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Prof. Paulo César de Faccio Carvalho
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

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0 Grazing Management
0 Grazing systems
0 Pasture-based animal production systems
0 Grazing ecology
0 Integrated crop-livestock systems

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Integrated crop-livestock systems
Grazing Management
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Grazing ecology

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Original research
Published: 25 June 2021 in Ecology and Evolution
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Determining herbage intake is pivotal for studies on grazing ecology. Direct observation of animals allows describing the interactions of animals with the pastoral environment along the complex grazing process. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the reliability of the continuous bite monitoring (CBM) method in determining herbage intake in grazing sheep compared to the standard double-weighing technique method during 45-min feeding bouts; evaluate the degree of agreement between the two techniques; and to test the effect of different potential sources of variation on the reliability of the CBM. The CBM method has been used to describe the intake behavior of grazing herbivores. In this study, we evaluated a new approach to this method, that is, whether it is a good proxy for determining the intake of grazing animals. Three experiments with grazing sheep were carried out in which we tested for different sources of variations, such as the number of observers, level of detail of bite coding grid, forage species, forage allowance, sward surface height heterogeneity, experiment site, and animal weight, to determine the short-term intake rate (45 min). Observer (Pexp1 = 0.018, Pexp2 = 0.078, and Pexp3 = 0.006), sward surface height (Pexp2 < 0.001), total number of bites observed per grazing session (Pexp2 < 0.001 and Pexp3 < 0.001), and sward depletion (Pexp3 < 0.001) were found to affect the absolute error of intake estimation. The results showed a high correlation and agreement between the two methods in the three experiments, although intake was overestimation by CBM on experiments 2 and 3 (181.38 and 214.24 units, respectively). This outcome indicates the potential of CBM to determining forage intake with the benefit of a greater level of detail on foraging patterns and components of the diet. Furthermore, direct observation is not invasive nor disrupts natural animal behavior.

ACS Style

Anderson Michel Soares Bolzan; Leonardo S. Szymczak; Laura Nadin; Olivier Jean F. Bonnet; Marcelo O. Wallau; Anibal de Moraes; Renata F. Moraes; Alda L. G. Monteiro; Paulo C. F. Carvalho. What, how, and how much do herbivores eat? The Continuous Bite Monitoring method for assessing forage intake of grazing animals. Ecology and Evolution 2021, 11, 9217 -9226.

AMA Style

Anderson Michel Soares Bolzan, Leonardo S. Szymczak, Laura Nadin, Olivier Jean F. Bonnet, Marcelo O. Wallau, Anibal de Moraes, Renata F. Moraes, Alda L. G. Monteiro, Paulo C. F. Carvalho. What, how, and how much do herbivores eat? The Continuous Bite Monitoring method for assessing forage intake of grazing animals. Ecology and Evolution. 2021; 11 (14):9217-9226.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anderson Michel Soares Bolzan; Leonardo S. Szymczak; Laura Nadin; Olivier Jean F. Bonnet; Marcelo O. Wallau; Anibal de Moraes; Renata F. Moraes; Alda L. G. Monteiro; Paulo C. F. Carvalho. 2021. "What, how, and how much do herbivores eat? The Continuous Bite Monitoring method for assessing forage intake of grazing animals." Ecology and Evolution 11, no. 14: 9217-9226.

Original article
Published: 27 April 2021 in Grass and Forage Science
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We evaluated Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) establishment in a factorial of grazing intensity (intense, moderate, moderate‐light, light, and no grazing, with target average sward heights of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm in the grazed plots) and additional seeding (self‐seeding with or without additional seeding) in an integrated soybean‐beef cattle system in southern Brazil. Grazing treatments were imposed in winter (June–July) and followed by a direct‐seeded soybean crop (November). The establishment was quantified prior to the stocking periods in 2017 and 2018, corresponding to self‐seeding from 2016 and 2017. Intense grazing impaired ryegrass re‐establishment, resulting in larger individual plants (0.54 vs. 0.15 g dry matter plant−1) but lower population density (57 vs. 1,355 plants m−2) than in the other treatments. Additional broadcast ryegrass seeding did not fully compensate for the reduced natural reseeding in this treatment. The addition of seeds under intense grazing increased plant population density to values comparable to moderate grazing intensities but reduced individual plant mass, limiting herbage mass attained by the end of the pasture establishment phase. Contrastingly, the various combinations of individual plant mass and population density were sufficient to maintain herbage masses in moderate to light grazing intensities that were comparable to that in the ungrazed treatment, regardless of seed addition (63 vs. 180 g DM m−2 for intense grazing vs. the average of other treatments over the whole establishment phase). Moderate grazing, e.g., target sward heights of 20 cm or greater, is necessary to achieve a system that can sustain itself without seed addition.

ACS Style

Pedro Arthur De Albuquerque Nunes; Emilio Andrés Laca; Taise Robinson Kunrath; William De Souza Filho; Amanda Posselt Martins; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Intense winter grazing impairs subsequent Italian ryegrass re‐establishment in soybean‐pasture rotations. Grass and Forage Science 2021, 76, 258 -269.

AMA Style

Pedro Arthur De Albuquerque Nunes, Emilio Andrés Laca, Taise Robinson Kunrath, William De Souza Filho, Amanda Posselt Martins, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Intense winter grazing impairs subsequent Italian ryegrass re‐establishment in soybean‐pasture rotations. Grass and Forage Science. 2021; 76 (2):258-269.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro Arthur De Albuquerque Nunes; Emilio Andrés Laca; Taise Robinson Kunrath; William De Souza Filho; Amanda Posselt Martins; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. 2021. "Intense winter grazing impairs subsequent Italian ryegrass re‐establishment in soybean‐pasture rotations." Grass and Forage Science 76, no. 2: 258-269.

