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Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia

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Journal article
Published: 14 July 2021 in Animals
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Since the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in the poultry industry is currently a serious threat, there is an urgent need to develop a more efficient and alternative antibacterial substance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have exhibited antibacterial efficacy against a wide range of microorganisms. Although the in vitro antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs has been studied, little is known about the antibacterial mechanisms of ZnO NPs against poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. In the present study, ZnO NPs were successfully synthesized using Lactobacillus plantarum TA4, characterized, and their antibacterial potential against common avian pathogens (Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) was investigated. Confirmation of ZnO NPs by UV-Visual spectroscopy showed an absorption band center at 360 nm. Morphologically, the synthesized ZnO NPs were oval with an average particle size of 29.7 nm. Based on the dissolution study of Zn2+, ZnO NPs released more ions than their bulk counterparts. Results from the agar well diffusion assay indicated that ZnO NPs effectively inhibited the growth of the three poultry-associated foodborne pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed using various concentrations of ZnO NPs, which resulted in excellent antibacterial activity as compared to their bulkier counterparts. S. aureus was more susceptible to ZnO NPs compared to the other tested bacteria. Furthermore, the ZnO NPs demonstrated substantial biofilm inhibition and eradication. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular material leakage was quantified to determine the underlying antibacterial mechanisms, whereas a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the morphological changes of tested bacteria treated with ZnO NPs. The findings suggested that ROS-induced oxidative stress caused membrane damage and bacterial cell death. Overall, the results demonstrated that ZnO NPs could be developed as an alternative antibiotic in poultry production and revealed new possibilities in combating pathogenic microorganisms.

ACS Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Anjas Samsudin. Antibacterial Potential of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Poultry-Associated Foodborne Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. Animals 2021, 11, 2093 .

AMA Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof, Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Anjas Samsudin. Antibacterial Potential of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Poultry-Associated Foodborne Pathogens: An In Vitro Study. Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2093.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Anjas Samsudin. 2021. "Antibacterial Potential of Biosynthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Poultry-Associated Foodborne Pathogens: An In Vitro Study." Animals 11, no. 7: 2093.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2021 in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
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Predicting the crucial effect of single metal pollutants against the aquatic ecosystem has been highly debatable for decades. However, dealing with complex metal mixtures management in toxicological studies creates a challenge, as heavy metals may evoke greater toxicity on interactions with other constituents rather than individually low acting concentrations. Moreover, the toxicity mechanisms are different between short term and long term exposure of the metal toxicant. In this study, acute and chronic toxicity based on luminescence inhibition assay using newly isolated Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE as the indicator are presented. Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE was exposed to the mixture at a predetermined ratio of 1:1. TU (Toxicity Unit) and MTI (Mixture Toxic Index) approach presented the mixture toxicity of Hg2+ + Ag+, Hg2+ + Cu2+, Ag+ + Cu2+, Hg2+ + Ag+ + Cu2+, and Cd2+ + Cu2+ showed antagonistic effect over acute and chronic test. Binary mixture of Cu2+ + Zn2+ was observed to show additive effect at acute test and antagonistic effect at chronic test while mixture of Ni2+ + Zn2+ showing antagonistic effect during acute test and synergistic effect during chronic test. Thus, the strain is suitable and their use as bioassay to predict the risk assessment of heavy metal under acute toxicity without abandoning the advantage of chronic toxicity extrapolation.

ACS Style

Nur Adnan; Mohd Halmi; Siti Abd Gani; Uswatun Zaidan; Mohd Abd Shukor. Comparison of Joint Effect of Acute and Chronic Toxicity for Combined Assessment of Heavy Metals on Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 6644 .

