Background and Purpose: Comprehension of how the different representatives of the tribe Triticeae tolerate to abiotic stresses is essential for the discovery of new resistance sources and therefore for the development of breeding and genetic researches in stress resistance improvement of such important crops as wheat. The aim of the study was to identify growth reactions and associated changes in the photosynthetic apparatus of different wheat species in response to drought and salt stress.Materials and Methods The changes of seedlings growth parameters of 6 wheat species under the influence of the drought and salt stress under laboratory conditions were investigated. Content chlorophyll a and b was determined. The fluorescence quantum yield of photosystem II and electron transport rate through the photosystem II (ETR) was studied.Results: The relationship between changes in growth activity of seedlings of different wheat species under abiotic stresses and the work of the photosynthetic apparatus was showed. The tetraploid species T. dicoccum Schuebl. and T. aethiopicum Jakubz. were marked because they possess the most stable root system development indicators and a relatively high photosynthetic activity under stress.Conclusions: The results of this research are very promising. They showed a variety of evolutionarily developed physiological mechanisms of protection from the effects of abiotic stresses. They allowed identifying the species as possessing the most stable indicators of growth and a relatively high photosynthetic activity under drought and salt stress. These species can be recommended as salinity and drought tolerance sources for interspecific crosses for different genetic programs.

Исследовано влияние различных уровней и соотношений ИУК и ГК3 на рост и развитие черенков картофеля сорта Ред Скарлетт in vitro. Наилучшие результаты (длина и число междоузлий) получены на среде с 1 мг/л ИУК и 2 мг/л ГК3. Показано превосходство гормон-содержащих сред над безгормональной по морфометрическим параметрам микрорастений (разветвленность корневой системы, масса корней и стеблей). Дальнейшая работа должна быть направлена на определение веса факторов «уровень гормонов» / «соотношение...

Parametric methods for estimating the phenotypic stability of «Agricultural crops require compliance with the normal distribution of data and a balanced design of the experiment, which is rarely achievable under the conditions of current breeding work. This is also relevant for the technology of developing in vitro regenerants with resistance to edaphic stress factors, when the volume of seed material is limited. The purpose of the current study was a comparative estimation of the stability of spring barley regenerants and their donor genotypes (the varieties ‘Acha’, ‘Krasnoyarsky 80’, lines ‘H-42-1060’, ‘R-71-2431’, ‘R-7-1854’, ‘S-7-2623’) based on field trials of 2011–2014 with incomplete matching of sets of studied genotypes from year to year. The work involved indices that allow estimating under the conditions of an incomplete data “genotype × environment” (the index of superiority P_i, nonparametric indices S⁽¹⁾, S⁽³⁾, NP⁽²⁾). Ranking of samples based on stability indices has shown that half of the regenerants surpassed their donor genotypes in terms of phenotypic stability (S⁽¹⁾) (HP.1-Acha, HP-P-71, KP.1-P-71, CP.1-P -71, КР.2-Р-7, НР.1-С-7, НР.2-С-7), four of them according to the P_i superiority index; two of them (KP.1-P-71, KP.1-P-7) according to the balance of productivity / stability (NP⁽²⁾, S⁽³⁾). At the same time, most of the regenerants had 1000-grain weight at the level of donor genotypes. Conditions for cultivating callus tissues in vitro (low pH, NaCl 0.42 %, no stressor) did not affect the stability of the emerging lines of regenerants. Thus, the technology of selection of somaclonal variants in callus culture makes it possible to obtain lines that often do not differ in 1000-grain weight from the donor genotype and surpass it in stability parameters.

