Mangosteen, or Garcinia mangostana L., has merged as an emerging fruit to be investigated due to its active compounds, especially xanthone derivatives such as α -mangostin (AM), γ-mangostin (GM), and gartanin (GT). These compounds had been reported to exert some pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, therefore, the development of an analytical method capable of quantifying these compounds should be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between FTIR spectra and HPLC chromatogram, combined with chemometrics for quantitative analysis of ethanolic extract of mangosteen. The ethanolic extract of mangosteen pericarp was prepared using the maceration technique, and the obtained extract was subjected to measurement using instruments of FTIR spectrophotometer at wavenumbers of 4000–650 cm⁻¹ and HPLC, using a PDA detector at 281 nm. The data acquired were subjected to chemometrics analysis of partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR). The result showed that the wavenumber regions of 3700–2700 cm⁻¹ offered a reliable method for quantitative analysis of GM with coefficient of determination (R²) 0.9573 in calibration and 0.8134 in validation models, along with RMSEC value of 0.0487% and RMSEP value 0.120%. FTIR spectra using the second derivatives at wavenumber 3700–663 cm⁻¹ with coefficient of determination (R²) >0.99 in calibration and validation models, along with the lowest RMSEC value and RMSEP value, were used for quantitative analysis of GT and AM, respectively. It can be concluded that FTIR spectra combined with multivariate are accurate and precise for the analysis of xanthones.

This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Piper betle L. (PBL) and Piper nigrum L. (PNL) extracts against MRSA. Plant parts including stem, leaf, and fruit were extracted using aquadest, methanol, and hexane, resulting in 18 distinct extracts. FT-IR combined with cluster analysis (CA) categorized the extracts, and anti-MRSA activity was assessed through the paper disk diffusion method. The most potent extracts were further analyzed using GC-MS to identify bioactive compounds. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted for MRSA protein targets (4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN). The hexane extract of PNL and the aqueous extract of PBL fruit showed the strongest inhibitory effects. GC-MS identified piperine (14.22%) and diisooctyl phthalate (14.67%) as major compounds, with piperolein B, piperanine, β-caryophyllene oxide, and α-caryophylladienol as minor compounds in the hexane extract of PNL, while hydroxychavicol (81.89%) and chavibetol (12.01%) were predominant in the aquadest extract of PBL. Molecular docking revealed that piperolein B and piperine had strong binding affinities to MRSA proteins 4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN, comparable to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of PBL and PNL as sources of novel anti-MRSA agents, supporting further research to develop new therapies.

One of the successful determinants of active compounds extraction from plant material depends mainly on the extraction procedures, including the type of solvents, plant materials, and extraction techniques used in the extraction procedure. This research aimed to optimize Pagoda’s extraction yields (Clerodendrum paniculatum L.) using several types of solvents and extraction techniques and to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of extracts obtained. The various solvents include water, methanol, hexane, and ethanol, while the extraction techniques used were maceration, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and reflux. The flowers, leaves, and stems were also extracted to represent parts of the plants. Screening of secondary metabolites was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), while cytotoxic activity was tested against Artemia salina. The highest yield of extract was obtained using water, followed by methanol > ethanol > hexane. The most effective extraction methods were the reflux method, followed by MAE and maceration. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the linear model of plant parts, solvents, and interactions between factors showed significant effects on yield (P < 0.05). The studied extracts contain secondary metabolites of terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. These extracts were also very toxic to Artemia salina; therefore, they can be developed as anticancer.

Plectranthus scutellarioides is one of medicinal plants in Indonesia, traditionally known as iler/miana/jawer kotok. Due to a large number of varieties, certain varieties of P. scutellarioides have not been extensively studied. This study focused on the isolations of two phytosterols, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol, which were characterized by various 1D and 2D NMR analyses, from the ethyl acetate extract of P. scutellarioides var. color blaze dark star. Cytotoxicity of the ethyl acetate extract and some selected fractions were evaluated against A549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, KB, and KB-Vin cell lines using SRB (Sulforhodamine B) method. Among all tested sample, fractions 15 and 17 have significantly inhibited cell growth with IC50 of 14.3-24.3 µg/mL and 7.3-14.1 µg/mL, respectively.

The application of chemometrics in the analyzing of chemical data from natural materials is essential in understanding complex chemical data. This study aims to apply the chemometric techniques of principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster observation (CA) for assisting the fingerprint profiling from 27 types of extracts from pagoda (Clerodendrum paniculatum L.) extraction using variations of solvent types (methanol, hexane, and ethanol), extraction techniques (maceration, Reflux, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and plant parts (flowers, leaves, and stems) which represent parts of plants. Each extract was subjected to thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using the mobile phase of hexane and ethyl acetate, and the measured Rf values of each spots obtained from densitometric evaluation at wavelength 254 nm was subjected to chemometrics analysis. The results exhibited that PCA showed variations in analyzed data describing more than 80% variances using thee principle components (PCs). Cluster analysis exhibited that all variables could be grouped into 10 clusters with the range of similarity indexes of 48.93%-99.78%. It can be concluded that chemometrics-assisted fingerprinting profile could differentiate the variations of Pagoda plant extracts according to solvent types, extraction techniques and parts of plants.

This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Piper betle L. (PBL) and Piper nigrum L. (PNL) extracts against MRSA. Plant parts including stem, leaf, and fruit were extracted using aquadest, methanol, and hexane, resulting in 18 distinct extracts. FT-IR combined with cluster analysis (CA) categorized the extracts, and anti-MRSA activity was assessed through the paper disk dif-fusion method. The most potent extracts were further analyzed using GC-MS to identify bioac-tive compounds. Additionally, molecular docking studies were conducted for MRSA protein targets (4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN). The hexane extract of PNL and the aqueous extract of PBL fruit showed the strongest inhibitory effects. GC-MS identified Piperine (14.22%) and Diisooctyl phthalate (14.67%) as major compounds, with Piperolein B, Piperanine, Beta-caryophyllene ox-ide, and Alpha-caryophylladienol as minor compounds in the hexane extract of PNL, while hy-droxychavicol (81.89%) and Chavibetol (12.01%) were predominant in the aquadest extract of PBL. Molecular docking revealed that Piperolein B and Piperine had strong binding affinities to MRSA proteins 4DKI, 6H5O, and 4CJN, comparable to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, this study confirms the potential of PBL and PNL as sources of novel anti-MRSA agents, supporting fur-ther research to develop new therapies.