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Ambient particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) and total suspended particles (TSPs) are common airborne pollutants that cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. We investigated the differences of cytotoxicity and mechanism between PM2.5 and TSP activity in human alveolar epithelial A549 cells. Atmospheric samples from the central district of Seoul were collected and their chemical compositions were analyzed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. PM2.5 and TSP contained high concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn, and Pb). The most abundant ions in PM2.5 were SO42−, NH4+, and NO3−. A549 cells were exposed to PM2.5 and TSP (25–200 µg/mL) for 24 h. TSP was more cytotoxic than PM2.5 per unit mass. PM2.5 induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by increased levels of a glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier, whereas low-concentration TSP increased hemeoxygenase-1 levels. PM2.5 and TSP did not affect c-Jun N-terminal kinase expression. The levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in PM2.5- and TSP-treated cells decreased significantly in the cytosol and increased in the nucleus. Thus, Nrf2 may be a key transcription factor for detoxifying environmental airborne particles in A549 cells. TSP and PM2.5 could activate the protective Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/Nrf2 pathway in A549 cells.
Ilseob Shim; Woong Kim; Haewon Kim; Yeon-Mi Lim; Hyejung Shin; Kwang Park; Seok Yu; Young Kim; Hwa Sung; Ig-Chun Eom; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu. Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas. Toxics 2021, 9, 167 .
AMA StyleIlseob Shim, Woong Kim, Haewon Kim, Yeon-Mi Lim, Hyejung Shin, Kwang Park, Seok Yu, Young Kim, Hwa Sung, Ig-Chun Eom, Pilje Kim, Seung-Do Yu. Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas. Toxics. 2021; 9 (7):167.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIlseob Shim; Woong Kim; Haewon Kim; Yeon-Mi Lim; Hyejung Shin; Kwang Park; Seok Yu; Young Kim; Hwa Sung; Ig-Chun Eom; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu. 2021. "Comparative Cytotoxicity Study of PM2.5 and TSP Collected from Urban Areas." Toxics 9, no. 7: 167.
The toxicity profiles of the widely used guanidine-based chemicals have not been fully elucidated. Herein, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo toxicity of eight guanidine-based chemicals, focusing on inhalation toxicity. Among the eight chemicals, dodecylguanidine hydrochloride (DGH) was found to be the most cytotoxic (IC50: 0.39 μg/mL), as determined by the water soluble tetrazolium salts (WST) assay. An acute inhalation study for DGH was conducted using Sprague-Dawley rats at 8.6 ± 0.41, 21.3 ± 0.83, 68.0 ± 3.46 mg/m3 for low, middle, and high exposure groups, respectively. The levels of lactate dehydrogenase, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and cytokines (MIP-2, TGF-β1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Histopathological examination revealed acute inflammation with necrosis in the nasal cavity and inflammation around terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts in the lungs after DGH inhalation. The LC50 of DGH in rats after exposure for 4 h was estimated to be >68 mg/m3. Results from the inhalation studies showed that DGH was more toxic in male rats than in female rats. Overall, DGH was found to be the most cytotoxic chemical among guanidine-based chemicals. Exposure to aerosols of DGH could induce harmful pulmonary effects on human health.
Yeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Seong Kwang Lim; Jean Yoo; Ji-Young Lee; Ig-Chun Eom; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu; Ilseob Shim. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride. Toxics 2020, 8, 76 .
AMA StyleYeon-Mi Lim, Haewon Kim, Seong Kwang Lim, Jean Yoo, Ji-Young Lee, Ig-Chun Eom, Byung-Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Seung-Do Yu, Ilseob Shim. In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride. Toxics. 2020; 8 (3):76.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Seong Kwang Lim; Jean Yoo; Ji-Young Lee; Ig-Chun Eom; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Seung-Do Yu; Ilseob Shim. 2020. "In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of the Toxic Effects of Dodecylguanidine Hydrochloride." Toxics 8, no. 3: 76.