Journal article
Published: 19 March 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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We tested the hypothesis that improving sward structure through adjustments in forage allowance results in greater forage intake and live weight (LW) gains by beef cattle and lower CH4 emissions per unit LW gain and unit area in a native grassland ecosystem of the Pampa biome. The experiment was carried out during 2012 and 2013 in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two replicates. Treatments consisted of five contrasting forage allowances of a native grassland managed under continuous stocking: 4, 8, 8–12, 12, and 16 kg of dry matter (DM) 100 kg LW-1 day-1 (or % LW). The 8–12% LW treatment had a variable forage allowance of 8% LW in spring and 12% LW in summer, autumn, and winter. Forage allowance was controlled by changes in stocking rate (kg LW ha-1). Average daily gain (kg LW day-1) was high for forage allowances of 12 and 16% LW but decreased at 8%, reaching the lowest value at 4% LW treatment (p < 0.001). Live weight gain ha-1 year-1 was the greatest at forage allowance of 8–12% LW (p < 0.001). Forage DM intake peaked at a forage allowance of 12% LW (p = 0.005). Individual CH4 emissions remained constant around 150 g day-1 for the two highest forage allowances and decreased to 118 and 107 g day-1 under forage allowances of 8 and 4% LW, respectively (p = 0.002). Emissions per unit LW gain and unit area were driven by animal productivity changes and decreased with increasing forage allowance (p = 0.001 and p = 0.040, respectively). We propose that the combination of 8% LW forage allowance during spring and 12% LW during the rest of the year should be targeted to best balance animal production and environmental impact in the Pampa biome.

ACS Style

Ian Machado Cezimbra; Pedro Arthur De Albuquerque Nunes; William De Souza Filho; Marcelo Ritzel Tischler; Teresa Cristina Moraes Genro; Cimélio Bayer; Jean Víctor Savian; Olivier Jean François Bonnet; Jean-François Soussana; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Potential of grazing management to improve beef cattle production and mitigate methane emissions in native grasslands of the Pampa biome. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 780, 146582 .

AMA Style

Ian Machado Cezimbra, Pedro Arthur De Albuquerque Nunes, William De Souza Filho, Marcelo Ritzel Tischler, Teresa Cristina Moraes Genro, Cimélio Bayer, Jean Víctor Savian, Olivier Jean François Bonnet, Jean-François Soussana, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Potential of grazing management to improve beef cattle production and mitigate methane emissions in native grasslands of the Pampa biome. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 780 ():146582.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ian Machado Cezimbra; Pedro Arthur De Albuquerque Nunes; William De Souza Filho; Marcelo Ritzel Tischler; Teresa Cristina Moraes Genro; Cimélio Bayer; Jean Víctor Savian; Olivier Jean François Bonnet; Jean-François Soussana; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. 2021. "Potential of grazing management to improve beef cattle production and mitigate methane emissions in native grasslands of the Pampa biome." Science of The Total Environment 780, no. : 146582.

Erratum
Published: 11 January 2021 in Agronomy
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The authors would like to make the following correction to the published paper

ACS Style

Fernando Arnuti; Luiz Gustavo De O. DeNardin; Pedro Arthur De A. Nunes; Lucas A. Alves; Diego Cecagno; Júlia De Assis; Walker Da S. Schaidhauer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Abad Chabbi; Paulo César De F. Carvalho. Erratum: Arnuti, F., et al. Sheep Dung Composition and Phosphorus and Potassium Release Affected by Grazing Intensity and Pasture Development Stage in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1162. Agronomy 2021, 11, 126 .

AMA Style

Fernando Arnuti, Luiz Gustavo De O. DeNardin, Pedro Arthur De A. Nunes, Lucas A. Alves, Diego Cecagno, Júlia De Assis, Walker Da S. Schaidhauer, Ibanor Anghinoni, Abad Chabbi, Paulo César De F. Carvalho. Erratum: Arnuti, F., et al. Sheep Dung Composition and Phosphorus and Potassium Release Affected by Grazing Intensity and Pasture Development Stage in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1162. Agronomy. 2021; 11 (1):126.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Arnuti; Luiz Gustavo De O. DeNardin; Pedro Arthur De A. Nunes; Lucas A. Alves; Diego Cecagno; Júlia De Assis; Walker Da S. Schaidhauer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Abad Chabbi; Paulo César De F. Carvalho. 2021. "Erratum: Arnuti, F., et al. Sheep Dung Composition and Phosphorus and Potassium Release Affected by Grazing Intensity and Pasture Development Stage in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1162." Agronomy 11, no. 1: 126.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2020 in Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of grazing methods and intensities on the metabolic profile of lambs grazing ryegrass. This study was performed in Eldorado do Sul (RS). The treatments consisted of two grazing intensities with rotational and continuous stocking methods: moderate and low. The experimental design was a randomized block arranged in a factorial scheme with four replicates. To evaluate the metabolic and nutritional conditions of the lambs, blood samples were collected to evaluate phosphorus, albumin, glucose, magnesium, globulin, cortisol, urea and total proteins. The highest blood urea value was observed in the month of September in lambs kept in continuous method grazing. There was no statistical difference between the grazing intensities and grazing methods for albumin, glucose, magnesium, globulin, cortisol and total protein levels in profile lambs. The cortisol values suggested that the animals were not subjected to high stress levels. In conclusion, rearing female lambs on ryegrass, irrespective of grazing methods or intensities, allowed the maintenance of body homeostasis and did not cause any metabolic unbalances, nutritional unbalances or stress.

ACS Style

S. Macari; P.C.F. Carvalho; F.H.D. González; C.S. Lasta; V. Pedralli; L. Oliveira; A.B. Kröning. Metabolic profile of female lambs on annual ryegrass pasture managed under different grazing intensities and methods. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 2020, 72, 2331 -2338.

AMA Style

S. Macari, P.C.F. Carvalho, F.H.D. González, C.S. Lasta, V. Pedralli, L. Oliveira, A.B. Kröning. Metabolic profile of female lambs on annual ryegrass pasture managed under different grazing intensities and methods. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 2020; 72 (6):2331-2338.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Macari; P.C.F. Carvalho; F.H.D. González; C.S. Lasta; V. Pedralli; L. Oliveira; A.B. Kröning. 2020. "Metabolic profile of female lambs on annual ryegrass pasture managed under different grazing intensities and methods." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 6: 2331-2338.