AMA Style

Nur Adnan, Mohd Halmi, Siti Abd Gani, Uswatun Zaidan, Mohd Abd Shukor. Comparison of Joint Effect of Acute and Chronic Toxicity for Combined Assessment of Heavy Metals on Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (12):6644.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Adnan; Mohd Halmi; Siti Abd Gani; Uswatun Zaidan; Mohd Abd Shukor. 2021. "Comparison of Joint Effect of Acute and Chronic Toxicity for Combined Assessment of Heavy Metals on Photobacterium sp.NAA-MIE." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12: 6644.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2021 in Plants
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Barleria lupulina Lindl. (Acanthaceae) as an ornamental plant has been widely used in folklore medicine due to its abundancy in polyphenolic compounds. The present study examined conditions for optimal extraction of antioxidants from B. lupulina leaf extracts by using the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method. The effects of ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,20-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) were investigated by single-factor experiments. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to observe interactions of three independent variables (ethanol concentrations, microwave power, and extraction time) on the dependent variables (TPC, TFC, DPPH, and ABTS) to establish optimal extraction conditions. Quadratic polynomial equations in all experimental models yielded favorably with fitted models with R2 and R2 adj of more than 0.90 and a non-significant lack of fit at p > 0.05. The optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidant activity were established at 80% (v/v) ethanol, 400 W, and 30 s with TPC (238.71 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample), TFC (58.09 mg QE/g sample), DPPH (87.95%), and ABTS (89.56%). Analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS) successfully identified four new phenylethanoid glycoside compounds in the species.

ACS Style

Noor Ismail-Suhaimy; Siti Gani; Uswatun Zaidan; Mohd Halmi; Paiman Bawon. Optimizing Conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Barleria lupulina Lindl. Plants 2021, 10, 682 .

AMA Style

Noor Ismail-Suhaimy, Siti Gani, Uswatun Zaidan, Mohd Halmi, Paiman Bawon. Optimizing Conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Barleria lupulina Lindl. Plants. 2021; 10 (4):682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Noor Ismail-Suhaimy; Siti Gani; Uswatun Zaidan; Mohd Halmi; Paiman Bawon. 2021. "Optimizing Conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Barleria lupulina Lindl." Plants 10, no. 4: 682.

Journal article
Published: 25 December 2020 in Sustainability
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In the present study, a mixed culture from a local agricultural soil sample was isolated for Metanil Yellow (MY) dye decolorization. The metagenomic analysis confirmed that 42.6% has been dominated by genus Bacillus, while Acinetobacter (14.0%) is present in the microbial communities of the mixed culture. For fungi diversity analysis, around 97.0% was “unclassified” fungi and 3% was Candida. The preliminary investigation in minimal salt media (MSM) showed that 100% decolorization was achieved after 24 h of incubation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was successfully applied using Box-Behnken design (BBD) to study the effect of four independent parameters—MY dye concentration, glucose concentration, ammonium sulfate concentration, and pH—on MY dye decolorization by the mixed bacterial culture. The optimal conditions predicted by the desirability function were 73 mg/L of MY, 1.934% glucose, 0.433 g/L of ammonium sulfate, and a pH of 7.097, with 97.551% decolorization The correlation coefficients (R2 and R2 adj) of 0.913 and 0.825 indicate that the established model is suitable to predict the effectiveness of dye decolorization under the investigated condition. The MY decolorization of the mixed bacterial culture was not affected by the addition of heavy metals in the growth media. Among the 10 heavy metals tested, only copper gave 56.19% MY decolorization, whereas the others gave almost 100% decolorization. The decolorization potential of the mixed bacterial culture indicates that it could be effective for future bioremediation of soil-contaminated sites and treatment solutions of water bodies polluted with the MY dye.

ACS Style

Fatin Muliadi; Mohd Halmi; Samsuri Wahid; Siti Gani; Uswatun Zaidan; Khairil Mahmud; Mohd Abd Shukor. Biostimulation of Microbial Communities from Malaysian Agricultural Soil for Detoxification of Metanil Yellow Dye; a Response Surface Methodological Approach. Sustainability 2020, 13, 138 .

AMA Style

Fatin Muliadi, Mohd Halmi, Samsuri Wahid, Siti Gani, Uswatun Zaidan, Khairil Mahmud, Mohd Abd Shukor. Biostimulation of Microbial Communities from Malaysian Agricultural Soil for Detoxification of Metanil Yellow Dye; a Response Surface Methodological Approach. Sustainability. 2020; 13 (1):138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fatin Muliadi; Mohd Halmi; Samsuri Wahid; Siti Gani; Uswatun Zaidan; Khairil Mahmud; Mohd Abd Shukor. 2020. "Biostimulation of Microbial Communities from Malaysian Agricultural Soil for Detoxification of Metanil Yellow Dye; a Response Surface Methodological Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 1: 138.