The guanidine family of antimicrobial agents, which includes polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PHMG) and oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride (PGH), and chlorophenol biocidal chemicals such as 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether (triclosan) are used in various occupational and environmental biocidal applications. The excipient propylene glycol (PG) is used to dissolve the active ingredients. The skin sensitization (SS) potential of these substances has not been systemically investigated and is still debated. Moreover, mixtures of PHMG, PGH, or triclosan with PG have not been evaluated for SS potency. An in vivo assay known as the local lymph node assay: 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine-flow cytometry method (LLNA: BrdU-FCM) was recently adopted as an alternative testing method and was used to address these issues. Via the LLNA: BrdU-FCM, PHMG, PGH, and triclosan were predicted to be sensitizers, while PG was predicted to be a nonsensitizer. In addition, d-limonene, which is used as a flavoring in various consumer products, was also predicted to be a sensitizer, although no unanimous conclusion has been reached regarding its SS potential. Mixtures of PHMG, PGH, triclosan, or d-limonene with PG at ratios of 9:1, 4:1, and 1:4 (w/w) were all positive in terms of SS potential, indicating that the PG excipient does not influence the SS predictions of these chemicals. Since humans can be occupationally and environmentally exposed to mixtures of excipients with active ingredients, the present study may give insight into further investigations of the SS potentials of various chemical mixtures.
Su-Jeong Joo; Ravi Gautam; Jaehee Lee; Hyeonji Kim; Sujeong Yang; Jihun Jo; Manju Acharya; Anju Maharjan; Yeongyeong Kim; Yeon-Mi Lim; Changyul Kim; HyoungAh Kim; Yong Heo. Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride, triclosan, and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the local lymph node assay: BrdU-FCM. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2019, 35, 638 -646.
AMA StyleSu-Jeong Joo, Ravi Gautam, Jaehee Lee, Hyeonji Kim, Sujeong Yang, Jihun Jo, Manju Acharya, Anju Maharjan, Yeongyeong Kim, Yeon-Mi Lim, Changyul Kim, HyoungAh Kim, Yong Heo. Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride, triclosan, and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the local lymph node assay: BrdU-FCM. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 2019; 35 (10):638-646.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu-Jeong Joo; Ravi Gautam; Jaehee Lee; Hyeonji Kim; Sujeong Yang; Jihun Jo; Manju Acharya; Anju Maharjan; Yeongyeong Kim; Yeon-Mi Lim; Changyul Kim; HyoungAh Kim; Yong Heo. 2019. "Prediction of the skin sensitization potential of polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl) guanidinium chloride, triclosan, and mixtures of these compounds with the excipient propylene glycol through the local lymph node assay: BrdU-FCM." Toxicology and Industrial Health 35, no. 10: 638-646.
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a disinfectant, and triethylene glycol (TEG), an organic solvent/sanitizer, are frequently combined in commercially available household sprays. To assess the respiratory effect of this combination, Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to an aerosol containing BAC (0.5%, w/v) and TEG (10%, w/v) for up to 2 weeks in a whole-body inhalation chamber. BAC (4.1–4.5 mg/m3, sprayed from 0.5% solution) promoted pulmonary cell damage and inflammation as depicted by the increase in total protein, lactate dehydrogenase, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, whereas TEG (85.3–94.5 mg/m3, sprayed from 10% solution) did not affect the lung. Rats exposed to the BAC/TEG mixture for 2 weeks showed severe respiratory symptoms (sneezing, wheezing, breath shortness, and chest tightness), but no lung damage or inflammation was observed. However, significant ulceration and degenerative necrosis were observed in the nasal cavities of rats repeatedly exposed to the BAC/TEG mixture. The mass median aerodynamic diameters of the aqueous, BAC, TEG and BAC/TEG aerosols were 1.24, 1.27, 3.11 and 3.24 μm, respectively, indicating that TEG-containing aerosols have larger particles than those of the aqueous and BAC alone aerosols. These results suggest that the toxic effects of BAC and BAC/TEG aerosols on the different respiratory organs may be associated with the difference in particle diameter, since particle size is important in determining the deposition site of inhaled materials.
