The current literature focuses on mortality rates and time trends among children younger than 5 years. There is little comparable information on the fatal and nonfatal burden of diseases and injuries among older children and adolescents. Children and adolescents constitute about a third of the world’s population and their health status is important for every country and society.

Background: Mass vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced the COVID-19 burden. However, vaccine hesitancy has posed significant global concerns. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics that influence perceptions of COVID-19 vaccine efficacy, acceptability, hesitancy and decision making to take vaccine among general adult populations in a variety of socioeconomic and cultural contexts. Methods: Using a snowball sampling approach, we conducted an online cross-sectional study in 20 countries across four continents from February to May 2021. Results: A total of 10,477 participants were included in the analyses with a mean age of 36±14.3 years. The findings revealed the prevalence of perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccine’s effectiveness (78.8%), acceptance (81.8%), hesitancy (47.2%), and drivers of vaccination decision-making (convenience [73.3%], health providers’ advice [81.8%], and costs [57.0%]). The county-wise distribution included effectiveness (67.8–95.9%; 67.8% in Egypt to 95.9% in Malaysia), acceptance (64.7–96.0%; 64.7% in Australia to 96.0% in Malaysia), hesitancy (31.5–86.0%; 31.5% in Egypt to 86.0% in Vietnam), convenience (49.7–95.7%; 49.7% in Austria to 95.7% in Malaysia), advice (66.1–97.3%; 66.1% in Austria to 97.3% in Malaysia), and costs (16.0–91.3%; 16.0% in Vietnam to 91.3% in Malaysia). In multivariable regression analysis, several socio-demographic characteristics were identified as associated factors of outcome variables including, i) vaccine effectiveness: younger age, male, urban residence, higher education, and higher income; ii) acceptance: younger age, male, urban residence, higher education, married, and higher income; and iii) hesitancy: male, higher education, employed, unmarried, and lower income. Likewise, the factors associated with vaccination decision-making including i) convenience: younger age, urban residence, higher education, married, and lower income; ii) advice: younger age, urban residence, higher education, unemployed/student, married, and medium income; and iii) costs: younger age, higher education, unemployed/student, and lower income. Conclusions: Most participants believed that vaccination would effectively control and prevent COVID-19, and they would take vaccinations upon availability. Determinant factors found in this study are critical and should be considered as essential elements in developing COVID-19 vaccination campaigns to boost vaccination uptake in the populations.

The aim of this study is to define the reasons of early and forced marriages in our country, determine the place of early marriage in national and international legislations and find the frequency of the situation. Also discuss the prevention interventions with public health view.In the study, the scientific literature on early marriages were reviewed, in conjunction with reports, regulations and practices global and country level. From this evidence-based recommendations on child/woman health promotion were developed from the perspective of public health. In the literature, there are numerous studies on health effects of early marriages. Early marriages frequencies were between 30% and 35% in Turkey, however there is a difference according to regions, local social and cultural structure. Psikolojik and sensual development adversely affected when married at early ages. The children whose rights are taken will be negatively effected in their adulthood. The different interpretation at legislations in Turkey makes difficulties at commitments on early marriages and gives place to opinions which accepts early marriages. Early marriages are important child and woman problem in our society. Preventing of early marriages for whatever the reason is, solving social contradictions, raising awareness on the issue and governmental further proceeding on early marriages are necessary from the point of public health. (Turk Arch Ped 2013; 48: 86-93

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate changes in retinal, choroidal, ganglion cell complex (GCC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses in genetically diagnosed adult patients with familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Methods: A total of 50 eyes of 50 genetically diagnosed patients with FMF and 50 eyes of controls were analyzed. Patients were recruited from the Genetic Diagnostic Center of Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Research and Training Hospital, Turkey. Retinal and choroidal thicknesses were obtained using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography from choroid, retina, GCC, and RNFL. Results: Average baseline choroidal thickness was statistically significantly thinner in patients with FMF than controls at C_center (325.85 ± 30.8 µm and 338.97 ± 23.9 µm, respectively, p = 0.038), C_nasal500 (328.77 ± 31.6 µm and 349.00 ± 23.3 µm, respectively, p = 0.002), C_nasal1000 (324.97 ± 33.6 µm and 351.23 ± 23.8 µm respectively, p = 0.0001) and C_nasal1500 (324.75 ± 37.1 µm and 344.61 ± 27.3 µm, respectively, p = 0.008). However, there was no significant difference in temporal choroidal thickness (C_temporal500, C_{temporal1000 and} C_temporal1500) in patients with FMF compared to controls (p > 0.05). There were no significant differences in retinal, GCC and RNFL thicknesses between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: We hypothesize that the chronic inflammation seen in FMF could be the reason for the reduction seen in choroidal thickness in adult patients with FMF. Retinal, GCC and RNFL thicknesses did not differ from controls.