Journal article
Published: 08 October 2020 in Applied Sciences
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In this study, a simplex-centroid mixture design (SCMD) approach was used to select the optimal proportions of three different Melastomataceae leaves species (M. malabathricum, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) extracts to determine the optimum antioxidant activities of total phenolic compound (TPC) and ABTS (2, 2′-azino-bis (ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical-scavenging activities. Twelve experimental designs were set up, consisting of points that were equally weighted mixtures of 0 to 1 components, which were pure blends (1, 0, …, 0), binary blends (1/2, 1/2, 0, …, 0), tertiary blends (1/3, 1/3, 1/3, 0, …, 0), and a control point. The in vitro anti-elastase and collagenase activities were evaluated in order to determine the anti-aging efficacy of the optimized mixture extracts. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was employed to identify the flavonoid content (rutin and quercetin) present in the optimized mixture extracts. The results showed that the best proportions of the optimum phenolic compounds and ABTS activity corresponded to 30%, 40%, and 30% of M. malabathricum, M. hirta, and M. decemfidum leaf extracts, respectively. The in vitro anti-collagenase and elastase activity evaluation of the optimized mixture extracts showed 70% inhibition against both elastase and collagenase enzymes. The HPLC analysis revealed two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) at retention time 7.770 and 8.769 min, respectively, in the mixture extracts. This study suggests the potential exploitation of mixtures of Melastomataceae leaves (M. malabathricum, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) as cosmetic ingredients for antioxidant and anti-wrinkles applications.

ACS Style

Nur Fauwizah Azahar; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Paiman Bawon; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Optimization of the Antioxidant Activities of Mixtures of Melastomataceae Leaves Species (M. malabathricum Linn Smith, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) Using a Simplex Centroid Design and Their Anti-Collagenase and Elastase Properties. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7002 .

AMA Style

Nur Fauwizah Azahar, Siti Salwa Abd Gani, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Paiman Bawon, Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Optimization of the Antioxidant Activities of Mixtures of Melastomataceae Leaves Species (M. malabathricum Linn Smith, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) Using a Simplex Centroid Design and Their Anti-Collagenase and Elastase Properties. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):7002.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Fauwizah Azahar; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Paiman Bawon; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. 2020. "Optimization of the Antioxidant Activities of Mixtures of Melastomataceae Leaves Species (M. malabathricum Linn Smith, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) Using a Simplex Centroid Design and Their Anti-Collagenase and Elastase Properties." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 7002.

Journal article
Published: 05 October 2020 in Applied Sciences
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The present study aimed to investigate the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum TA4 in tolerating Ag+ and its ability to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). The cell biomass of L. plantarum TA4 demonstrated the ability to tolerate Ag+ at a concentration of 2 mM, followed by the formation of AgNPs. This was confirmed by the visual observation of color changes and a presence of maximum UV–Vis absorption centered at 429 nm. HR-TEM analysis revealed that the AgNPs were spherical with an average size of 14.0 ± 4.7 nm, while the SEM-EDX analysis detected that the particles were primarily located on the cell membrane of L. plantarum TA4. Further, DLS analysis revealed that the polydispersity index (PDI) value of biosynthesized AgNPs was 0.193, implying the monodispersed characteristic of NPs. Meanwhile, the FTIR study confirmed the involvement of functional groups from the cell biomass that involved in the reduction process. Moreover, biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antioxidant property of biosynthesized AgNPs that was evaluated using the DPPH assay showed considerable antioxidant potential. Results from this study provide a sustainable and inexpensive method for the production of AgNPs.

ACS Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan. Microbial Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Lactobacillus Plantarum TA4 and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6973 .