Doyoung Kwon; Jung-Taek Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Ilseob Shim; Eunji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Hyun-Mi Kim. Inhalation toxicity of benzalkonium chloride and triethylene glycol mixture in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2019, 378, 114609 .
AMA StyleDoyoung Kwon, Jung-Taek Kwon, Yeon-Mi Lim, Ilseob Shim, Eunji Kim, Doo-Hee Lee, Byung-Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Hyun-Mi Kim. Inhalation toxicity of benzalkonium chloride and triethylene glycol mixture in rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2019; 378 ():114609.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoyoung Kwon; Jung-Taek Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Ilseob Shim; Eunji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Hyun-Mi Kim. 2019. "Inhalation toxicity of benzalkonium chloride and triethylene glycol mixture in rats." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 378, no. : 114609.
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a widely used disinfectant/preservative, and respiratory exposure to this compound has been reported to be highly toxic. Spray‐form household products have been known to contain BAC together with triethylene glycol (TEG) in their solutions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the toxicity of BAC and TEG mixtures to pulmonary organs using in vitro and in vivo experiments. Human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells incubated with BAC (1‐10 μg/mL) for 24 hours showed significant cytotoxicity, while TEG (up to 1000 μg/mL) did not affect cell viability. However, TEG in combination with BAC aggravated cell damage and inhibited colony formation as compared to BAC alone. TEG also exacerbated BAC‐promoted production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduction of glutathione (GSH) level in A549 cells. However, pretreatment of the cells with N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) alleviated the cytotoxicity, indicating oxidative stress could be a mechanism of the toxicity. Quantification of intracellular BAC by LC/MS/MS showed that cellular distribution/absorption of BAC was enhanced in A549 cells when it was exposed together with TEG. Intratracheal instillation of BAC (400 μg/kg) in rats was toxic to the pulmonary tissues while that of TEG (up to 1000 μg/kg) did not show any harmful effect. A combination of nontoxic doses of BAC (200 μg/kg) and TEG (1000 μg/kg) promoted significant lung injury in rats, as shown by increased protein content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF). Moreover, BAC/TEG mixture recruited inflammatory cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), in terminal bronchioles and elevated cytokine levels, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) in BALF. These results suggest that TEG can potentiate BAC‐induced pulmonary toxicity and inflammation, and thus respiratory exposure to the air mist from spray‐form products containing this chemical combination is potentially harmful to humans.
Doyoung Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Jung-Taek Kwon; Ilseob Shim; Eunji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Hyun-Mi Kim. Evaluation of pulmonary toxicity of benzalkonium chloride and triethylene glycol mixtures using in vitro and in vivo systems. Environmental Toxicology 2019, 34, 561 -572.
AMA StyleDoyoung Kwon, Yeon-Mi Lim, Jung-Taek Kwon, Ilseob Shim, Eunji Kim, Doo-Hee Lee, Byung-Il Yoon, Pilje Kim, Hyun-Mi Kim. Evaluation of pulmonary toxicity of benzalkonium chloride and triethylene glycol mixtures using in vitro and in vivo systems. Environmental Toxicology. 2019; 34 (5):561-572.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoyoung Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Jung-Taek Kwon; Ilseob Shim; Eunji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byung-Il Yoon; Pilje Kim; Hyun-Mi Kim. 2019. "Evaluation of pulmonary toxicity of benzalkonium chloride and triethylene glycol mixtures using in vitro and in vivo systems." Environmental Toxicology 34, no. 5: 561-572.