Amaç: Gençlerin internet, sosyal medya ve oyun bağımlılıklarının saptanarak bu bağımlılıkların sosyodemografik ve internet kullanım özellikleriyle ilişkilerini araştırmak aynı zamanda teknolojik bağımlılıklar ile ilgili sorunların daha iyi anlaşılması böylece gençlerin sağlığını koruyucu ve iyileştirici çalışmalara katkı sağlamaktır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: 321 üniversite öğrencisinin katıldığı tanımlayıcı kesitsel tipteki araştırmada web tabanlı bir veri toplama formu kullanılmıştır. Sosyal Medya Bağımlılık Ölçeği (SMBÖ), Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (DOBÖ), Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği (YİBÖ) ile cinsiyet, öğrenim gördüğü bölüm, yaş gibi bazı sosyo-demografik özellikler ve internet kullanım özelliklerini içeren bir veri toplama formu kullanılmıştır. Tanımlayıcı ve çıkarımsal veri analizi için SPSS 20.0 versiyonu kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Öğrencilerin %31,20 (n=100)’si erkek, % 68,80’i (n=221) Tıp/diş hekimliği bölümündedir. Tıp/diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin diğer fakülte öğrencilerinden SMBÖ’de daha düşük puan aldıkları, dijital oyun oynayanların ise DOBÖ ve YİBÖ’de daha yüksek puana sahip oldukları, yedi yıldan fazla internet kullananlarda daha yüksek DOBÖ puana sahip oldukları belirlendi (p=0,025). Sosyal medya bağımlısı olduğunu düşünenlerin SMBÖ ve YİBÖ puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edildi (p=0,000). Sigara kullananlarda SMBÖ puanlarının (p=0,038), alkol kullananlarda ise DOBÖ puanın daha yüksek olduğu belirlendi (p=0,000). Sosyal medya bağımlılık durumu ile Young internet bağımlılığının güçlü pozitif korelasyona (r=,810, p=0,001), Young internet bağımlılığı ile Dijital oyun bağımlılığı arasında ise düşük oranda pozitif korelasyon olduğu tespit edildi (r=,292, p<0,05). Sonuç: Gençler arasında teknolojik bağımlılık oldukça yüksektir ve giderek artması da beklenen önemli halk sağlığı sorunudur. Gençlerin teknolojik bağımlılıkları ile ilgili araştırmalar düzenli aralıklarla planlanmalı ve bunların sonuçlarına göre gerekli önlemler alınmalıdır.

Purpose: We aimed to compare best corrected visual acuity, macular pigment optical density and macular thickness in patients with breast cancer, who received oral adjuvant hormone therapy. Materials and Methods: We enrolled consecutive eligible patients with breast cancer who were receiving regular medical tamoxifen treatment. The participants were divided into two groups as cases and controls. Best-corrected visual acuity and retinal thickness were examined. Macular pigment optical density was measured by fundus reflectometry using the one-wavelength reflection method. The output parameters included max optical density, mean optical density, volume and area of the right eye. Results: A total of 104 eyes, cases (n: 50) and controls (n: 54) were included in the study. Mean age in cases was 49.95±9.2 years and50.21±9.3 years in controls (p=0.151). The mean foveal optical density and the maximum optical density differed between cases (0.13±0.03 density units (DU)/0.35±0.07 DU) and controls (0.18±0.04 DU/0.41±0.06 DU) (p=0.002/p=0.009). Macular pigment optical density volume was 8102.84±2412.67 in cases versus 8280.18±2904.56 in controls (p=0.034), and mean MPOD area was 59567.79±11538.06 in cases versus 61748.14±10591.19 in controls (p=0.023). The best corrected visual acuity and retinal thickness were similar in both groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Patients in care of oral tamoxifen therapy were found to have significantly reduced macular pigment optical density. In addition, higher drug use duration correlated significantly with reduced macular pigment optical density, suggesting that the poor long-term effects may play a role in macular pigment absorption and incorporation in the retinal tissue.