AMA Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof, Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan. Microbial Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Lactobacillus Plantarum TA4 and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6973.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan. 2020. "Microbial Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Lactobacillus Plantarum TA4 and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6973.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2020 in Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Assessment of eco-toxicant using bioluminescent bacterial assay is a widely used and globally accepted method. In this work, a new luminescent bacterium was isolated from squid (Loligo duvauceli) and identified as Photobacterium leiognathi strain AK-MIE using 16S rRNA, phylogeny analysis. The predicted optimum conditions by RSM were 2.76% (w/v) NaCl, 2.28% (w/v) peptone, 0.34% (w/v) yeast extract, and pH 6.83 with 541,211.80 RLU of luminescent production whereas the predicted optimum conditions by ANN were 2.21% (w/v) NaCl, 2.27% (w/v) peptone, 0.39% (w/v) yeast extract, and pH 6.94 which produced 541,986.20 RLU. The validation analysis of both RSM and ANN show 0.60% and 0.69% deviation from the predicted results indicating that both models provided good quality predictions with ANN showing a superior data fitting capability for non-linear regression analysis. Toxicity tests show strain AK-MIE was sensitive to mercury (concentration causing 50% inhibition or IC50 of 0.00978 mgL−1), followed by cadmium (IC50 of 0.5288 mgL−1), copper IC50 of (0.8117 mgL−1), silver (IC50 of 1.109 mgL−1), and lead (IC50 of 10.71 mgL−1) which are more sensitive than previously isolated luminescent bacteria, suggesting that strain AK-MIE has the potential to be used in toxicity assessment of heavy metals in the environment. Based on the field trial results, several sediment samples from industrial areas in Bangi, Selangor managed to inhibit the bioluminescence of strain AK-MIE. Validation method carried out using ICP-MS proved the presence of several toxic heavy metal elements.

ACS Style

Adibah Kassim; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Radziah Othman; Khairil Mahmud; Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor. Bioluminescent method for the rapid screening of toxic heayy metals in environmental samples using Photobacterium leiognathi strain AK-MIE. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2020, 196, 110527 .

AMA Style

Adibah Kassim, Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi, Siti Salwa Abd Gani, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Radziah Othman, Khairil Mahmud, Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor. Bioluminescent method for the rapid screening of toxic heayy metals in environmental samples using Photobacterium leiognathi strain AK-MIE. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2020; 196 ():110527.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adibah Kassim; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Radziah Othman; Khairil Mahmud; Mohd Yunus Abd Shukor. 2020. "Bioluminescent method for the rapid screening of toxic heayy metals in environmental samples using Photobacterium leiognathi strain AK-MIE." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 196, no. : 110527.

Journal article
Published: 12 February 2020 in Molecules
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The present study was conducted to optimize extraction process for defatted pitaya seed extract (DPSE) adopting response surface methodology (RSM). A five-level central composite design was used to optimize total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) activities. The independent variables included extraction time (30–60 min), extraction temperature (40–80 °C) and ethanol concentration (60%–80%). Results showed that the quadratic polynomial equations for all models were significant at (p < 0.05), with non-significant lack of fit at p > 0.05 and R2 of more than 0.90. The optimized extraction parameters were established as follows: extraction time of 45 min, extraction temperature of 70 °C and ethanol concentration of 80%. Under these conditions, the recovery of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity based on FRAP and ABTS were 128.58 ± 1.61 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g sample, 9.805 ± 0.69 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g sample, 1.23 ± 0.03 mM Fe2+/g sample, and 91.62% ± 0.15, respectively. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) analysis identified seven chemical compounds with flavonoids constituting major composition of the DPSE.

ACS Style

Siti Atikah Zulkifli; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Optimization of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Defatted Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Seed Extract and Its Antioxidant Properties. Molecules 2020, 25, 787 .

AMA Style

Siti Atikah Zulkifli, Siti Salwa Abd Gani, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Optimization of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Defatted Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Seed Extract and Its Antioxidant Properties. Molecules. 2020; 25 (4):787.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siti Atikah Zulkifli; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. 2020. "Optimization of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents of Defatted Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Seed Extract and Its Antioxidant Properties." Molecules 25, no. 4: 787.