Many consumer products used in our daily lives result in inhalation exposure to a variety of chemicals, although the toxicities of the active ingredients are not well known; furthermore, simultaneous exposure to chemical mixtures occurs. Sodium metabisulfite (SM) and propylene glycol (PG) are used in a variety of products. Both the cytotoxicity and the sub-acute inhalation toxicity of each chemical and their mixtures were evaluated. Assays for cell viability, membrane damage, and lysosome damage demonstrated that SM over 100 μg/ml induced significant cytotoxicity; moreover, when PG, which was not cytotoxic, was mixed with SM, the cytotoxicity of the mixture was enhanced. Solutions of 1, 5, and 20% SM, each with 1% PG solution, were prepared, and the whole body of rats was exposed to aerosols of the mixture for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks. The rats were sacrificed 1 (exposure group) or 7 days (recovery group) after termination of the exposure. The actual concentration of SM in the low-, medium-, and high-exposure groups was 3.91 ± 1.26, 35.73 ± 6.01, and 80.98 ± 5.47 mg/m3, respectively, and the actual concentration of PG in each group was 6.47 ± 1.25, 8.68 ± 0.6, and 8.84 ± 1.77 mg/m3. The repeated exposure to SM and PG caused specific clinical signs including nasal sound, sneeze, and eye irritation which were not found in SM single exposure. In addition, the body weight of treatment group rats decreased compared to that of the control group rats in a time-dependent manner. The total protein concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) increased. Histopathological analysis of the lungs, liver, and nasal cavity was performed. Adverse effects were observed in the nasal cavity, with squamous cell metaplasia identified in the front of the nasal cavity in all high-exposure groups, which completely recovered 7 days after exposure was terminated. Whereas inhalation of SM for 2 weeks only reduced body weight in the high-dose group, inhalation of SM and PG mixtures for 2 weeks significantly decreased body weight and induced metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium into squamous cells in the medium- and high-dose groups. In conclusion, PG potentiated the toxicity of SM in human lung epithelial cells and the inhalation toxicity in rats.
Jean Yoo; Yeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Eun-Ji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byeongwoo Lee; Pilje Kim; Seung Do Yu; Hyun-Mi Kim; Byung-Il Yoon; Ilseob Shim. Potentiation of Sodium Metabisulfite Toxicity by Propylene Glycol in Both in Vitro and in Vivo Systems. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2018, 9, 161 .
AMA StyleJean Yoo, Yeon-Mi Lim, Haewon Kim, Eun-Ji Kim, Doo-Hee Lee, Byeongwoo Lee, Pilje Kim, Seung Do Yu, Hyun-Mi Kim, Byung-Il Yoon, Ilseob Shim. Potentiation of Sodium Metabisulfite Toxicity by Propylene Glycol in Both in Vitro and in Vivo Systems. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018; 9 ():161.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJean Yoo; Yeon-Mi Lim; Haewon Kim; Eun-Ji Kim; Doo-Hee Lee; Byeongwoo Lee; Pilje Kim; Seung Do Yu; Hyun-Mi Kim; Byung-Il Yoon; Ilseob Shim. 2018. "Potentiation of Sodium Metabisulfite Toxicity by Propylene Glycol in Both in Vitro and in Vivo Systems." Frontiers in Pharmacology 9, no. : 161.
J Yoo; Yeon-Mi Lim. EVALUATION OF RECOVERY FROM ACUTE LUNG INJURY INDUCED BY INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 2018, 16, 3145 -3157.
AMA StyleJ Yoo, Yeon-Mi Lim. EVALUATION OF RECOVERY FROM ACUTE LUNG INJURY INDUCED BY INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research. 2018; 16 (3):3145-3157.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ Yoo; Yeon-Mi Lim. 2018. "EVALUATION OF RECOVERY FROM ACUTE LUNG INJURY INDUCED BY INTRATRACHEAL INSTILLATION OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16, no. 3: 3145-3157.
