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Prof. Robert Kalin
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XN, UK

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Research Keywords & Expertise

0 Hydrogeology
0 Isotope Hydrology
0 Water Resources Management in water scarce regions
0 Hydrogeochemistry and geochemical modelling of groundwater
0 Isotope geochemistry and study of palelohydrology and climate change

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Water Resources Management in water scarce regions
Remediation of contaminated land
Hydrogeology
Isotope geochemistry and study of palelohydrology and climate change

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Journal article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Water
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With the resurgence of water-isotope tracing applications for Integrated Water Resource Management in developing countries, establishing a stable isotopic baseline is necessary. Developing countries, including Malawi, continue to struggle with the generation of consistent and long-term isotopic datasets due to non-existent or inadequate in-country water-isotope capacity. Malawi has made significant advances in its quest to establish a stable isotopic baseline through the establishment of the Malawi Network of Isotope in Precipitation. This study provides the first results for the isotopic characterization of precipitation in Malawi with a view to reinforcing understanding of the country’s hydrological cycle. Error-in-variables regression defined a Local Meteoric Water Line as δ2H = 8.0 (±0.3) δ18O + 13.0 (±2.0) using stable isotopic records of 37 monthly samples from 5 stations between 2014 and 2019. Local precipitation (isotopic composition) is consistent with global precipitation expectations, its condensation-forming process occurring under equilibrium conditions and a higher intercept (d-excess) above the 10‰ for Global Meteoric Water Line, implying that air moisture recycling significantly influences local precipitation. Wider variations observed in local precipitation isotopic signatures are largely attributed to different moisture-bearing systems and diverse geographic factors across the country. Additional stations are recommended to improve spatial coverage that, together with longer temporal records, may help understanding and resolving uncertainties such as the altitude effect. This pioneering study is expected to facilitate Malawi’s ambition to achieve integrated use and improved protection of its surface water and groundwater resources in response to mounting climate change, growing population and land-development concerns.

ACS Style

Limbikani Banda; Michael Rivett; Anold Zavison; Sydney Kamtukule; Robert Kalin. National Stable Isotope Baseline for Precipitation in Malawi to Underpin Integrated Water Resources Management. Water 2021, 13, 1927 .

AMA Style

Limbikani Banda, Michael Rivett, Anold Zavison, Sydney Kamtukule, Robert Kalin. National Stable Isotope Baseline for Precipitation in Malawi to Underpin Integrated Water Resources Management. Water. 2021; 13 (14):1927.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Limbikani Banda; Michael Rivett; Anold Zavison; Sydney Kamtukule; Robert Kalin. 2021. "National Stable Isotope Baseline for Precipitation in Malawi to Underpin Integrated Water Resources Management." Water 13, no. 14: 1927.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Water
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Service provision for Afridev handpumps through community management in Malawi is a notable challenge. Essential preventative maintenance is often neglected, and repairs are undertaken on a reactive basis. The costs of major repairs are not recognized at community level and are typically neglected across the lifecycle of infrastructure or left to external stakeholders. The aim of this study was to investigate preventative maintenance and capital maintenance expenditure over the 15-year design lifecycle of 21,997 Afridev handpumps in Malawi, and how costs change based on different local tariff collection scenarios. A total of four tariff collection scenarios were investigated, for assets both subject and not subject to rehabilitation. The findings highlight poor initial capacity building into appropriate cost recovery and maintenance approaches. Major repair costs increase over the pump lifecycle when service consists of the replacement of low-cost, fast-wearing parts. Rehabilitation/major repair costs increase as a result but tend to be focused on simple longer-life components, such as pump rods. In both cases, a reliance on external support was highlighted, as larger costs are primarily covered by donors and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). Proactive tariff scenarios may provide a greater capability of replacement throughout the lifecycle of major items when compared to reactive tariff scenarios. It is recommended that policy and practitioners should focus on capacity building of sustainable maintenance models that consider the full lifecycle costs of assets.

ACS Style

Jonathan Truslove; Andrea Coulson; Emma Mbalame; Robert Kalin. Behaviors and Trends toward Routine Maintenance and Major Repairs of Afridev Handpumps in Rural Malawi. Water 2021, 13, 1666 .

AMA Style

Jonathan Truslove, Andrea Coulson, Emma Mbalame, Robert Kalin. Behaviors and Trends toward Routine Maintenance and Major Repairs of Afridev Handpumps in Rural Malawi. Water. 2021; 13 (12):1666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan Truslove; Andrea Coulson; Emma Mbalame; Robert Kalin. 2021. "Behaviors and Trends toward Routine Maintenance and Major Repairs of Afridev Handpumps in Rural Malawi." Water 13, no. 12: 1666.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2021 in Applied Sciences
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Concentrations of ambient particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) were measured in PM10 samples collected at roadside, industrial and urban background sites in Bangkok between May 2013 and May 2014. The annual average PM10 concentrations were not significantly different between the roadside (56.4 ± 27.3 µg m−3) and industrial (51.0 ± 31.1 µg m−3) sites. The lowest annual mean PM10 was observed at the urban background site (39.8 ± 22.2 µg m−3). Seasonal variations of pPAHs were observed at the three sampling sites. The total pPAHs ranged between 1.09 and 13.10 ng m−3 (mean 4.85 ± 2.51 ng m−3), 1.49 and 9.39 ng m−3 (mean 3.84 ± 2.01 ng m−3) and 0.77 and 5.20 ng m−3 (mean 2.28 ± 1.16 ng m−3) at the roadside, industrial and urban background sites, respectively. The observed annual average benzo[a]pyrene concentrations were 0.47 ± 0.39 ng m−3, 0.35 ± 0.27 ng m−3 and 0.24 ± 0.19 ng m−3 at the roadside, industrial and urban background sites. Long-term carcinogenic health risk of inhalation exposure expressed as the toxicity equivalent to benzo[a]pyrene concentrations were calculated as 0.83, 0.72 and 0.39 ng m−3 at the industrial, roadside and urban background sites, respectively. The composition of pPAHs plays an important role in the carcinogenicity of a PAHs mixture.