Journal article
Published: 15 January 2020 in Microbial Cell Factories
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Background The use of microorganisms in the biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has recently emerged as an alternative to chemical and physical methods due to its low-cost and eco-friendly method. Several lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have developed mechanisms in tolerating Zn2+ through prevention against their toxicity and the production of ZnO NPs. The LAB’s main resistance mechanism to Zn2+ is highly depended on the microorganisms’ ability to interact with Zn2+ either through biosorption or bioaccumulation processes. Besides the inadequate studies conducted on biosynthesis with the use of zinc-tolerant probiotics, the understanding regarding the mechanism involved in this process is not clear. Therefore, this study determines the features of probiotic LAB strain TA4 related to its resistance to Zn2+. It also attempts to illustrate its potential in creating a sustainable microbial cell nanofactory of ZnO NPs. Results A zinc-tolerant probiotic strain TA4, which was isolated from local fermented food, was selected based on the principal component analysis (PCA) with the highest score of probiotic attributes. Based on the 16S rRNA gene analysis, this strain was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum strain TA4, indicating its high resistance to Zn2+ at a maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) value of 500 mM and its capability of producing ZnO NPs. The UV–visible spectroscopy analysis proved the formations of ZnO NPs through the notable absorption peak at 380 nm. It was also found from the dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis that the Z-average particle size amounted to 124.2 nm with monodisperse ZnO NPs. Studies on scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that the main mechanisms in ZnO NPs biosynthesis were facilitated by the Zn2+ biosorption ability through the functional groups present on the cell surface of strain TA4. Conclusions The strong ability of zinc-tolerant probiotic of L. plantarum strain TA4 to tolerate high Zn2+ concentration and to produce ZnO NPs highlights the unique properties of these bacteria as a natural microbial cell nanofactory for a more sustainable and eco-friendly practice of ZnO NPs biosynthesis.

ACS Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman. Sustainable microbial cell nanofactory for zinc oxide nanoparticles production by zinc-tolerant probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain TA4. Microbial Cell Factories 2020, 19, 1 -17.

AMA Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman. Sustainable microbial cell nanofactory for zinc oxide nanoparticles production by zinc-tolerant probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain TA4. Microbial Cell Factories. 2020; 19 (1):1-17.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Nor’Aini Abdul Rahman. 2020. "Sustainable microbial cell nanofactory for zinc oxide nanoparticles production by zinc-tolerant probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain TA4." Microbial Cell Factories 19, no. 1: 1-17.

Review
Published: 09 July 2019 in Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
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In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have gained tremendous attention attributed to their unique properties. Notably, evidence has shown that zinc is an important nutrient in living organisms. As such, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes including bacteria, fungi and yeast are exploited for the synthesis of ZnO NPs by using microbial cells or enzyme, protein and other biomolecules compounds in either an intracellular or extracellular route. ZnO NPs exhibit antimicrobial properties, however, the properties of nanoparticles (NPs) are depended upon on their size and shape, which make them specific for various applications. Nevertheless, the desired size and shape of NPs can be obtained through the optimization process of microbes mediated synthesis by manipulating their reaction conditions. It should be noted that ZnO NPs are synthesized by various chemical and physical methods. Nonetheless, these methods are expensive and not environmentally friendly. On that account, the microbes mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs have rapidly evolved recently where the microbes are cleaner, eco-friendly, non-toxic and biocompatible as the alternatives to chemical and physical practices. Moreover, zinc in the form of NPs is more effective than their bulk counterparts and thus, they have been explored for many potential applications including in animals industry. Notably, with the advent of multi-drug resistant strains, ZnO NPs have emerged as the potential antimicrobial agents. This is mainly due to their superior properties in combating a broad spectrum of pathogens. Moreover, zinc is known as an essential trace element for most of the biological function in the animal’s body. As such, the applications of ZnO NPs have been reported to significantly enhance the health and production of the farm animals. Thus, this paper reviews the biological synthesis of ZnO NPs by the microbes, the mechanisms of the biological synthesis, parameters for the optimization process and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and feed supplement in the animal industry as well as their toxicological hazards on animals.

ACS Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Nor’ Aini Abdul Rahman. Microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and a feed supplement in animal industry: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019, 10, 1 -22.