The prevalence of allergic diseases is known to be associated with both demographic and environmental factors. Herein, we aimed to determine significant factors associated with the prevalence of allergic diseases and with total immunoglobulin E (tIgE) and specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels in Korea. We analyzed unweighted data collected by the 2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 2,342 subjects who underwent serum tests for tIgE and sIgE to Dermatophagoides farinae, dog, and Blattella germanica, representing a sample of 16,003,645 citizens, by considering the sample weight and stratification. The overall prevalence of self-reported allergic diseases was 37.6%. The prevalence rates of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis decreased with age, whereas the asthma prevalence was not affected by the age of the subjects. When analyzed according to the type of allergic diseases, the prevalence of self-reported allergic disease was significantly associated with various factors (e.g. age, occupation, living in urban areas, and depression). The tIgE level decreased with age, but later increased. Elevation of tIgE was significantly associated with male sex, type of occupation, obesity, and smoking status. However, the risk factors for the increased sIgE levels to each allergen were quite different. Sensitization to D. farinae was more likely in young subjects, whereas the prevalence of sensitization to B. germanica was significantly higher in subjects with male sex, residing in a house (houses), and with glucose intolerance. Finally, young age and the smoking status were significantly associated with sensitization to dog. Various demographic and environmental factors were significantly associated with the prevalence of self-reported allergic diseases and the levels of tIgE and sIgE to D. farinae, B. germanica, and dog in Korea.
Hye Jung Park; Eun-Jin Kim; Dankyu Yoon; Jeom Kyu Lee; Woo-Sung Chang; Yoen-Mi Lim; Jung-Won Park; Joo-Shil Lee. Prevalence of Self-reported Allergic Diseases and IgE Levels: A 2010 KNHANES Analysis. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 2017, 9, 329 -339.
AMA StyleHye Jung Park, Eun-Jin Kim, Dankyu Yoon, Jeom Kyu Lee, Woo-Sung Chang, Yoen-Mi Lim, Jung-Won Park, Joo-Shil Lee. Prevalence of Self-reported Allergic Diseases and IgE Levels: A 2010 KNHANES Analysis. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2017; 9 (4):329-339.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHye Jung Park; Eun-Jin Kim; Dankyu Yoon; Jeom Kyu Lee; Woo-Sung Chang; Yoen-Mi Lim; Jung-Won Park; Joo-Shil Lee. 2017. "Prevalence of Self-reported Allergic Diseases and IgE Levels: A 2010 KNHANES Analysis." Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 9, no. 4: 329-339.
Several air fresheners and deodorants that contain ethylene glycol were found (1-2% (w/v)) in commercially available products. Ethylene glycol is a liquid used as a surfactant or an emulsifier in household products. The aim of this study is to determine the inhalation toxicity of ethylene glycol. The effect of whole-body inhalation to EG was performed for an inhalation study of rat. Specific pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks old) were exposed to ethylene glycol in a stainless steel whole body inhalation chamber with a capacity of 1 m3 (Sibata Model VT3-X15 Japan). For acute and sub-acute rat inhalation toxicities, the differences of body weights were not statistically significant comparing with those of control rats. In sub-acute rat inhalation toxicity, the relative kidney weights were significantly higher in high-exposure group (500 mg/m3) than those of the other groups. In blood biochemistry the values of TG (triglyceride) and BUN (urea nitrogen) were significantly decreased. Other hematological changes with toxicological relevance were not observed in exposed male rats when compared with the control animals. The histopathological findings were not observed in the lung and kidney tissues exposed to chemicals comparing with those of control tissues. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of EG in 28 day’s inhalation test was evaluated to be over 100 mg/m3.
Hyun Mi Kim; Jung-Taek Kwon; Il-Seob Shim; Do-Young Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Eun-Ji Kim; Pil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi. Inhalation Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol in Rat. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 2015, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleHyun Mi Kim, Jung-Taek Kwon, Il-Seob Shim, Do-Young Kwon, Yeon-Mi Lim, Eun-Ji Kim, Pil-Je Kim, Kyunghee Choi. Inhalation Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol in Rat. Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology. 2015; 7 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyun Mi Kim; Jung-Taek Kwon; Il-Seob Shim; Do-Young Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Eun-Ji Kim; Pil-Je Kim; Kyunghee Choi. 2015. "Inhalation Toxicity of Ethylene Glycol in Rat." Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology 7, no. 1: 1.