Journal article
Published: 19 October 2020 in Sustainability
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We explored the effects of heterogeneity of sward height on the functioning of grazing systems through a spatially implicit mechanistic model of grazing and sward growth. The model uses a population dynamic approach where a sward is spatially structured by height, which changes as a function of defoliation, trampling, and growth. The grazing component incorporates mechanisms of bite formation, intake, and digestion rates, but excludes sward quality effects. Sward height selection is determined by maximization of the instantaneous intake rate of forage dry mass. For any given average sward height, intake rate increased with increasing spatial heterogeneity. Spatio-temporal distribution of animal density over paddocks did not markedly affect animal performance but it modified the balance of vegetation heterogeneity within and between paddocks. Herbage allowance was a weak predictor of animal performance because the same value can result from multiples combinations of herbage mass per unit area, number of animals, animal liveweight, and paddock area, which are the proximate determinants of intake rate. Our results differ from models that assume homogeneity and provide strong evidence of how heterogeneity influences the dynamic of grazing systems. Thus, we argue that grazing management and research need to incorporate the concept of heterogeneity into the design of future grazing systems.

ACS Style

Arthur Pontes-Prates; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Emilio Andrés Laca. Mechanisms of Grazing Management in Heterogeneous Swards. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8676 .

AMA Style

Arthur Pontes-Prates, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho, Emilio Andrés Laca. Mechanisms of Grazing Management in Heterogeneous Swards. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8676.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arthur Pontes-Prates; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Emilio Andrés Laca. 2020. "Mechanisms of Grazing Management in Heterogeneous Swards." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8676.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2020 in Agronomy
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Cattle dung distribution in pastoral ecosystems is uneven and affects nutrient availability to plants. Thus, identifying its spatiotemporal patterns is crucial to understanding the mechanisms underlying the system functioning. We aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of dung patches in mixed black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pastures grazed at different intensities (sward heights of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 m) in the winter stocking period of an integrated soybean-beef system in southern Brazil. All dung patches were located and georeferenced every 20 days. Dung distribution was analyzed using Thiessen polygons and semivariogram analysis. The spatial pattern of dung deposition was virtually similar over time but created distinct patterns in paddocks managed at different grazing intensities. Dung patch density was greater close to attraction points, resting and socialization areas regardless of grazing intensity. Lighter grazing intensities presented stronger spatial patterns with increased dung density in those areas, but those patterns weakened with increasing grazing intensity. Dung patches covered 0.4%, 0.9%, 1.1% and 1.5% of the area in paddocks managed at 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and 0.1 m sward heights, respectively. Geostatistics proved useful for identifying spatial patterns in integrated crop-livestock systems and will potentially support further investigations.

ACS Style

Francine D. Da Silva; Pedro De A. Nunes; Christian Bredemeier; Monica Cadenazzi; Lúcio P. Amaral; Fernando M. Pfeifer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Paulo Carvalho. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cattle Dung Patches in a Subtropical Soybean-Beef System under Different Grazing Intensities in Winter. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1423 .

AMA Style

Francine D. Da Silva, Pedro De A. Nunes, Christian Bredemeier, Monica Cadenazzi, Lúcio P. Amaral, Fernando M. Pfeifer, Ibanor Anghinoni, Paulo Carvalho. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cattle Dung Patches in a Subtropical Soybean-Beef System under Different Grazing Intensities in Winter. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1423.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francine D. Da Silva; Pedro De A. Nunes; Christian Bredemeier; Monica Cadenazzi; Lúcio P. Amaral; Fernando M. Pfeifer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Paulo Carvalho. 2020. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of Cattle Dung Patches in a Subtropical Soybean-Beef System under Different Grazing Intensities in Winter." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1423.

Journal article
Published: 11 September 2020 in Agronomy
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In subtropical lowlands, the introduction of soybean and livestock in rotation are an alternative to rice monoculture. Due to the nutrient cycling process improved by animal grazing in winter fertilized pastures, soybean may not respond to mineral fertilization under a no-till integrated crop–livestock system (ICLS). Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the soybean yield response to different fertilization levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and (ii) the relationship between soybean yield and soil chemical properties sampled in different soil layers, in a no-till ICLS in subtropical lowlands. Two field studies were conducted in a system that included a soybean-flooded rice rotation integrated with cattle grazing during the winter season. During the 2015/2016 cropping season, five levels of P and K fertilization were applied to the soil. During the 2017/2018 cropping season, the relationships between soybean yield and soil chemical properties were evaluated under no fertilization treatment. Soybean yield under an ICLS did not respond to P and K fertilization, even when the soil P level was below the critical threshold. The associations between soybean yield and soil chemical properties were greatest in the 10–20 cm soil layer as compared with the 0–10 cm soil layer, especially for available P, followed by pH and soil organic matter (SOM). The crop rotation and ICLS adoption under no-till reduced the soybean reliance for mineral fertilization prior to cropping. Results of this study inform producers of possible fertilization adjustments, in which supplementing mineral fertilizer for soybean may not be necessary.

ACS Style

Luiz Denardin; Amanda Martins; Leonardo Bastos; Ignacio Ciampitti; Ibanor Anghinoni; Fernanda Moojen; Paulo Carvalho; Min Huang; Abad Chabbi. Soybean Yield Does Not Rely on Mineral Fertilizer in Rotation with Flooded Rice under a No-Till Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1371 .

AMA Style

Luiz Denardin, Amanda Martins, Leonardo Bastos, Ignacio Ciampitti, Ibanor Anghinoni, Fernanda Moojen, Paulo Carvalho, Min Huang, Abad Chabbi. Soybean Yield Does Not Rely on Mineral Fertilizer in Rotation with Flooded Rice under a No-Till Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (9):1371.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luiz Denardin; Amanda Martins; Leonardo Bastos; Ignacio Ciampitti; Ibanor Anghinoni; Fernanda Moojen; Paulo Carvalho; Min Huang; Abad Chabbi. 2020. "Soybean Yield Does Not Rely on Mineral Fertilizer in Rotation with Flooded Rice under a No-Till Integrated Crop-Livestock System." Agronomy 10, no. 9: 1371.