ACS Style

Amornphat Tadsanaprasittipol; Pinthong Tonrub; Iain Beverland; Robert Kalin. Characterization of PM10-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Carcinogenic Risk in Bangkok, Thailand. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 4501 .

AMA Style

Amornphat Tadsanaprasittipol, Pinthong Tonrub, Iain Beverland, Robert Kalin. Characterization of PM10-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Carcinogenic Risk in Bangkok, Thailand. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (10):4501.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Amornphat Tadsanaprasittipol; Pinthong Tonrub; Iain Beverland; Robert Kalin. 2021. "Characterization of PM10-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Associated Carcinogenic Risk in Bangkok, Thailand." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10: 4501.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Empirical insights were made into the challenges of supplying water to communities within low-income areas of peri-urban Blantyre, Malawi. A networked public water supply is provided to those without a domestic tap via communal water kiosks managed by community-based Water User Associations (WUAs) under a government mandate. There has been considerable debate surrounding the tariff charged for water supplied to such vulnerable communities. However, research has largely failed to consider the costs of WUAs operating the kiosks and the impact on the kiosk tariff. The determination of kiosk tariffs is critical to ensuring lifeline access to a sustainable water supply under Sustainable Development Goal 6. We provide evidence of this from our experience in the field in Blantyre. In particular, we argue that sustainable kiosk running costs cannot be born solely by the end user. A number of reforms are needed to help reduce the kiosk tariff. To reduce WUA costs and the kiosk tariffs, WUAs need more training in financial record keeping and cost management, WUAs should not inherit outstanding kiosk debt upon taking over their operations, and water boards should build kiosk costs over which they have fiscal responsibility into integrated block tariff calculations and subsidize them accordingly.

ACS Style

Andrea Coulson; Michael Rivett; Robert Kalin; Sergio Fernández; Jonathan Truslove; Muthi Nhlema; Joseph Maygoya. The Cost of a Sustainable Water Supply at Network Kiosks in Peri-Urban Blantyre, Malawi. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4685 .

AMA Style

Andrea Coulson, Michael Rivett, Robert Kalin, Sergio Fernández, Jonathan Truslove, Muthi Nhlema, Joseph Maygoya. The Cost of a Sustainable Water Supply at Network Kiosks in Peri-Urban Blantyre, Malawi. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrea Coulson; Michael Rivett; Robert Kalin; Sergio Fernández; Jonathan Truslove; Muthi Nhlema; Joseph Maygoya. 2021. "The Cost of a Sustainable Water Supply at Network Kiosks in Peri-Urban Blantyre, Malawi." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4685.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2021 in Water
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Hidden hot springs likely impact rural water supplies in Malawi’s Rift Valley with excess dissolved fluoride leading to localised endemic severe dental fluorosis. Predicting their occurrence is a challenge; Malawi’s groundwater data archive is sporadic and incomplete which prevents the application of standard modelling techniques. A creative alternative method to predict hidden hot spring locations was developed using a synthesis of proxy indicators (geological, geochemical, dental) and is shown to be at least 75% effective. An exciting collaboration between geoscientists and dentists allowed corroboration of severe dental fluorosis with hydrogeological vulnerability. Thirteen hidden hot springs were identified based on synthesised proxy indicators. A vulnerability prediction map for the region was developed and is the first of its kind in Malawi. It allows improved groundwater fluoride prediction in Malawi’s rift basin which hosts the majority of hot springs. Moreover, it allows dentists to recognise geological control over community oral health. Collaborative efforts have proven mutually beneficial, allowing both disciplines to conduct targeted research to improve community wellbeing and health and inform policy development in their respective areas. This work contributes globally in developing nations where incomplete groundwater data and vulnerability to groundwater contamination from hydrothermal fluoride exist in tandem.

ACS Style

Marc Addison; Michael Rivett; Owen Phiri; Nigel Milne; Vicky Milne; Alex McMahon; Lorna Macpherson; Jeremy Bagg; David Conway; Peaches Phiri; Emma Mbalame; Innocent Manda; Robert Kalin. ‘Hidden Hot Springs’ as a Source of Groundwater Fluoride and Severe Dental Fluorosis in Malawi. Water 2021, 13, 1106 .

