing from its monophasic counterpart, the CoSe@NiFe/NF electrode possesses impressive multifunctional electrocatalytic activity, exhibiting low potentials of 1.46, 1.36, 1.38 and 1.38 V at 100 mA cm⁻² for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), urea oxidation reaction (UOR), methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR), respectively. Excitingly, the durability is higher than 90 h at high current densities of 400 and 100 mA cm⁻² for the OER and UOR, respectively, without obvious attenuation. In situ Raman spectroscopy and ex situ characterization unveiled the surface self-reconstruction of Ni(OH)₂ and Fe₂O₃ to evolve Ni(Fe)-oxyhydroxides as the real active substances for the OER. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the reconstructed heterogeneous interface can regulate the intrinsic electronic structure and optimize the adsorption/desorption of reaction intermediates, thereby accelerating charge transfer and facilitating the reaction kinetics during the OER. Interestingly, the asymmetric electrolyte cell (CoSe@NiFe/NF||Pt/C/NF) needs cell voltages of only 1.44 and 1.40 V to drive a current density of 100 mA cm⁻² for overall water and urea splitting with long-term durability for more than 20 h. This study not only provides valuable insights into the intricate mechanisms governing electrocatalysis but also presents a facile and efficient scheme for constructing multifunctional all-in-one electrocatalysts tailored for sustainable green hydrogen production.

We provide a comprehensive picture of hydrogen interaction with VC ₆ H ₆ and a way of designing promising hydrogen storage materials.

Clinical translation of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanomedicine is limited, partly because of the poor delivery efficiency resulting from non-specific phagocytosis by phagocytes. Understanding the nanoparticle interplay between cancer cells and immune cells remains largely elusive. In this study, a quantitative investigation on cellular internalization of fluorescent PLGA particles (100 nm, 500 nm, and 1 µm) against laryngeal carcinoma cells with or without monocytes/macrophages in monoculture or co-culture systems was first performed. PLGA particles at concentrations of 5–20 µg/mL show superior biocompatibility except for 500 nm and 1 µm PLGA particles at 20 µg/mL slightly reduce cell viability. Microscopic observation has discovered all three sizes of particles are effectively ingested by both cancer cells and macrophages; however, quantitative fluorescence examination has disclosed that the uptake index of cancer cells (mean intracellular particle fluorescence per cancer cell normalized to that of per macrophage) is substantially declined for all PLGA particles in co-cultures compared to that in monocultures (1.35–1.05, 1.50–0.59, and 1.4–0.47 for 100 nm, 500 nm, and 1 µm particles, respectively). Quantitative analysis using flow cytometry further confirmed the reduced uptake index of cancer cells in co-cultures, but higher particle counts per macrophage. It has also been found that the formation of multinucleated giant cells via the fusion of macrophages increased after PLGA treatment, which could be further exploited as a potential approach for tumor drug delivery. Overall, these findings provide new insights into the interaction of nanoparticle-immune-cancer cells, which may facilitate the application of PLGA-based nanocarriers for the treatment of laryngeal carcinoma.