Review article
Published: 31 August 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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Agriculture, and livestock production in particular, is criticized for being a contributor to global environmental change, including emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). Methane (CH4) from grazing ruminants accounts for most of livestock's carbon footprint because a large share of them are reared under suboptimal grazing conditions, usually resulting in both low herbage intake and animal performance. Consequently, the CH4 quota attributed to animal maintenance is spread across few or no animal outputs, increasing the CH4 intensity [g CH4/kg live weight (LW) gain or g CH4/kg milk yield]. In this review, the generalized idea relating tropical pastures with low quality and intrinsically higher CH4 intensity is challenged by showing evidence that emissions from animals grazing tropical pastures can equal those of temperate grasses. We demonstrate the medium-to-high mitigation potential of some grazing management strategies to mitigate CH4 emissions from grazing ruminants and stress the predominant role that sward canopy structure (e.g., height) has over animal behavioral responses (e.g., intake rate), daily forage intake and resulting CH4 emissions. From this ecological perspective, we identify a grazing management concept aiming to offer the best sward structure that allows animals to optimize their daily herbage intake, creating opportunities to reduce CH4 intensity. We show the trade-off between animal performance and CH4 intensity, stressing that mitigation is substantial when grazing management is conducted under light-to-moderate intensities and optimize herbage intake and animal performance. We conclude that optimizing LW gain of grazing sheep and cattle to a threshold of 0.14 and 0.7 kg/day, respectively, would dramatically reduce CH4 intensity to approximately 0.2 kg CH4/kg LW gain, as observed in some intensive feeding systems. This could represent a mitigation potential of around 55% for livestock commodities in pasture-based systems. Our results offer new insights to the debate concerning mitigation of environmental impacts of pastoral ecosystems.

ACS Style

Ángel Sánchez Zubieta; Jean Victor Savian; William De Souza Filho; Marcelo Osorio Wallau; Alejandra Marin Gomez; Jérôme Bindelle; Olivier Jean François Bonnet; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Does grazing management provide opportunities to mitigate methane emissions by ruminants in pastoral ecosystems? Science of The Total Environment 2020, 754, 142029 .

AMA Style

Ángel Sánchez Zubieta, Jean Victor Savian, William De Souza Filho, Marcelo Osorio Wallau, Alejandra Marin Gomez, Jérôme Bindelle, Olivier Jean François Bonnet, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Does grazing management provide opportunities to mitigate methane emissions by ruminants in pastoral ecosystems? Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 754 ():142029.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ángel Sánchez Zubieta; Jean Victor Savian; William De Souza Filho; Marcelo Osorio Wallau; Alejandra Marin Gomez; Jérôme Bindelle; Olivier Jean François Bonnet; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. 2020. "Does grazing management provide opportunities to mitigate methane emissions by ruminants in pastoral ecosystems?" Science of The Total Environment 754, no. : 142029.

Journal article
Published: 07 August 2020 in Agronomy
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Animal grazing in integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) results in continuous nutrient release to forage plants and crops in succession. This study aimed to assess sheep dung composition and decomposition rates under distinct grazing intensities and at different development stages of Italian ryegrass pasture (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and to evaluate dung phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) release dynamics during two annual ICLS cycles (2015 and 2016) in southern Brazil. Treatments consisted of two grazing intensities (moderate and light) and two pasture development stages (vegetative and post-flowering), arranged in a randomized complete block design with split-split-plots and four replicates. Dry matter (DM) decomposition and P and K release rates were determined using litter bags with sheep dung. Grazing intensity did not affect sheep dung composition. Forage consumed at different development stages altered sheep dung composition, decomposition, and P and K release rates. Dung sampled at pasture vegetative stage showed P and K contents 16% and 7% higher, respectively, than dung from the post-flowering stage. Dung collected at pasture post-flowering stage had 26% more cellulose and 34% more hemicellulose compared to dung from the vegetative stage in 2016. P and K release was greater for dung from pasture vegetative stage, reaching 3.7 and 12.9 kg ha−1 of P and K, respectively. Further evaluations are still needed considering the quantification and release of nutrients in each of the different compartments (pasture, urine, and dung residues) that compose the system.

ACS Style

Fernando Arnuti; Luiz Denardin; Pedro Nunes; Lucas Alves; Diego Cecagno; Júlia De Assis; Walker Schaidhauer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Abad Chabbi; Paulo César De F. Carvalho. Sheep Dung Composition and Phosphorus and Potassium Release Affected by Grazing Intensity and Pasture Development Stage in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy 2020, 10, 1162 .

AMA Style

Fernando Arnuti, Luiz Denardin, Pedro Nunes, Lucas Alves, Diego Cecagno, Júlia De Assis, Walker Schaidhauer, Ibanor Anghinoni, Abad Chabbi, Paulo César De F. Carvalho. Sheep Dung Composition and Phosphorus and Potassium Release Affected by Grazing Intensity and Pasture Development Stage in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System. Agronomy. 2020; 10 (8):1162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fernando Arnuti; Luiz Denardin; Pedro Nunes; Lucas Alves; Diego Cecagno; Júlia De Assis; Walker Schaidhauer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Abad Chabbi; Paulo César De F. Carvalho. 2020. "Sheep Dung Composition and Phosphorus and Potassium Release Affected by Grazing Intensity and Pasture Development Stage in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System." Agronomy 10, no. 8: 1162.

Journal article
Published: 16 July 2020 in Scientific Reports
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The study of factors influencing animal intake can provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the pasture ecosystem and serve as a basis for managing livestock in a more efficient way. We measured different sward surface heights of tall fescue in the process of short-term intake rate of sheep. There was a significant effect of sward surface height on herbage mass (P < 0.001), leaf lamina mass (P < 0.001), other species mass (P = 0.02), bite mass (P = 0.01) and short-term intake rate (P = 0.03) of sheep. There was a quadratic fit between time per bite and bite mass (P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis showed that the short-term intake rate and bite mass were positively correlated (r = 0.97), bite rate and total jaw movement rate were positively correlated but both were negatively correlated with time per bite. The sward surface height of tall fescue corresponding to the maximum short-term herbage intake rate was 22.3 cm. The underlying processes were driven by the bite mass, which was influenced by the leaf lamina bulk density and its consequences upon time per bite. This sward surface height can be adopted as a pre-grazing target for rotational stocking systems to optimize sheep nutrition on pastures.