AMA Style

Marc Addison, Michael Rivett, Owen Phiri, Nigel Milne, Vicky Milne, Alex McMahon, Lorna Macpherson, Jeremy Bagg, David Conway, Peaches Phiri, Emma Mbalame, Innocent Manda, Robert Kalin. ‘Hidden Hot Springs’ as a Source of Groundwater Fluoride and Severe Dental Fluorosis in Malawi. Water. 2021; 13 (8):1106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marc Addison; Michael Rivett; Owen Phiri; Nigel Milne; Vicky Milne; Alex McMahon; Lorna Macpherson; Jeremy Bagg; David Conway; Peaches Phiri; Emma Mbalame; Innocent Manda; Robert Kalin. 2021. "‘Hidden Hot Springs’ as a Source of Groundwater Fluoride and Severe Dental Fluorosis in Malawi." Water 13, no. 8: 1106.

Journal article
Published: 27 January 2021 in Applied Sciences
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To improve borehole siting for rural water supply, an advanced resistivity method was adapted for developing country use and demonstrated in Malawi. The method was designed to be low cost, developing-country accessible, efficient. It allows single or multiple operators to acquire the multiple vertical electrical soundings (VESs) required that are inverted together in 2-D, to give a true cross-section of subsurface resistivity. Application at four sites generated true cross-sections of subsurface resistivity to around 100 m depth relevant to groundwater-resource investigation. A wide range of (hydro)geological features was identified, including fractured/weathered basement, gneiss domes, well-developed fault zones and several types of deltaic deposits. Imaging performance appears comparable to that of 2-D surface ERT (electrical resistivity tomography) that uses more expensive equipment, often unaffordable in developing countries. Based on the subsurface configurations determined and hydrogeological conceptualisation subsequently undertaken, the local aquifer potential could be evaluated, thereby providing a decision-making basis for future borehole siting at the sites surveyed. The technology is far superior to conventional 1-D VES, electromagnetic profiling or magnetic profiling currently used for borehole siting in Malawi. Technology adoption currently under consideration nationally would make use of existing VES capacity and permit much improved targeting of aquifer resource, more sustainable siting of boreholes and greater future resilience of Malawi’s rural water-supply infrastructure.

ACS Style

Romain Leborgne; Michael O. Rivett; Gift J. Wanangwa; Philippe Sentenac; Robert M. Kalin. True 2-D Resistivity Imaging from Vertical Electrical Soundings to Support More Sustainable Rural Water Supply Borehole Siting in Malawi. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 1162 .

AMA Style

Romain Leborgne, Michael O. Rivett, Gift J. Wanangwa, Philippe Sentenac, Robert M. Kalin. True 2-D Resistivity Imaging from Vertical Electrical Soundings to Support More Sustainable Rural Water Supply Borehole Siting in Malawi. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (3):1162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Romain Leborgne; Michael O. Rivett; Gift J. Wanangwa; Philippe Sentenac; Robert M. Kalin. 2021. "True 2-D Resistivity Imaging from Vertical Electrical Soundings to Support More Sustainable Rural Water Supply Borehole Siting in Malawi." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3: 1162.

Journal article
Published: 10 November 2020 in Applied Sciences
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This study employed stable isotopes of δ18O and δ2H in conjunction with other hydrological parameters to understand the origin, inferred residence time, and seasonal effect of groundwater in the shallow aquifers of the eastern Dahomey Basin. A total of 230 groundwater samples (97 in the wet season and 133 in the dry season) were collected from the borehole and shallow aquifer between May 2017 and April 2018. Groundwater analysis included major ions and δ18O and δ2H, isotopes data in precipitation from three selected Global Network of Isotope in Precipitation (GNIP) stations across West Africa, Douala in Cameroon, Cotonou in Republic of Benin, and Kano in Nigeria were used in comparative analysis. Results of the hydrochemical model revealed Ca-HCO3 and Na-Cl as dominant water types with other mixing water types such as Ca–SO4, Ca–Cl, Na–SO4, and K–Mg–HCO3, which characterised early stage of groundwater transformation as it infiltrates through vadose zone into the aquifer. δ18O and δ2H precipitation data from the three stations plotted along with the groundwater samples indicate recent meteoric water origin, with little effect of evaporation during the dry season. The plot of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) against δ18O showed clustering of the water samples between the recharge and the evaporation zone with dry season samples trending towards increased TDS, which is an indication of the subtle effect of evaporation during this period. Tracing groundwater types along the flow paths within the basin is problematic and attributed to the heterogeneity of the aquifer with anthropogenic influences. Moreover, a comparison of the δ18O and δ2H isotopic compositions of groundwater and precipitation in the three selected stations, with their respective deuterium excess (D-excess) values established low evapotranspiration induced isotope enrichment, which could be due to higher precipitation and humidity in the region resulting in low isotope fractionation; hence, little effect of seasonal variations. The study, therefore, suggested groundwater recharge in the shallow aquifer in the eastern Dahomey Basin is of meteoric origin with a short residence time of water flows from soils through the vadose zone to the aquifers.

ACS Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana; Robert M. Kalin; Ibrahim Hassan; Philippe Sentenac; Moshood N. Tijani. Origin and Residence Time of Groundwater in the Shallow Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria, Using δ18O and δD Isotopes. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 7980 .

AMA Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana, Robert M. Kalin, Ibrahim Hassan, Philippe Sentenac, Moshood N. Tijani. Origin and Residence Time of Groundwater in the Shallow Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria, Using δ18O and δD Isotopes. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (22):7980.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana; Robert M. Kalin; Ibrahim Hassan; Philippe Sentenac; Moshood N. Tijani. 2020. "Origin and Residence Time of Groundwater in the Shallow Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria, Using δ18O and δD Isotopes." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22: 7980.