The investigation of light spectrum influence on growth and development of potato single node cuttings was conducted. Regionized cultivars were involved into the study. Apical meristems were used as explants for microplants creation and cultivated on Murashige-Skoog medium with adding. Microplants were exposed to three light treatments: red LEDs, blue LEDs and white luminescent lamps. It was shown, that red light is not suitable for potato single node cuttings cultivation in vitro under light intensity of 45 µmol photons/m²s. Red and blue light increased the rate of cuttings rhisogenesis. The maximum of nodes per plant developed under blue and white light. The influence of genotype on node quantity was detected. Tuleevskiy cultivar had maximum nodes per microplant and considers being the most perspective for micropropagation, Favorit cultivar – minimum. Microtuberization was obtained on the node cultivation medium in the presence of 1 mg/l IAA and 0.04 mg/l kinetine. The minimum weight and number of microtubers were appropriate to the samples cultivated on hormonal medium. The screening of potato tubers and plant cuttings, which had been collected across Krasnoyarsk Territory, for phytopathogenes presence, was conducted. Alternaria and Fusarium genera dominated among detected micromycetes. Isolates of Botrytis, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Trichothecium genera were recovered.

Cultivation of calli on media with culture filtrates (CF) of fungi of the genus Fusarium is used in breeding for the resistance to these pathogens of somaclonal lines of many plant species. The key is to determine the response of plant tissue culture to different concentrations (20 and 40 %) of CF. The dynamics of the growth and development parameters of spring soft wheat callus culture (CC) was assessed under simulating F. sporotrichioides infection in vitro in long-term cultivation (up to 119 days). Callusogenesis was induced in the culture of embryos on Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium with 2.4-D (1 mg/L for immature embryos, 4 mg/L for mature embryos). Calli were then cultured on media with the same levels of 2,4-D under different levels of CF (20 % and 40 %). The response of CC to CF was noticeable already by the 14th day of cultivation. Signs of necrosis were observed in 10–15 % of samples on media with CF. The proportion of calli with chlorophyll containing areas (CСA) at this period was half as much on media with CF compared to MS. By day 28, the medium with 20 % of CF had CCA quantity less than MS by 2-3 times, medium with 40 % of CF – had CCA quantity less by 5–7 times. The size of calli turned out to be less informative in the analysis of the response of CC to CF. After the 42nd day, media with CF showed the resumption of CC growth, slowing down of necrosis, and activation of chlorophyll synthesis. On the MS medium, the senescence of CC progressed, the frequency of calli necrosis increased. The same experiment but including passaging calli on the 14th day onto fresh media of the same composition did not reveal the increase in selective pressure. The results were either close to (CCA, necrosis) or higher (callus size) than those of the samples under continuous cultivation. Thus, the levels of CF used ensure the selection of wheat cell lines resistant to F. sporotrichiodes toxins within 28 days of cultivation. There is a potential to increase selection pressure.

Background. Selection of somaclonal variation under callus culture (СС) conditions is one of the methods of undirected genome change induction which has become actively used in the development of cultivars with high adaptive potential. The aim of the present study was the estimation of the applicability of dedifferentiated cell culture to obtain cultivars with different levels of phenotypic stability.Materials and methods. Ten wheat regenerant lines (RLs), obtained under selective (NaCl, low pH, drought) and nonselective conditions on the basis of СС were assessed along with their donor genotypes or the ones considered equivalent to them (in the case where the breeding variety was a donor) under field conditions on plots of 1 m². 1000 grain weight data were used for the evaluation of the agronomic (b_i, s²_di) and biological (σ²_САСi) stability. The yield-based superiority measure (P_i) was also calculated.Results. RLs from cv. ‘Novosibirskaya 15’ were more stable than their donor genotype from the biological viewpoint as well as from the agronomic one. The GGE-biplot analysis shows that they belong to the same “environment” (sector) with the vertex genotype ‘Novosibirskaya 15’ with bi being close to 1. Cv. ‘Tayozhnaya’ and its high-yielding salt tolerant RL RS(Tayozhnaya)3.6 were located in the opposite sectors and appeared to be highly stable genotypes. They are considered to be better adapted to low-yielding locations (b_i < 0,7) along with the RZ(К-79-2)7.16 RL, selected for drought tolerance. The RLs from the high-yielding K-142-4 line showed a wide range of values of the stability parameters. They were better adapted to high-yielding locations than their reference genotype, cv. ‘Minusa’. Thus, its RL had a low stability of 1000 grain weight.Conclusion. Consequently, cell selection is a valuable source of breeding material that differs significantly in phenotypic stability both from the donor genotype and from other RLs, developed under CC of the same donor plant.