ACS Style

Leonardo Silvestri Szymczak; Anibal de Moraes; Reuben Mark Sulc; Alda Monteiro; Claudete R. Lang; Renata Francieli Moraes; Delma Fabiola Ferreira Da Silva; Carolina Bremm; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Tall fescue sward structure affects the grazing process of sheep. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Leonardo Silvestri Szymczak, Anibal de Moraes, Reuben Mark Sulc, Alda Monteiro, Claudete R. Lang, Renata Francieli Moraes, Delma Fabiola Ferreira Da Silva, Carolina Bremm, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. Tall fescue sward structure affects the grazing process of sheep. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leonardo Silvestri Szymczak; Anibal de Moraes; Reuben Mark Sulc; Alda Monteiro; Claudete R. Lang; Renata Francieli Moraes; Delma Fabiola Ferreira Da Silva; Carolina Bremm; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho. 2020. "Tall fescue sward structure affects the grazing process of sheep." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-10.

Correspondence
Published: 09 June 2020 in Science of The Total Environment
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ACS Style

Sebastián H. Villarino; Priscila Pinto; Tomas Della Chiesa; Esteban G. Jobbágy; Guillermo A. Studdert; Bruno Bazzoni; Georgina Conti; Mariana Rufino; Roberto Álvarez; Robert Boddey; Cimélio Bayer; Paulo C. De F. Carvalho; Roberto J. Fernández; Fernando A. Lattanzi; Martín Oesterheld; Walter Oyhantçabal; José M. Paruelo; Virginia Pravia; Gervasio Piñeiro. The role of South American grazing lands in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A reply to: “Reassessing the role of grazing lands in carbon-balance estimations: Meta-analysis and review”, by Viglizzo et al., (2019). Science of The Total Environment 2020, 740, 140108 .

AMA Style

Sebastián H. Villarino, Priscila Pinto, Tomas Della Chiesa, Esteban G. Jobbágy, Guillermo A. Studdert, Bruno Bazzoni, Georgina Conti, Mariana Rufino, Roberto Álvarez, Robert Boddey, Cimélio Bayer, Paulo C. De F. Carvalho, Roberto J. Fernández, Fernando A. Lattanzi, Martín Oesterheld, Walter Oyhantçabal, José M. Paruelo, Virginia Pravia, Gervasio Piñeiro. The role of South American grazing lands in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A reply to: “Reassessing the role of grazing lands in carbon-balance estimations: Meta-analysis and review”, by Viglizzo et al., (2019). Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 740 ():140108.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastián H. Villarino; Priscila Pinto; Tomas Della Chiesa; Esteban G. Jobbágy; Guillermo A. Studdert; Bruno Bazzoni; Georgina Conti; Mariana Rufino; Roberto Álvarez; Robert Boddey; Cimélio Bayer; Paulo C. De F. Carvalho; Roberto J. Fernández; Fernando A. Lattanzi; Martín Oesterheld; Walter Oyhantçabal; José M. Paruelo; Virginia Pravia; Gervasio Piñeiro. 2020. "The role of South American grazing lands in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. A reply to: “Reassessing the role of grazing lands in carbon-balance estimations: Meta-analysis and review”, by Viglizzo et al., (2019)." Science of The Total Environment 740, no. : 140108.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2020 in Soil and Tillage Research
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Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) conducted under no-tillage have been shown to favour the accumulation of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) in soil. In that systems, however, C and N accumulation in soil might depend on pasture management and the type of crop rotation used. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of two stocking methods (continuous and rotational) and two sheep grazing intensities (moderate and low) on winter pasture and the effect of summer crop rotation (soybean and/or maize) on crop yield and C and N stocks in an Acrisol after 14-yr under experimental conditions. The evaluated ICLS was set up for grain yield in the summer crop phase and for sheep meat production in the winter pasture phase. Pasture production, soybean and corn yield were evaluated throughout the experimental period. After 14-yr, the soil was sampled at the 0–5, 5–10, 10–20 and 20−30 cm layers to evaluate the content and stock of C and N. Higher C and N contents in soil superficial layers (0–5 and 5–10 cm) were observed under low grazing intensity in winter and soybean monoculture in summer. The C and N stocks in 0−30 cm soil layer ranged between 39 and 45 Mg C ha−1 and 4 and 5 Mg N ha−1, respectively. C and N stocks in the soil were significantly related to N added through the residues of pasture and summer crop. This positive relationship is possibly explained by the higher efficiency of microbes in using crop residues enriched in N with posterior stabilization of microbial residues through organo-mineral association in the soil. The higher content and stocks of C and N associated with low intensity grazing favoured a higher maize yield (40%) compared to moderate grazing intensity in the 2015/2016 season. According to our results, the accumulation of C and N in the soil under ICLS involving low grazing intensity in the winter and soybean monoculture in the summer was related to the N added/recycled by the soybean and by the hibernal pasture.

ACS Style

Lucas Aquino Alves; Luiz Gustavo De Oliveira Denardin; Amanda Posselt Martins; Cimélio Bayer; Murilo Gomes Veloso; Carolina Bremm; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Debora Rubin Machado; Tales Tiecher. The effect of crop rotation and sheep grazing management on plant production and soil C and N stocks in a long-term integrated crop-livestock system in Southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research 2020, 203, 104678 .

AMA Style

Lucas Aquino Alves, Luiz Gustavo De Oliveira Denardin, Amanda Posselt Martins, Cimélio Bayer, Murilo Gomes Veloso, Carolina Bremm, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho, Debora Rubin Machado, Tales Tiecher. The effect of crop rotation and sheep grazing management on plant production and soil C and N stocks in a long-term integrated crop-livestock system in Southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research. 2020; 203 ():104678.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lucas Aquino Alves; Luiz Gustavo De Oliveira Denardin; Amanda Posselt Martins; Cimélio Bayer; Murilo Gomes Veloso; Carolina Bremm; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Debora Rubin Machado; Tales Tiecher. 2020. "The effect of crop rotation and sheep grazing management on plant production and soil C and N stocks in a long-term integrated crop-livestock system in Southern Brazil." Soil and Tillage Research 203, no. : 104678.