Research article
Published: 09 November 2020 in Water International
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Thirty-eight aquifer units are shared between Malawi and its neighbouring countries. It is essential to prioritize those transboundary aquifers that require immediate attention. A methodology of identifying hotspots in the transboundary aquifers of Malawi that may be at risk of depletion or contamination has been developed. There are 11 local-scale and three national-scale hotspots of transboundary concern in Malawi. Fiscal and planning measures can now be taken to assess these areas in more detail, fostering transboundary cooperation between stakeholders at both local and national scales.

ACS Style

Christina M. Fraser; Robert M. Kalin; Modesta Kanjaye; Zione Uka. A methodology to identify vulnerable transboundary aquifer hotspots for multi-scale groundwater management. Water International 2020, 45, 865 -883.

AMA Style

Christina M. Fraser, Robert M. Kalin, Modesta Kanjaye, Zione Uka. A methodology to identify vulnerable transboundary aquifer hotspots for multi-scale groundwater management. Water International. 2020; 45 (7-8):865-883.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christina M. Fraser; Robert M. Kalin; Modesta Kanjaye; Zione Uka. 2020. "A methodology to identify vulnerable transboundary aquifer hotspots for multi-scale groundwater management." Water International 45, no. 7-8: 865-883.

Journal article
Published: 07 November 2020 in Water
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Fluoride concentrations in Malawi’s groundwater are primarily controlled by geogenic sources that are highly variable and may cause a heterogeneous fluoride occurrence and local-to-regional variations in fluorosis health risks posed. Our aim was to address the challenge of developing a national solution to predicting groundwater vulnerability to geogenic fluoride risk in the country of Malawi where incidences of fluorosis are reported and typical developing world problems of limited data and resources abound. Previously there have only been sporadic, local-scale studies linking fluoride occurrence with health risks in Malawi with no attempts to tackle the issue nationally. We hence develop a screening method for predicting groundwater vulnerability to geogenic fluoride in the form of detailed risk maps developed from statistical relationships shown between groundwater fluoride occurrence and known geogenic fluoride sources. The approach provides for dynamic update and informed acquisition of new data and hence on-going improving capacity to manage fluoride risks in Malawi. Our screening method provides a technical basis for redefining national fluoride policy to ensure commensurate management of health risks posed. Specifically, the approach provides a pathway for stepped progression from the current 6 mg/L Malawian standard for fluoride in drinking water to adoption of the World Health Organisation 1.5 mg/L guideline standard.

ACS Style

Marc Addison; Michael Rivett; Peaches Phiri; Prince Mleta; Emma Mblame; Gift Wanangwa; Robert Kalin. Predicting Groundwater Vulnerability to Geogenic Fluoride Risk: A Screening Method for Malawi and an Opportunity for National Policy Redefinition. Water 2020, 12, 3123 .

AMA Style

Marc Addison, Michael Rivett, Peaches Phiri, Prince Mleta, Emma Mblame, Gift Wanangwa, Robert Kalin. Predicting Groundwater Vulnerability to Geogenic Fluoride Risk: A Screening Method for Malawi and an Opportunity for National Policy Redefinition. Water. 2020; 12 (11):3123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marc Addison; Michael Rivett; Peaches Phiri; Prince Mleta; Emma Mblame; Gift Wanangwa; Robert Kalin. 2020. "Predicting Groundwater Vulnerability to Geogenic Fluoride Risk: A Screening Method for Malawi and an Opportunity for National Policy Redefinition." Water 12, no. 11: 3123.

Correction
Published: 13 October 2020 in Water
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Note: In lieu of an abstract, this is an excerpt from the first page. In the published article

ACS Style

Laura Kelly; Robert M. Kalin; Douglas Bertram; Modesta Kanjaye; Macpherson Nkhata; Hyde Sibande. Correction: Kelly, L., et al. Quantification of Temporal Variations in Base Flow Index Using Sporadic River Data: Application to the Bua Catchment, Malawi. Water 2019, 11, 901. Water 2020, 12, 2854 .

AMA Style

Laura Kelly, Robert M. Kalin, Douglas Bertram, Modesta Kanjaye, Macpherson Nkhata, Hyde Sibande. Correction: Kelly, L., et al. Quantification of Temporal Variations in Base Flow Index Using Sporadic River Data: Application to the Bua Catchment, Malawi. Water 2019, 11, 901. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2854.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura Kelly; Robert M. Kalin; Douglas Bertram; Modesta Kanjaye; Macpherson Nkhata; Hyde Sibande. 2020. "Correction: Kelly, L., et al. Quantification of Temporal Variations in Base Flow Index Using Sporadic River Data: Application to the Bua Catchment, Malawi. Water 2019, 11, 901." Water 12, no. 10: 2854.