Childhood allergies are a serious problem, as they may lead to lifetime chronic disease. Determination of total and specific IgE levels is known to be a diagnostic tool for allergic sensitization; however, IgE levels are affected by various factors, such as age, sex, ethnicity, and geographic area. Thus, we evaluated the distribution of total and specific serum IgE levels against seven inhalant allergens in preschool children and examined their association with allergic diseases in Seoul, Korea. Total/specific serum IgE determination and skin prick tests for seven common allergens were performed on 509 children aged 3 to 6 years from 16 child care centers in Seoul, Korea. Demographic characteristics were surveyed from parents using a modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire. A diagnosis of atopic dermatitis was made by physicians. The geometric mean of total IgE was 80.48±3.80 kU/L in preschool children. IgE levels were higher in boys (boys, 102.34±3.52 kU/L; girls, 62.37±3.93 kU/L; P<0.001) and atopic subjects (atopic, 158.00±3.35 kU/L; non-atopic, 52.75±3.44 kU/L; P<0.001). An increased prevalence of atopy was associated with a high monthly household income (P=0.004) and higher maternal education level (above university-level education; P=0.009), as well as increased total IgE levels (P=0.036). Physician-diagnosed atopic dermatitis was associated with sensitization to inhalant allergens. Total IgE levels were very high as compared with those in previous reports from other countries. The most common sensitized allergen was Dermatophagoides farinae, and the positive response rate peaked at age 3 years and was maintained thereafter, particularly in boys. Specific IgE levels for seven inhalant allergens varied with age in preschool children. Although further investigations are needed with a broad range of ages and various allergens, the distribution of the total and specific serum IgE levels in preschool children might help to serve as a reference value to diagnose atopy.
Eun-Jin Kim; Ji-Won Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Dankyu Yoon; Joo-Hee Seo; Woo-Sung Chang; Hyung-Young Kim; Jung-Won Park; Sang-Heon Cho; Soo-Jong Hong; Joo-Shil Lee. Assessment of Total/Specific IgE Levels Against 7 Inhalant Allergens in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years in Seoul, Korea. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 2013, 5, 162 -9.
AMA StyleEun-Jin Kim, Ji-Won Kwon, Yeon-Mi Lim, Dankyu Yoon, Joo-Hee Seo, Woo-Sung Chang, Hyung-Young Kim, Jung-Won Park, Sang-Heon Cho, Soo-Jong Hong, Joo-Shil Lee. Assessment of Total/Specific IgE Levels Against 7 Inhalant Allergens in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years in Seoul, Korea. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 2013; 5 (3):162-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEun-Jin Kim; Ji-Won Kwon; Yeon-Mi Lim; Dankyu Yoon; Joo-Hee Seo; Woo-Sung Chang; Hyung-Young Kim; Jung-Won Park; Sang-Heon Cho; Soo-Jong Hong; Joo-Shil Lee. 2013. "Assessment of Total/Specific IgE Levels Against 7 Inhalant Allergens in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years in Seoul, Korea." Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research 5, no. 3: 162-9.
The Bhas 42 cell transformation assay is a short-term system using a clone of the BALB/c 3T3 cells transfected with an oncogenic murine ras gene (v-Ha-ras). The assay has previously been reported to be capable of detecting the tumor-initiating and tumor-promoting activities of chemical carcinogens according to the different protocols, an initiation assay and a promotion assay, respectively. We applied this short-term assay to 98 chemicals to characterize the assay and evaluate its performance for the detection of chemical carcinogenicity. When the assay results were compared with the existing genotoxicity data, the Bhas 42 cell transformation assay could detect a considerable number of Ames-negative and Ames-discordant carcinogens: and the promotion assay detected most of those Ames-negative and -discordant carcinogens. This fact suggested that the Bhas 42 cells behaved as initiated cells in the transformation assay. The performance indices were calculated from the assay results of 52 carcinogens and 37 non-carcinogens. The concordance was 78%, sensitivity 73%, specificity 84%, positive predictivity 86%, negative predictivity 69%, false negative 27% and false positive 16%. Of these values, the concordance, specificity, negative predictivity and false positive were superior and the other performance indices were equivalent to those of conventional genotoxicity tests. From overall results, we concluded that the accuracy of prediction of chemical carcinogenicity would be improved by introducing the Bhas 42 cell transformation assay into the battery of in vitro assays.