AMA Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof, Rosfarizan Mohamad, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Nor’ Aini Abdul Rahman. Microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and a feed supplement in animal industry: a review. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology. 2019; 10 (1):1-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hidayat Mohd Yusof; Rosfarizan Mohamad; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Nor’ Aini Abdul Rahman. 2019. "Microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and a feed supplement in animal industry: a review." Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 10, no. 1: 1-22.

Journal article
Published: 21 February 2019 in Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology
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Apart from being well known to the world as herb-based sweetening additive, Stevia rebaudiana (S. rebaudiana) and its phenolic compounds are considered as a natural antidiabetic alternative to replace synthetic drugs that possess numbers of side effects. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the solvent effects on the extraction of phenolic compounds and steviol glycoside identification associated with antidiabetic potential of the extracts. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) content of the extracts were quantified, while the antidiabetic activity of the extracts was determined by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay. As a matter of interest, TFC was found to be present at the highest concentration in ethanol extract (10.91 mg QE/g), while the presence of TPC showed no significant difference between water extract (6.65 mg GAE/g) and other organic solvents. HPLC analysis showed the abundant presence of steviol glycoside in the water extract, the principal compound suggested for treating diabetes. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis has shown the major compounds of 1-heptatriacotanol, duvatrienediol, dihydroxanthin, β-amyrin, lupenone, phytol, γ-sitosterol, agatholic acid and fatty acids were present. In relation to the antidiabetic potential, the effects of the extracts in inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity were investigated in vitro. Interestingly, among all S. rebaudiana extracts, water extract exhibited the most significant α-amylase inhibitory activity with IC50 = 8.63 μg/ml, comparable to the synthetic drug, acarbose IC50 = 13.73 μg/ml. These findings demonstrated that phenolic recovery was highly dependent on extraction solvent and the promising water extract as the best α-amylase inhibitory potential with greatest steviol glycoside recovery.

ACS Style

Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Nur Izzati Mohamad Zen; Nor Aida Amran; Suhaili Shamsi; Siti Salwa Abd Gani. Biochemical evaluation of phenolic compounds and steviol glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana extracts associated with in vitro antidiabetic potential. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 2019, 18, 101049 .

AMA Style

Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Nur Izzati Mohamad Zen, Nor Aida Amran, Suhaili Shamsi, Siti Salwa Abd Gani. Biochemical evaluation of phenolic compounds and steviol glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana extracts associated with in vitro antidiabetic potential. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology. 2019; 18 ():101049.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Nur Izzati Mohamad Zen; Nor Aida Amran; Suhaili Shamsi; Siti Salwa Abd Gani. 2019. "Biochemical evaluation of phenolic compounds and steviol glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana extracts associated with in vitro antidiabetic potential." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 18, no. : 101049.

Journal article
Published: 16 February 2019 in Molecules
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This study investigates the ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Malaysian cocoa shell extracts, and optimization using response surface methodology. There are three variables involved in this study, namely: ethanol concentration (70–90 v/v %), temperature (45–65 °C), and ultrasound irradiation time (30–60 min). All of the data were collected and analyzed for variance (ANOVA). The coefficient of determination (R2) and the model was significant in interaction between all variables (98% and p < 0.0001, respectively). In addition, the lack of fit test for the model was not of significance, with p > 0.0684. The ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time that yielded the maximum value of the total flavonoid content (TFC; 7.47 mg RE/g dried weight (DW)) was 80%, 55 °C, and 45 min, respectively. The optimum value from the validation of the experimental TFC was 7.23 ± 0.15 mg of rutin, equivalent per gram of extract with ethanol concentration, temperature, and ultrasound irradiation time values of 74.20%, 49.99 °C, and 42.82 min, respectively. While the modelled equation fits the data, the T-test is not significant, suggesting that the experimental values agree with those predicted by the response surface methodology models.

ACS Style

Arief Huzaimi Md Yusof; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi; Badrul Hisyam Zainudin. Optimization of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Condition for Flavonoid Compounds from Cocoa Shells (Theobroma cacao) Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules 2019, 24, 711 .