Research article
Published: 11 May 2020 in Land Degradation & Development
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Integrated crop‐livestock systems associated with crop rotation and soil conservation management cause numerous changes in nutrient fluxes and soil biochemical dynamics. In this sense, there is a gap in the impact of integrated production systems on nutrient dynamics and soil microbial activity in lowlands. In this context, this work had the objective of evaluating the nutrient availability and the activity of extracellular enzymes in a Gleyic Luvic Planosol under integrated crop‐livestock systems. The experiment has 5 paddy‐farming systems with a range of crop diversity (both in time and space) and grazing occurring mainly in the winter season. Soil solution samples were taken in cropping seasons (2014/2015, 2015/2016 and 2016/2017), from the first day after flooding (DAF) to approximately 70 DAF. The integration of rice with livestock increased urease activity (+ 84%), β‐glucosidase (+ 49%) and fluorescein diacetate (+ 105%), especially as the level of diversification and use intensification of pastures. In general, there was an increase in the availability of ammonium (+ 70%), phosphorus (+ 177%), potassium (+ 62%), and calcium (+ 20%) in the soil solution with the adoption of integrated crop‐livestock systems and soil conservation management, compared to the traditional rice system. Thus, the adoption of integrated crop‐livestock systems contributes to increase the process of biochemical functioning of the soil with consequent intensification of nutrient cycling and availability. Thus, the ICLS can sustainably increase nutrient availability in the soil and reduce the need to feed large amounts of fertilizer into irrigated rice production systems. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

ACS Style

Filipe Selau Carlos; Luiz Gustavo De Oliveira Denardin; Amanda Posselt Martins; Ibanor Anghinoni; Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho; Iuri Rossi; Marina Patel Buchain; Tiago Cereza; Felipe De Campos Carmona; Flávio Anastácio De Oliveira Camargo. Integrated crop–livestock systems in lowlands increase the availability of nutrients to irrigated rice. Land Degradation & Development 2020, 31, 2962 -2972.

AMA Style

Filipe Selau Carlos, Luiz Gustavo De Oliveira Denardin, Amanda Posselt Martins, Ibanor Anghinoni, Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho, Iuri Rossi, Marina Patel Buchain, Tiago Cereza, Felipe De Campos Carmona, Flávio Anastácio De Oliveira Camargo. Integrated crop–livestock systems in lowlands increase the availability of nutrients to irrigated rice. Land Degradation & Development. 2020; 31 (18):2962-2972.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Filipe Selau Carlos; Luiz Gustavo De Oliveira Denardin; Amanda Posselt Martins; Ibanor Anghinoni; Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho; Iuri Rossi; Marina Patel Buchain; Tiago Cereza; Felipe De Campos Carmona; Flávio Anastácio De Oliveira Camargo. 2020. "Integrated crop–livestock systems in lowlands increase the availability of nutrients to irrigated rice." Land Degradation & Development 31, no. 18: 2962-2972.

Journal article
Published: 14 March 2020 in Rangeland Ecology & Management
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Native pastures that present high botanical richness produce a variety of feed items for grazing herbivores. Diet selection takes place at the bite scale and, at a daily scale, the sum of bites composing the intake determines diet characteristics. The objective of this paper is to bring an original contribution to the understanding of diet selection in diverse foraging environments such as native Pampa grasslands. The issues are 1) to improve grazing management in Pampa ecosystems and 2) to evaluate the ability of native pastures to feed a herd in order to reduce supplementation and to improve the economic sustainability of extensive systems. We hypothesize that the information contained in the infrared spectra of plant samples corresponding to potential bites can be useful for establishing functional bite categories, which, in turn, can be used to understand and manage pastoral ecosystems. We analyzed the near-infrared spectrum (NIRS) of 1 515 bite samples gathered in 2012 using the continuous bite monitoring method applied to heifers continuously grazing on Pampa grassland at five grazing intensities (randomized block design with two replicates, applied since 1987). On the basis of the main wavelengths, a statistical classification of bite samples was produced and five classes were described: 1) small bites of wetland grasses and short grass; 2) medium bites of forbs and short grass; 3) small bites of short Poaceae and mixed species; 4) large bites on tussocks of Poaceae; and 5) extralarge bites on stiff tussock of Poaceae and Apiaceae. In order to evaluate the functional value of the classification, we tested its ability to take seasonal changes in pasture composition into account and to describe the variations in animal intake and performance in contrasted grazing conditions. We concluded that the NIRS is a good support for establishing functional classes of feed items that can be used to understand the foraging behavior and diet composition of grazing herbivores. Our approach was tested in Pampa grasslands grazed by cattle but should be applicable to a wide range of ecosystems, provided that chemical composition is more relevant for selection than feed item accessibility.

ACS Style

Júlio Cezar Rebés Azambuja Filho; Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho; Olivier Jean François Bonnet; Denis Bastianelli; Magali Jouven. Functional Classification of Feed Items in Pampa Grassland, Based on Their Near-Infrared Spectrum. Rangeland Ecology & Management 2020, 73, 358 -367.

AMA Style

Júlio Cezar Rebés Azambuja Filho, Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho, Olivier Jean François Bonnet, Denis Bastianelli, Magali Jouven. Functional Classification of Feed Items in Pampa Grassland, Based on Their Near-Infrared Spectrum. Rangeland Ecology & Management. 2020; 73 (3):358-367.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Júlio Cezar Rebés Azambuja Filho; Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho; Olivier Jean François Bonnet; Denis Bastianelli; Magali Jouven. 2020. "Functional Classification of Feed Items in Pampa Grassland, Based on Their Near-Infrared Spectrum." Rangeland Ecology & Management 73, no. 3: 358-367.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Geoderma
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Amanda Posselt Martins; Luiz Gustavo Denardin; Tales Tiecher; José Bernardo Moraes Borin; Walker Schaidhauer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Sandeep Kumar. Nine-year impact of grazing management on soil acidity and aluminum speciation and fractionation in a long-term no-till integrated crop-livestock system in the subtropics. Geoderma 2020, 359, 1 .

