Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), hemodynamic responses (i.e., changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin) were measured while participants with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy controls performed the Timed-Up-and-Go test (TUGT), and differences in cortical activity at baseline and three different intervals were examined between the two groups. Seventeen PD patients and twenty-two controls participated in the study, but two PD patients were excluded from statistical analysis due to the presence of freezing of gait and using walking aids during the TUGT. During the TUGT, activity in the front, left, right and total frontal cortices initially decreased significantly, then significantly increased in PD participants and low-risk faller PD participants, compared to when in a sitting position. ΔHbO (HbO change from baseline) over the front, left and total frontal cortices in the PD group was significantly lower than the control group in interval 1 (P = 0.019, P = 0.014 and P = 0.031, respectively), while significantly higher than the control group in interval 2 over the left frontal cortex (P = 0.010). No significant differences were observed between the high-risk faller and low-risk faller subgroups of PD participants in ΔHbO and ΔHbR in the three intervals (P > 0.05). In the high-risk faller subgroup, ΔHbO over the left frontal cortex was significantly higher than the right frontal cortex in interval 2 and interval 3 (P = 0.015, P = 0.030, respectively). There was a strong positive correlation between education and HbR concentration over the right frontal cortex in PD participants (rho = 0.557, P = 0.031), while there were strong negative correlations between PD duration and HbR concentration over the right and total frontal cortices in the high-risk faller subgroup of PD participants (rho = -0.854, P = 0.014 for the right; rho = -0.784, P = 0.037 for the total). The falls prediction cutoff TUGT time for PD participants was 14.2 s. These results suggest that frontal cognition training, along with exercise training, could be used as an effective training method to improve motor performance in PD patients, especially for those at high-risk for falls.

Objectives: Women with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) tend to exhibit an excessive attention bias toward negative stimuli during the luteal phase. This study intends to investigate the effect of regular yoga on attention bias of women with PMS during the luteal phase and explore the mechanisms underlying such changes. Methods: Sixty-four women with PMS were recruited, coded and randomly assigned to either a 12-week yoga group (n = 32) or a control group (n = 32). The dot-probe task was used to assess attention bias at baseline and 12 weeks later. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 27.0 software, with analytical methods including descriptive statistics, repeated-measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA), simple effect analysis, cluster-based permutation test and Pearson correlation analysis. The Holm–Bonferroni method was used to correct for multiple comparison errors. Results: RM-ANOVA revealed significant time × group interaction effects for attention orientation, attention disengagement, P1 component, and P3 component. Simple effect analysis indicated that, compared with the control group, the yoga group exhibited significant modulations in attention orientation (t = −7.33, p < 0.001), P1 (t = 8.94, p < 0.001), attention disengagement (t = 6.89, p < 0.001), and P3 (t = 4.42, p = 0.002) after 12 weeks of intervention. Cluster-based permutation tests demonstrated that the yoga group showed significant reductions in P1 and P3 amplitudes after 12 weeks. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that attention orientation was significantly negatively correlated with P1 amplitude, while attention disengagement was significantly positively correlated with P3 amplitude. Conclusion: Regular yoga can regulate the behavioral indicators and electroencephalographic (EEG) indicators related to attention bias and exerts a positive effect on modulating attention bias toward negative stimuli in women with PMS during the luteal phase.