AMA Style

Arief Huzaimi Md Yusof, Siti Salwa Abd Gani, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi, Badrul Hisyam Zainudin. Optimization of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Condition for Flavonoid Compounds from Cocoa Shells (Theobroma cacao) Using Response Surface Methodology. Molecules. 2019; 24 (4):711.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Arief Huzaimi Md Yusof; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi; Badrul Hisyam Zainudin. 2019. "Optimization of an Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Condition for Flavonoid Compounds from Cocoa Shells (Theobroma cacao) Using Response Surface Methodology." Molecules 24, no. 4: 711.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Applied Sciences
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In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed for the optimization of the antioxidant potentials of red pitaya peels using independent variables: temperature (45–65 °C), ethanol concentration (70–90%, v/v) and time (80–120 min) through its responses, which were DPPH scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and beta-carotene bleaching (BCB) inhibition, respectively. In Vitro anti-tyrosinase and vitamin C content assays were carried out spectrophotometrically to determine the skin whitening efficacy of the optimized red pitaya peel extract. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was employed to identify the chemical constituents present in the optimized extract. The optimized conditions were ethanol 82% (v/v) for 103 min at 56 °C with values of 75.98% for DPPH, 7.45 mM Fe2+/g dry weight for FRAP and 93.29% for BCB respectively. The in vitro anti-tyrosinase and vitamin C content evaluation of the optimized extract showed a good tyrosinase inhibition of 66.29% with IC50 of 24.06 µg/mL while the vitamin C content was 5.45 mg/g of the extract. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of thirty phytoconstituents with l-(+)-ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate being the most abundant with a peak area of 14.66%. This study evidently suggests the potential of red pitaya peels to be exploited as a natural skin whitening agent in the cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical formulations.

ACS Style

Ramya Vijayakumar; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Optimization of the Antioxidant Potentials of Red Pitaya Peels and Its In Vitro Skin Whitening Properties. Applied Sciences 2018, 8, 1516 .

AMA Style

Ramya Vijayakumar, Siti Salwa Abd Gani, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Optimization of the Antioxidant Potentials of Red Pitaya Peels and Its In Vitro Skin Whitening Properties. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8 (9):1516.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ramya Vijayakumar; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. 2018. "Optimization of the Antioxidant Potentials of Red Pitaya Peels and Its In Vitro Skin Whitening Properties." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9: 1516.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2018 in Molecules
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In this study, the optimal conditions for the extraction of antioxidants from the Buah Mahkota Dewa fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) was determined by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimisation was applied using a Central Composite Design (CCD) to investigate the effect of three independent variables, namely extraction temperature (°C), extraction time (minutes) and extraction solvent to-feed ratio (% v/v) on four responses: free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferric ion reducing power assay (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The optimal conditions for the antioxidants extraction were found to be 64 °C extraction temperature, 66 min extraction time and 75% v/v solvent to-feed ratio giving the highest percentage yields of DPPH, FRAP, TPC and TFC of 86.85%, 7.47%, 292.86 mg/g and 3.22 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the data were subjected to Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the results showed that the polynomial equations for all models were significant, did not show lack of fit, and presented adjusted determination coefficients (R2) above 99%, proving that the yield of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidants activities obtained experimentally were close to the predicted values and the suitability of the model employed in RSM to optimise the extraction conditions. Hence, in this study, the fruit from P. macrocarpa could be considered to have strong antioxidant ability and can be used in various cosmeceutical or medicinal applications.

ACS Style

Khurul Ain Mohamed Mahzir; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Development of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology Focused on Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Properties. Molecules 2018, 23, 724 .

AMA Style

Khurul Ain Mohamed Mahzir, Siti Salwa Abd Gani, Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan, Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. Development of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology Focused on Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Properties. Molecules. 2018; 23 (4):724.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Khurul Ain Mohamed Mahzir; Siti Salwa Abd Gani; Uswatun Hasanah Zaidan; Mohd Izuan Effendi Halmi. 2018. "Development of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology Focused on Phenolics, Flavonoids and Antioxidant Properties." Molecules 23, no. 4: 724.