AMA Style

Amanda Posselt Martins, Luiz Gustavo Denardin, Tales Tiecher, José Bernardo Moraes Borin, Walker Schaidhauer, Ibanor Anghinoni, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho, Sandeep Kumar. Nine-year impact of grazing management on soil acidity and aluminum speciation and fractionation in a long-term no-till integrated crop-livestock system in the subtropics. Geoderma. 2020; 359 ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amanda Posselt Martins; Luiz Gustavo Denardin; Tales Tiecher; José Bernardo Moraes Borin; Walker Schaidhauer; Ibanor Anghinoni; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Sandeep Kumar. 2020. "Nine-year impact of grazing management on soil acidity and aluminum speciation and fractionation in a long-term no-till integrated crop-livestock system in the subtropics." Geoderma 359, no. : 1.

Article
Published: 23 January 2020 in Agronomy Journal
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Integrated crop‐livestock systems (ICLS) appear as a good alternative to increase nutrient‐use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa L.) through the improvement in nutrient cycling and soil chemical attributes in paddy fields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of an ICLS on soil chemical attributes and on the fertilization requirement of N, P, and K by flooded rice in the Brazilian subtropical region. Nutritional status, yield and nutrient‐use efficiency of flooded rice was evaluated by fertilization trials through rice response to different fertilization rates of N, P, and K. Soil chemical attributes were evaluated at the beginning of the experiment and 30 months later. Different fertilization rates were applied in two systems: Conventional system (CS), based on intensive tillage, rice monocropping and winter fallow; and ICLS, characterized by no‐tillage and winter cattle grazing in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture. Accumulation of N, P, and K in rice's shoot was greater under CS than ICLS at all fertilization levels. On the other hand, higher rice yields were observed under ICLS at almost every fertilization levels, suggesting higher nutrient‐use efficiency than CS. In addition, rice yield was increased by 40% by fertilization of P and K under CS, while no response was observed under ICLS. These benefits were possibly related to greater nutrient cycling and greater synchronism between rice's nutrient uptake and nutrient release of the soil. Our results indicated that the adoption of ICLS ensures greater nutrient‐use efficiency, becoming a system less dependent on external inputs. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Luiz Gustavo De O. Denardin; Amanda P. Martins; Felipe De C. Carmona; Murilo G. Veloso; Gabriela I. Carmona; Paulo César De F. Carvalho; Ibanor Anghinoni. Integrated crop–livestock systems in paddy fields: New strategies for flooded rice nutrition. Agronomy Journal 2020, 112, 2219 -2229.

AMA Style

Luiz Gustavo De O. Denardin, Amanda P. Martins, Felipe De C. Carmona, Murilo G. Veloso, Gabriela I. Carmona, Paulo César De F. Carvalho, Ibanor Anghinoni. Integrated crop–livestock systems in paddy fields: New strategies for flooded rice nutrition. Agronomy Journal. 2020; 112 (3):2219-2229.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luiz Gustavo De O. Denardin; Amanda P. Martins; Felipe De C. Carmona; Murilo G. Veloso; Gabriela I. Carmona; Paulo César De F. Carvalho; Ibanor Anghinoni. 2020. "Integrated crop–livestock systems in paddy fields: New strategies for flooded rice nutrition." Agronomy Journal 112, no. 3: 2219-2229.

Research article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Soil Research
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Native grassland supports extensive livestock production in the Pampas of South America, but the impact of cattle excreta on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions remains unknown in this biome. The objective of this study was to determine the N2O emission factor (EF-N2O, % of N applied that is emitted as N2O) for urine and dung from beef cattle grazing on native grasslands. A field trial was conducted under low and moderate forage allowances (FA4 and FA12; i.e. 4 and 12 kg dry matter/100 kg live weight respectively) during the 30th year of a long-term grassland experiment on a Typic Paleudult in South Brazil. Urine and dung were applied onto separate patches, at rates equivalent to one average urination or defecation; and N2O fluxes were monitored with closed static chambers over 338 days. In adjacent microplots receiving the same excreta treatment, water-filled pore space, nitrate, ammonium and extractable dissolved organic carbon were monitored in the top 0.1 m of soil. Averaged across the forage allowances, daily soil N2O fluxes were low in the control without excreta (1.3 g N ha–1), but increased upon application of dung (3.8 g N ha–1) and urine (66 g N ha–1). The annual N2O emission and the EF-N2O for urine were greater under FA12 than FA4, but no difference was observed for dung. The positive relationships between N2O-N emissions and ammonium intensity and nitrate intensity suggest that N2O may have been produced concurrently by nitrification, nitrifier/denitrification and denitrification. On average, the EF-N2O was almost 10 times higher for urine than for dung (0.74% vs 0.08%), both much lower than the IPCC’s Tier 1 default value of 2%. Our findings reinforce the need for disaggregating the EF-N2O for urine and dung and of revising the IPCC’s Tier 1 EF-N2O.

ACS Style

Janquieli Schirmann; Diego Bastos; Douglas Adams Weiler; Murilo G. Veloso; Jeferson Dieckow; Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho; Cimélio Bayer. Nitrous oxide emission factor from cattle urine and dung in native grassland of the Pampa biome, South Brazil. Soil Research 2020, 58, 198 .