Journal article
Published: 02 October 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Meeting long-term rural community water supply needs requires diligent geohydrological conceptualisation. Study of Malawi’s Lake Chilwa Basin, including sampling of 330 water points in Phalombe District, enabled assessment of groundwater quality influence upon supply. The control of larger Lake Chilwa paleo-environments on current Basin groundwater quality is demonstrated. Lacustrine sediment deposition forming high-level deposits under open lake conditions and terrace deposits under open and closed lake conditions significantly control the groundwater major-ion quality and salinity now observed. Paleo-lake extent marks the transition between low-TDS (total dissolved solids) groundwater suitable for water supply at higher elevations and high-TDS brackish groundwater in areas overlain by lacustrine deposits closer to the current lake level. Low-TDS groundwater is limited to mid-to-low reach influent leakage of rivers incising terraces. Permeable fluvial deposits within the deeper paleo-river channel may possibly provide low-TDS water. The conceptual model, whereby paleo-lake controls groundwater salinity, provides science-based evidence to address policy to manage the significant water point functionality concerns quantified at the district and river basin scales. Targeting of the low-TDS groundwater alongside improved use of upland low-TDS stream/river sources with fewer, but larger capacity, and better maintained gravity-fed supply schemes are recommended. This study hence shows the value of paleo-geohydrology interpretation of the lake–groundwater system conceptualisation to inform Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6.5.1)—integrated water resources management policy for rural water supply.

ACS Style

Michael O. Rivett; Shona Symon; Lucas Jacobs; Limbikani C. Banda; Gift J. Wanangwa; Donald J. C. Robertson; Ibrahim Hassan; Alexandra V. M. Miller; Geoffrey M. S. Chavula; Chrispine E. Songola; Chikondi Mbemba; Marc J. Addison; Patron Kalonga; Yobu Kachiwanda; Robert M. Kalin. Paleo-Geohydrology of Lake Chilwa, Malawi is the Source of Localised Groundwater Salinity and Rural Water Supply Challenges. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 6909 .

AMA Style

Michael O. Rivett, Shona Symon, Lucas Jacobs, Limbikani C. Banda, Gift J. Wanangwa, Donald J. C. Robertson, Ibrahim Hassan, Alexandra V. M. Miller, Geoffrey M. S. Chavula, Chrispine E. Songola, Chikondi Mbemba, Marc J. Addison, Patron Kalonga, Yobu Kachiwanda, Robert M. Kalin. Paleo-Geohydrology of Lake Chilwa, Malawi is the Source of Localised Groundwater Salinity and Rural Water Supply Challenges. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (19):6909.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael O. Rivett; Shona Symon; Lucas Jacobs; Limbikani C. Banda; Gift J. Wanangwa; Donald J. C. Robertson; Ibrahim Hassan; Alexandra V. M. Miller; Geoffrey M. S. Chavula; Chrispine E. Songola; Chikondi Mbemba; Marc J. Addison; Patron Kalonga; Yobu Kachiwanda; Robert M. Kalin. 2020. "Paleo-Geohydrology of Lake Chilwa, Malawi is the Source of Localised Groundwater Salinity and Rural Water Supply Challenges." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19: 6909.

Website
Published: 18 August 2020 in Groundwater 2000
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ACS Style

J.A.C. Barth; Robert M Kalin; D. Clarke; M. Larkin; C. Schüth; M. Bill; G. Slater; B. Sherwood. Lollar. Changes of the carbon isotopic composition of trichloroethylene during aerobic biodegradation: a new tool to estimate removal efficiencies. Groundwater 2000 2020, 229 -230.

AMA Style

J.A.C. Barth, Robert M Kalin, D. Clarke, M. Larkin, C. Schüth, M. Bill, G. Slater, B. Sherwood. Lollar. Changes of the carbon isotopic composition of trichloroethylene during aerobic biodegradation: a new tool to estimate removal efficiencies. Groundwater 2000. 2020; ():229-230.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J.A.C. Barth; Robert M Kalin; D. Clarke; M. Larkin; C. Schüth; M. Bill; G. Slater; B. Sherwood. Lollar. 2020. "Changes of the carbon isotopic composition of trichloroethylene during aerobic biodegradation: a new tool to estimate removal efficiencies." Groundwater 2000 , no. : 229-230.

Journal article
Published: 21 July 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Consumption of groundwater containing fluoride exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) 1.5 mg/L standard leaves people vulnerable to fluorosis: a vulnerability not well characterised in Malawi. To evaluate geogenic fluoride source and concentration, groundwater fluoride and geology was documented in central Malawi where groundwater supplies are mainly sourced from the weathered basement aquifer. Lithological composition was shown as the main control on fluoride occurrence. Augen gneiss of granitic composition posed the greatest geological fluoride risk. The weathered basement aquifer profile was the main factor controlling fluoride distributions. These results and fluoride-lithology statistical analysis allowed the development of a graded map of geological fluoride risk. A direct link to human health risk (dental fluorosis) from geological fluoride was quantified to support science-led policy change for fluoride in rural drinking water in Malawi. Hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated and assigned to specific water points, depending on user age group; in this case, 74% of children under six were shown to be vulnerable to dental fluorosis. Results are contrary to current standard for fluoride in Malawi groundwater of 6 mg/L, highlighting the need for policy change. Detailed policy recommendations are presented based on the results of this study.

ACS Style

Marc J. Addison; Michael O. Rivett; Peaches Phiri; Prince Mleta; Emma Mblame; Modesta Banda; Oliver Phiri; Wilson Lakudzala; Robert M. Kalin. Identifying Groundwater Fluoride Source in a Weathered Basement Aquifer in Central Malawi: Human Health and Policy Implications. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 5006 .