Ayako Sakai; Kiyoshi Sasaki; Dai Muramatsu; Shoko Arai; Nobuko Endou; Sachiko Kuroda; Kumiko Hayashi; Yeon-Mi Lim; Shojiro Yamazaki; Makoto Umeda; Noriho Tanaka. A Bhas 42 cell transformation assay on 98 chemicals: The characteristics and performance for the prediction of chemical carcinogenicity. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2010, 702, 100 -122.
AMA StyleAyako Sakai, Kiyoshi Sasaki, Dai Muramatsu, Shoko Arai, Nobuko Endou, Sachiko Kuroda, Kumiko Hayashi, Yeon-Mi Lim, Shojiro Yamazaki, Makoto Umeda, Noriho Tanaka. A Bhas 42 cell transformation assay on 98 chemicals: The characteristics and performance for the prediction of chemical carcinogenicity. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis. 2010; 702 (1):100-122.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyako Sakai; Kiyoshi Sasaki; Dai Muramatsu; Shoko Arai; Nobuko Endou; Sachiko Kuroda; Kumiko Hayashi; Yeon-Mi Lim; Shojiro Yamazaki; Makoto Umeda; Noriho Tanaka. 2010. "A Bhas 42 cell transformation assay on 98 chemicals: The characteristics and performance for the prediction of chemical carcinogenicity." Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 702, no. 1: 100-122.
Worldwide restrictions in animal use for research have driven efforts to develop alternative methods. The study aimed to test the efficacy of the macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta) assay for testing chemicals' skin-sensitizing capacity. The assay was performed using 9 chemicals judged to be sensitizing and 7 non-sensitizing by the standard in vivo assays. THP-1 cells were cultured in the presence or absence of 4 doses, 0.01x, 0.1x, 0.5x, or 1x IC(50) (50% inhibitory concentration for THP-1 cell proliferation) of these chemicals for 24 hr, and the MIP-1beta level in the supernatants was determined. Skin sensitization by the test chemicals was determined by MIP-1beta production rates. The MIP-1beta production rate was expressed as the relative increase in MIP-1beta production in response to chemical treatment compared with vehicle treatment. When the threshold MIP-1beta production rate used was 100% or 105% of dimethyl sulfoxide, all the sensitizing chemicals tested (dinitrochlorobenzene, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, eugenol, hydroquinone, dinitrofluorobenzene, benzocaine, nickel, chromium, and 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) were positive, and all the non-sensitizing chemicals (methyl salicylate, benzalkonium chloride, lactic acid, isopropanol, and salicylic acid), with the exception of sodium lauryl sulfate, were negative for MIP-1beta production. These results indicate that MIP-1beta could be a biomarker for classification of chemicals as sensitizers or non-sensitizers.
Yeon-Mi Lim; Seong-Joon Moon; Su-Sun An; Soo-Jin Lee; Seo-Young Kim; Ih-Seop Chang; Kui-Lea Park; Hyoung-Ah Kim; Yong Heo. Suitability of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β production by THP-1 cells in differentiating skin sensitizers from irritant chemicals. Contact Dermatitis 2008, 58, 193 -198.
AMA StyleYeon-Mi Lim, Seong-Joon Moon, Su-Sun An, Soo-Jin Lee, Seo-Young Kim, Ih-Seop Chang, Kui-Lea Park, Hyoung-Ah Kim, Yong Heo. Suitability of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β production by THP-1 cells in differentiating skin sensitizers from irritant chemicals. Contact Dermatitis. 2008; 58 (4):193-198.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeon-Mi Lim; Seong-Joon Moon; Su-Sun An; Soo-Jin Lee; Seo-Young Kim; Ih-Seop Chang; Kui-Lea Park; Hyoung-Ah Kim; Yong Heo. 2008. "Suitability of macrophage inflammatory protein-1β production by THP-1 cells in differentiating skin sensitizers from irritant chemicals." Contact Dermatitis 58, no. 4: 193-198.