AMA Style

Janquieli Schirmann, Diego Bastos, Douglas Adams Weiler, Murilo G. Veloso, Jeferson Dieckow, Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho, Cimélio Bayer. Nitrous oxide emission factor from cattle urine and dung in native grassland of the Pampa biome, South Brazil. Soil Research. 2020; 58 (2):198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Janquieli Schirmann; Diego Bastos; Douglas Adams Weiler; Murilo G. Veloso; Jeferson Dieckow; Paulo Cesar De Faccio Carvalho; Cimélio Bayer. 2020. "Nitrous oxide emission factor from cattle urine and dung in native grassland of the Pampa biome, South Brazil." Soil Research 58, no. 2: 198.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2020 in Animal
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An understanding of the processes involved in grazing behaviour is a prerequisite for the design of efficient grassland management systems. The purpose of managing the grazing process is to identify sward structures that can maximize animal forage daily intake and optimize grazing time. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of different grazing management strategies on foraging behaviour and herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass under rotational stocking. The experiment was carried out in 2015 in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two grazing management strategies and four replicates. The grazing management treatments were a traditional rotational stocking (RT), with pre- and post-grazing sward heights of 25 and 5 cm, respectively, and a ‘Rotatinuous’ stocking (RN) with pre- and post-grazing sward heights of 18 and 11 cm, respectively. Male sheep with an average live weight of 32 ± 2.3 kg were used. As intended, the pre- and post-grazing sward heights were according to the treatments. The pre-grazing leaf/stem ratio of the Italian ryegrass pasture did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05) (~2.87), but the post-grazing leaf/stem ratio was greater (P < 0.001) in the RN than in the RT treatment (1.59 and 0.76, respectively). The percentage of the non-grazed area was greater (P < 0.01) in post-grazing for RN compared with RT treatment, with an average of 29.7% and 3.49%, respectively. Herbage nutritive value was greater for the RN than for the RT treatment, with greater CP and lower ADF and NDF contents. The total time spent grazing, ruminating and resting did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05), with averages of 439, 167 and 85 min, respectively. The bite rate, feeding stations per min and steps per min by sheep were greater (P < 0.05) in the RN than in the RT treatment. The grazing time per hour and the bite rate were greater (P < 0.05) in the afternoon than in the morning in both treatments. The daily herbage intake by sheep grazing Italian ryegrass was greater (P < 0.05) in the RN than in the RT treatment (843.7 and 707.8 g organic matter/sheep, respectively). Our study supports the idea that even though the grazing time was not affected by the grazing management strategies when the animal behaviour responses drive management targets, such as in ‘Rotatinuous’ stocking, the sheep herbage intake is maximized, and the grazing time is optimized.

ACS Style

J. V. Savian; R. M. T. Schons; J. C. Mezzalira; A. Barth Neto; G. F. Da Silva Neto; M. A. Benvenutti; P. C. De F. Carvalho. A comparison of two rotational stocking strategies on the foraging behaviour and herbage intake by grazing sheep. Animal 2020, 14, 2503 -2510.

AMA Style

J. V. Savian, R. M. T. Schons, J. C. Mezzalira, A. Barth Neto, G. F. Da Silva Neto, M. A. Benvenutti, P. C. De F. Carvalho. A comparison of two rotational stocking strategies on the foraging behaviour and herbage intake by grazing sheep. Animal. 2020; 14 (12):2503-2510.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. V. Savian; R. M. T. Schons; J. C. Mezzalira; A. Barth Neto; G. F. Da Silva Neto; M. A. Benvenutti; P. C. De F. Carvalho. 2020. "A comparison of two rotational stocking strategies on the foraging behaviour and herbage intake by grazing sheep." Animal 14, no. 12: 2503-2510.

Research article
Published: 17 December 2019 in Agronomy for Sustainable Development
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Ground spiders can reflect the impacts of land-use intensification. In an integrated annual crop-livestock system, the grazing intensification can negatively influence the abundance and richness of ground spiders. We evaluated the difference in abundance, family and species richness, and species composition of ground spiders in the soybean and pasture environments, and the effect of grazing intensity on the spider community under a soybean-pasture rotation. We hypothesized that pastures would have higher spider species richness and a distinct species composition and that the increase in grazing intensity would reduce spider abundance and species richness. We conducted an experiment in an integrated annual crop-livestock system under a soybean-pasture rotation in southern Brazil that was managed for 14 years by alternating Glycine max for summer grain production and Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum for beef cattle grazing during the winter. We sampled four times over 2 years: twice after the grazing cycles and twice after the soybean harvests. Grazing intensification was measured as grazing heights of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cm. Pitfall traps were installed to capture ground spiders. A total of 2589 spiders were collected and classified into 23 families and 43 species. The abundance of spiders was seven times higher, and species richness was 35% higher in the postgrazing compared with the postsoybean environment. Linear mixed effects models showed that spider abundance and richness were strongly influenced by grazing height, particularly postgrazing, but the influence of grazing height on male spider abundance could still be detected in the postsoybean environment. We have shown for the first time that the management of grazing height affects the abundance and richness of spiders in an integrated annual crop-livestock system. To introduce a grazing cycle to a completely crop-centric production system and regulating grazing intensity can help maintain a more diverse spider community.

ACS Style

Joice Aline Freiberg; Cristian De Sales Dambros; Everton Nei Lopes Rodrigues; Renato Augusto Teixeira; Ângela Denise Hubert Neufeld Vieira; Hazael Soranzo De Almeida; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti Jacques. Increased grazing intensity in pastures reduces the abundance and richness of ground spiders in an integrated crop-livestock system. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 2019, 40, 1 .

AMA Style

Joice Aline Freiberg, Cristian De Sales Dambros, Everton Nei Lopes Rodrigues, Renato Augusto Teixeira, Ângela Denise Hubert Neufeld Vieira, Hazael Soranzo De Almeida, Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho, Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti Jacques. Increased grazing intensity in pastures reduces the abundance and richness of ground spiders in an integrated crop-livestock system. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2019; 40 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joice Aline Freiberg; Cristian De Sales Dambros; Everton Nei Lopes Rodrigues; Renato Augusto Teixeira; Ângela Denise Hubert Neufeld Vieira; Hazael Soranzo De Almeida; Paulo César De Faccio Carvalho; Rodrigo Josemar Seminoti Jacques. 2019. "Increased grazing intensity in pastures reduces the abundance and richness of ground spiders in an integrated crop-livestock system." Agronomy for Sustainable Development 40, no. 1: 1.