AMA Style

Marc J. Addison, Michael O. Rivett, Peaches Phiri, Prince Mleta, Emma Mblame, Modesta Banda, Oliver Phiri, Wilson Lakudzala, Robert M. Kalin. Identifying Groundwater Fluoride Source in a Weathered Basement Aquifer in Central Malawi: Human Health and Policy Implications. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (14):5006.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marc J. Addison; Michael O. Rivett; Peaches Phiri; Prince Mleta; Emma Mblame; Modesta Banda; Oliver Phiri; Wilson Lakudzala; Robert M. Kalin. 2020. "Identifying Groundwater Fluoride Source in a Weathered Basement Aquifer in Central Malawi: Human Health and Policy Implications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14: 5006.

Paper
Published: 26 June 2020 in Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
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Life-cycle assessment model and regression analysis identifies drivers that negatively impact the lifecycle of community Afridev handpumps under various tariff scenarios for rural community water supply.

ACS Style

Jonathan Peter Truslove; Andrea B. Coulson; Emma Mbalame; Robert M. Kalin. Barriers to handpump serviceability in Malawi: life-cycle costing for sustainable service delivery. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 2020, 6, 2138 -2152.

AMA Style

Jonathan Peter Truslove, Andrea B. Coulson, Emma Mbalame, Robert M. Kalin. Barriers to handpump serviceability in Malawi: life-cycle costing for sustainable service delivery. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. 2020; 6 (8):2138-2152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan Peter Truslove; Andrea B. Coulson; Emma Mbalame; Robert M. Kalin. 2020. "Barriers to handpump serviceability in Malawi: life-cycle costing for sustainable service delivery." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 8: 2138-2152.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2020 in Water
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Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is vital to the future of Malawi and motivates this study’s provision of the first stable isotope baseline characterization of the Shire River Basin (SRB). The SRB drains much of Southern Malawi and receives the sole outflow of Lake Malawi whose catchment extends over much of Central and Northern Malawi (and Tanzania and Mozambique). Stable isotope (283) and hydrochemical (150) samples were collected in 2017–2018 and analysed at Malawi’s recently commissioned National Isotopes Laboratory. Distinct surface water dry-season isotope enrichment and wet-season depletion are shown with minor retention of enriched signatures ascribed to Lake Malawi influences. Isotopic signatures corroborate that wet-season river flows mostly arise from local precipitation, with dry-season flows supported by increased groundwater contributions. Groundwater signatures follow a local meteoric water line of limited spread suggesting recharge by local precipitation predominantly during the peak months of the wet-season. Relatively few dry-season groundwater samples displayed evaporative enrichment, although isotopic seasonality was more pronounced in the lowlands compared to uplands ascribed to amplified climatic effects. These signatures serve as isotopic diagnostic tools that valuably informed a basin conceptual model build and, going forward, may inform key identified Malawian IWRM concerns. The isotopic baseline establishes a benchmark against which future influences from land use, climate change and water mixing often inherent to IWRM schemes may be forensically assessed. It thereby enables both source-water protection and achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 6.

ACS Style

Limbikani C. Banda; Michael O. Rivett; Robert M. Kalin; Anold S. K. Zavison; Peaches Phiri; Geoffrey Chavula; Charles Kapachika; Sydney Kamtukule; Christina Fraser; Muthi Nhlema. Seasonally Variant Stable Isotope Baseline Characterisation of Malawi’s Shire River Basin to Support Integrated Water Resources Management. Water 2020, 12, 1410 .

AMA Style

Limbikani C. Banda, Michael O. Rivett, Robert M. Kalin, Anold S. K. Zavison, Peaches Phiri, Geoffrey Chavula, Charles Kapachika, Sydney Kamtukule, Christina Fraser, Muthi Nhlema. Seasonally Variant Stable Isotope Baseline Characterisation of Malawi’s Shire River Basin to Support Integrated Water Resources Management. Water. 2020; 12 (5):1410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Limbikani C. Banda; Michael O. Rivett; Robert M. Kalin; Anold S. K. Zavison; Peaches Phiri; Geoffrey Chavula; Charles Kapachika; Sydney Kamtukule; Christina Fraser; Muthi Nhlema. 2020. "Seasonally Variant Stable Isotope Baseline Characterisation of Malawi’s Shire River Basin to Support Integrated Water Resources Management." Water 12, no. 5: 1410.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2020 in Hydrology
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The Niger Delta is the most climate-vulnerable region in Nigeria. Flooding events are recorded annually in settlements along the River Niger and its tributaries, inundating many towns and displacing people from their homes. In this study, climate change impacts from extreme meteorological events over the period 2010–2099 are predicted and analyzed. Four coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) global climate models (GCMs) under respectively concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) emission scenarios were used for climate change predictions. Standardized precipitation indices (SPI) of 1-month and 12-month time steps were used for extreme event assessment. Results from the climate change scenarios predict an increase in rainfall across all future periods and under both emission scenarios, with the highest projected increase during the last three decades of the century. Under the RCP8.5 emission scenario, the rainfall at Port Harcourt and Yenagoa Stations is predicted to increase by about 2.47% and 2.62% while the rainfall at Warri Station is predicted to increase by about 1.39% toward the end of the century. The 12-month SPI under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios predict an exceedance in the extreme wet threshold (i.e., SPI > 2) during all future periods and across all study locations. These findings suggest an increasing risk of flooding within the projected periods. The finding can be useful to policymakers for the formulation and planning of flood mitigation and adaptation measures.

ACS Style

Ibrahim Hassan; Robert M. Kalin; Jamiu A. Aladejana; Christopher J. White. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Extreme Weather Events in the Niger Delta Part of Nigeria. Hydrology 2020, 7, 19 .

AMA Style

Ibrahim Hassan, Robert M. Kalin, Jamiu A. Aladejana, Christopher J. White. Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Extreme Weather Events in the Niger Delta Part of Nigeria. Hydrology. 2020; 7 (1):19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibrahim Hassan; Robert M. Kalin; Jamiu A. Aladejana; Christopher J. White. 2020. "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Extreme Weather Events in the Niger Delta Part of Nigeria." Hydrology 7, no. 1: 19.

Journal article
Published: 09 February 2020 in Geosciences
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This study employed electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) in characterising the shallow groundwater aquifers of Eastern Dahomey basin in southwestern Nigeria to assess the possible occurrence and distribution of saltwater within the aquifers. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP) and borehole logging were carried in locations with relatively enhanced electrical conductivity (EC) within the coastal zone of the basin through 97 groundwater samples from shallow wells and boreholes; 500 m-length ERT and IP sections were carried out along three traverses A–B, C–D and E–F in directions perpendicular and parallel to the coastline. Three geoelectrical layers were identified along traverse line A–B which comprises cross-sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 located around Ugbonla, Aboto and Igbokoda with layers’ resistivity and chargeability values ranging from (1–1000, 33–200 and 1–1700 Ωm), and (−50–200 Ωm, −30–200 Ωm and −50–120 Ωm, respectively, from the top to the bottom layer. These values indicated unconsolidated sand/lateritic silty clay, underlain by a sandy/silty clay layer with underlying fine-grained sand with disseminated clay lenses. The average thickness of the first two layers was 16 and 53 m while that of the third layer was undetermined. Resistivity and chargeability results from ERT and IP cross-sections along profile C–D exhibited characteristics similar to that of profile A–B with unconsolidated sands which were underlain by intercalation of sandy/silty clay and fine-grained sands with suspected clay lenses saturated with saline water. Profile E–F revealed a geoelectrical layer with low resistivity which ranged from 1–30 Ωm with the corresponding chargeability between −150–400 ms. This indicated a saline water-saturated layer of fine-grained sand and silty clay which is overlaid by the unconsolidated unconfined freshwater aquifer. Correlation of selected ERT results with borehole logs further affirmed the suspected lithology from the sections. Two scenarios of saltwater intrusions into coastal freshwater aquifer were suggested which include the presence of trapped salt-saturated clay lenses within aquifer lithology and seawater incursion induced by over-drafting of groundwater in this basin.Therefore, it identified the need for further investigation which will involve a combination of hydrochemical and isotopes to further understand the paleowater hypothesis.

ACS Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana; Robert M. Kalin; Philippe Sentenac; Ibrahim Hassan. Hydrostratigraphic Characterisation of Shallow Coastal Aquifers of Eastern Dahomey Basin, S/W Nigeria, Using Integrated Hydrogeophysical Approach; Implication for Saltwater Intrusion. Geosciences 2020, 10, 65 .

AMA Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana, Robert M. Kalin, Philippe Sentenac, Ibrahim Hassan. Hydrostratigraphic Characterisation of Shallow Coastal Aquifers of Eastern Dahomey Basin, S/W Nigeria, Using Integrated Hydrogeophysical Approach; Implication for Saltwater Intrusion. Geosciences. 2020; 10 (2):65.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana; Robert M. Kalin; Philippe Sentenac; Ibrahim Hassan. 2020. "Hydrostratigraphic Characterisation of Shallow Coastal Aquifers of Eastern Dahomey Basin, S/W Nigeria, Using Integrated Hydrogeophysical Approach; Implication for Saltwater Intrusion." Geosciences 10, no. 2: 65.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2020 in Water
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Selection of a suitable general circulation model (GCM) ensemble is crucial for effective water resource management and reliable climate studies in developing countries with constraint in human and computational resources. A careful selection of a GCM subset by excluding those with limited similarity to the observed climate from the existing pool of GCMs developed by different modeling centers at various resolutions can ease the task and minimize uncertainties. In this study, a feature selection method known as symmetrical uncertainty (SU) was employed to assess the performance of 26 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) GCM outputs under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5. The selection was made according to their capability to simulate observed daily precipitation (prcp), maximum and minimum temperature (Tmax and Tmin) over the historical period 1980–2005 in the Niger Delta region, which is highly vulnerable to extreme climate events. The ensemble of the four top-ranked GCMs, namely ACCESS1.3, MIROC-ESM, MIROC-ESM-CHM, and NorESM1-M, were selected for the spatio-temporal projection of prcp, Tmax, and Tmin over the study area. Results from the chosen ensemble predicted an increase in the mean annual prcp between the range of 0.26% to 3.57% under RCP4.5, and 0.7% to 4.94% under RCP 8.5 by the end of the century when compared to the base period. The study also revealed an increase in Tmax in the range of 0 to 0.4 °C under RCP4.5 and 1.25–1.79 °C under RCP8.5 during the periods 2070–2099. Tmin also revealed a significant increase of 0 to 0.52 °C under RCP4.5 and between 1.38–2.02 °C under RCP8.5, which shows that extreme events might threaten the Niger Delta due to climate change. Water resource managers in the region can use these findings for effective water resource planning, management, and adaptation measures.

ACS Style

Ibrahim Hassan; Robert M. Kalin; Christopher J. White; Jamiu A. Aladejana. Selection of CMIP5 GCM Ensemble for the Projection of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Precipitation and Temperature over the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Water 2020, 12, 385 .

AMA Style

Ibrahim Hassan, Robert M. Kalin, Christopher J. White, Jamiu A. Aladejana. Selection of CMIP5 GCM Ensemble for the Projection of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Precipitation and Temperature over the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Water. 2020; 12 (2):385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ibrahim Hassan; Robert M. Kalin; Christopher J. White; Jamiu A. Aladejana. 2020. "Selection of CMIP5 GCM Ensemble for the Projection of Spatio-Temporal Changes in Precipitation and Temperature over the Niger Delta, Nigeria." Water 12, no. 2: 385.

Journal article
Published: 20 January 2020 in Sustainability
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Local tariffs in the form of household contributions are the primary financial mechanism to fund the maintenance of rural water supplies in Malawi. An investigation was conducted into the tariffs set by rural service providers to sustain drilled boreholes equipped with Afridev handpumps. A binary logistic regression analysis identified significant explanatory variables for the most common identified considerations when setting tariffs, ‘affordability’ and ‘operations and maintenance (O&M) costs’. The results demonstrate tariffs collected less frequently and usage above the design limit of the Afridev (300 users) had lower odds of considering affordability and higher odds of considering O&M costs, than those collected per month and within the design limit. The results further suggest a recognition by service providers of an increased maintenance challenge. High usage, acquiring spare parts, and the collection of tariffs when repairs are required indicate an increased likelihood of considering O&M costs, conversely to considering affordability. The balance of affordability and sustainable maintenance is a perpetual challenge under decentralised service delivery. Investment into ongoing support and supply chains is required for the financial and operational requirements of water supply, to ensure payments for services does not prevent access to clean water at the local level and to achieve the 2030 agenda.

ACS Style

Jonathan Truslove; Andrea Coulson; Muthi Nhlema; Emma Mbalame; Robert Kalin. Reflecting SDG 6.1 in Rural Water Supply Tariffs: Considering ‘Affordability’ Versus ‘Operations and Maintenance Costs’ in Malawi. Sustainability 2020, 12, 744 .

AMA Style

Jonathan Truslove, Andrea Coulson, Muthi Nhlema, Emma Mbalame, Robert Kalin. Reflecting SDG 6.1 in Rural Water Supply Tariffs: Considering ‘Affordability’ Versus ‘Operations and Maintenance Costs’ in Malawi. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (2):744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jonathan Truslove; Andrea Coulson; Muthi Nhlema; Emma Mbalame; Robert Kalin. 2020. "Reflecting SDG 6.1 in Rural Water Supply Tariffs: Considering ‘Affordability’ Versus ‘Operations and Maintenance Costs’ in Malawi." Sustainability 12, no. 2: 744.

Journal article
Published: 14 January 2020 in Water
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Despite the increasing interest in climate change and water security, research linking climate change and groundwater quality is still at an early stage. This study explores the seasonal effect of the change in biogeochemical process for the redox-sensitive ions and metals Fe2+, Mn2+, SO42−, and NO3− to assess the groundwater quality of the shallow coastal aquifer of Eastern Dahomey Basin in southwestern Nigeria. Field physicochemical measurement of EC, pH TDS, Eh, salinity, temperature, and the static water level (SWL) was carried out on 250 shallow wells; 230 water samples were collected for analysis between June 2017 and April 2018. A spatial distribution map of these ions and metals showed an increasing concentration in the dry season water samples compared to those of the wet season. This higher concentration could be attributed to change in the intensity of hydrochemical processes such as evaporation, redox, and mineral precipitation. Results of linear regression modelling established significant relationships between SWL, SO42−, NO3−, Fe, and Eh for both wet and dry seasons with the p-value falling between 75% and 95%, which can also be seen in the plots of Eh/ORP against Fe2+, Mn2+, SO42−, and NO3−. These results revealed the influence of the redox process for both seasons, while also having a higher impact in the dry season while variation of concentration revealed decrease with increase in depth, which could be attributed to a decrease in well hydraulic properties and aeration. An Eh-pH geochemical diagram revealed NO3− as the controlling biogeochemical process over Fe in most of the sample wells. Concentrations of NO3−, Fe, and Mn are above the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standard for drinking water in most water samples. This study has established the link between climate change and groundwater quality in shallow coastal aquifers and suggested the need for strategic groundwater management policy and planning to ameliorate groundwater quality deterioration.

ACS Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana; Robert M. Kalin; Philippe Sentenac; Ibrahim Hassan. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Quality of the Shallow Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Water 2020, 12, 224 .

AMA Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana, Robert M. Kalin, Philippe Sentenac, Ibrahim Hassan. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Quality of the Shallow Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria. Water. 2020; 12 (1):224.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jamiu A. Aladejana; Robert M. Kalin; Philippe Sentenac; Ibrahim Hassan. 2020. "Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater Quality of the Shallow Coastal Aquifer of Eastern Dahomey Basin, Southwestern Nigeria." Water 12, no. 1: 224.